Background of the partition of 1947 By Musaddik
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Background of the Partition of 1947 Discussion Points:: 1. Introduction: Partition of Bengal in 1905 2. The anti-partition movement 3. Reasons behind the partition 4. Partition of Bengal canceled in 1911 5. Jinnah: Gandhi 6. Allama Iqbal: Two-Nation theory 7. Comparison of Maps 8. The net result of partition
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2) In 1947, at the end of British rule and creation of India and Pakistan, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines. The western part joined India and the eastern part joined Pakistan.
3) Over 18 million people migrated as a result, with at least 1 million dying in communal violence during the migration process. The partition displaced many and separated communities that had lived as neighbors for generations.
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The British partitioned Bengal in 1905 for administrative reasons, dividing it into West Bengal and East Bengal. This partition divided the Hindu and Muslim populations, with West Bengal having a Hindu majority and East Bengal having a Muslim majority. The Hindus strongly opposed the partition, seeing it as a attempt to divide Bengalis along communal lines and weaken the nationalist movement. They launched protests including boycotts of British goods. In contrast, Muslims generally welcomed the partition as it gave them a province where they were not a minority and hoped it would boost their social status and development.
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The Partition of India in 1947 involved the largest mass migration in history as the British partitioned their Indian empire along religious lines into the secular states of India and Pakistan. An estimated 12-15 million people were displaced as Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while Muslims moved to Pakistan. The poorly planned partition led to widespread violence and up to 1 million deaths as religious communities attacked each other. Long-term effects included population displacement, state border disputes like in Kashmir, and separation of families across the new borders.
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The partition of Bengal in 1905 by the British Viceroy sparked widespread protests. The partition divided Bengal along religious lines for political reasons, encouraging division between Hindus and Muslims. Massive non-violent protests organized under leaders like Tilak included boycotts, swadeshi movements, and acts of civil disobedience. Though the British cracked down on protesters, the movement gained momentum and significance. Ultimately, the partition was reversed in 1911 due to its political impacts. However, it left lasting effects on religious politics and the growth of Indian nationalism.
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The partition of Bengal in 1905 divided the large Bengal province into two provinces along religious lines - a Muslim-majority East Bengal and a Hindu-majority West Bengal. This was done for administrative convenience given Bengal's large size and population. The partition received a favorable response from Muslims who hoped it would promote their social and economic advancement, but Hindus opposed it as it threatened their dominance. The partition was eventually reversed in 1911 due to Hindu protests, disappointing Muslims.
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The partition of India in 1947 along religious lines led to the formation of two new independent dominions - India and Pakistan. The radicalization of Hindu and Muslim nationalist movements, coupled with the British policy of divide and rule, exacerbated tensions between the two religious communities. The partition displaced over 10 million people and led to large-scale violence and loss of lives as Hindus and Muslims attacked each other during the migration across the new borders. The aftermath of the partition continued to impact India-Pakistan relations, resulting in several wars between the two countries in the following decades.
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The partition of British India in 1947 divided the region into two new independent countries - India and Pakistan. This partition was accompanied by violent riots between Hindus and Muslims, resulting in up to 1 million deaths and the displacement of over 12 million people. The partition failed to resolve religious tensions, and conflicts over the disputed Kashmir region have continued between India and Pakistan to the present day.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
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Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Background of the partition of 1947 By Musaddik
- 1. BACKGROUND OF THE PARTITION OF 1947 Presented by, Musaddik Ahmed Department of Law, East West University
- 2. Discussion Points ▪ Introduction: Partition of Bengal in 1905 ▪ The anti partition movement ▪ Reasons behind partition ▪ Partition of Bengal canceled in 1911 ▪ Jinnah : Gandhi ▪ Allama Iqbal: Two Nation theory ▪ Comparison of Maps ▪ Net result of partition 2
- 3. Introduction: Partition of Bengal in 1905 ▪ The government announced the idea for partition in January 1904 ▪ The decision to partition the state of Bengal was announced by Lord Curzon. ▪ On July 20, 1905, Lord Curzon issued an order dividing the province of Bengal into two parts. ▪ But the Partition of Bengal went on to happen on October 16, 1905 by Viceroy Curzon 3
- 4. The anti partition movement ▪ 16th October 1905: A day of national mourning. ▪ Rabindranath Tagore suggested to observe as Raksha Bandhan Day signifying brotherhood between people of East and West Bengal. ▪ Swadeshi movement. ▪ British Government was shaken. ▪ Protestors were arrested and sent to jail. 4
- 5. Reasons behind partition Official Reasons 1. Less Administrative Burden On Government 2. Deal With Famine And Defense 3. Attend To Remote Areas Actual Reasons 1. Weaken The National Movement 2. Policy Of Divide And Rule 3. To demonstrate the strength of the British Raj 5
- 6. Partition of Bengal canceled in 1911 ▪ King George announced in December 1911 that eastern Bengal would be assimilated into the Bengal Presidency. ▪ The capital was shifted to New Delhi, clearly intended to provide the British Empire with a stronger base. ▪ Capital of the Raj shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. 6
- 7. Jinnah : Gandhi 7 Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muslim leader Mahatma Gandhi Hindu leader Wants united India. Wants homeland for Muslims.
- 8. 8 Allama Iqbal: Two Nation theory ▪ First articulated in the Presidential address to the All India Muslim league in 1930 by Allama Iqbal, the famous poet, philosopher and politician. ▪ Argued that the aspirations of two different communities, especially when one was a minority, and the other a majority, could be addressed within one state. ▪ In India’s nationalist discourse this came to be known as Muslim separatism.
- 9. Comparison of Maps 9 Muslim majority Hindu majority
- 10. Net result of partition ▪ Families divided. ▪ Greatest mass migration of humans in 20th century. ▪ Over 15 million Muslims, Shiks and Hindus moved across borders. ▪ Tens of thousands of women raped and kidnapped. 10