Speech production is a complex functioning of our system.speech is an overlaid function .systems involve s in speech production already have their primary function ;their secondary functions are for speech productions.Systems involve in this process are respiratory system,phonatory system, resonatory system ,articulatory system & regulatory system.
Speech production is a complex functioning of our system.speech is an overlaid function .systems involve s in speech production already have their primary function ;their secondary functions are for speech productions.Systems involve in this process are respiratory system,phonatory system, resonatory system ,articulatory system & regulatory system.
Phonetics and phonology are both linguistic fields that are interested in the role of sound in language. The importance of learning phonetics and phonology for someone whose first language is not English is paramount.
Learning phonetics will help a foreign speaker sound more like a native speaker by making them aware of the different sounds that English makes use of.
A presentation prepared in this regards is being shared herewith for the records and general sharing. :)
This presentation is all about man's language and brain development. I created this file as one of my visual aids in our course, Foundation of Language Education.
Phonetics and phonology are both linguistic fields that are interested in the role of sound in language. The importance of learning phonetics and phonology for someone whose first language is not English is paramount.
Learning phonetics will help a foreign speaker sound more like a native speaker by making them aware of the different sounds that English makes use of.
A presentation prepared in this regards is being shared herewith for the records and general sharing. :)
This presentation is all about man's language and brain development. I created this file as one of my visual aids in our course, Foundation of Language Education.
FUNCTIONS OF THE BRONCHIOLES And it's uses PDF.pdfMaryphiri7
This talks about the the function of the bronchioles and the disorders of the function of the bronchioles so in this presentation I will talk about the importance and why it is important
The organs of the respiratory system are
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Two bronchi (one bronchus to each lung)
Bronchioles and smaller air passages
Two lungs and their coverings, the pleura
•muscles of respiration — the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.
External respiration
Exchange of
gases between the blood and the lungs is called external
respiration
Internal respiration
Exchange of
gases between the blood and the cells internal respiration.
The roof is formed by the cribriform plate of the
ethmoid bone, and the sphenoid bone, frontal bone and
nasal bones.
The floor is formed by the roof of the mouth and con-
sists of the hard palate in front and the soft palate behind.
The hard palate is composed of the maxilla and palatine
bones and the soft palate consists of involuntary muscle.
The medial wall is formed by the septum.
The lateral walls are formed by the maxilla, the ethmoid
bone and the inferior conchae .
The posterior wall is formed by the posterior wall of
The posterior wall is formed by the posterior wall of
the pharynx.
The main sinuses are:
• maxillary sinuses in the lateral walls
• frontal and sphenoidal sinuses in the roof
• ethmoidal sinuses in the upper part of the lateral
walls .
Functions of Nose and nasal cavity
Warming.
Filtering and cleaning of air
Humidification.
Olfaction
Functions of Pharynx
Passageway for air and food.
Warming and humidifying.
Taste.
Hearing.
Protection.
Speech.
LARYNX
The larynx is composed of several irregularly shaped
cartilages attached to each other by ligaments and
membranes. The main cartilages are:
• 1 thyroid cartilage
• 1 cricoid cartilage
• 2 arytenoid cartilages
• 1 epiglottis
------------------------elastic fibrocartilage.
Functions of larynx
Production of sound. Sound has the properties of pitch,
volume and resonance.
• Pitch of the voice depends upon the length and
tightness of the cords. At puberty, the male vocal cords
begin to grow longer, hence the lower pitch of the
adult male voice.
• Volume of the voice depends upon the force with
which the cords vibrate. The greater the force of
expired air the more the cords vibrate and the louder
the sound emitted.
• Resonance, or tone, is dependent upon the shape of
the mouth, the position of the tongue and the lips, the
facial muscles and the air in the paranasal sinuses.
Functions of larynx
Speech. This occurs during expiration when the sounds
produced by the vocal cords are manipulated by the
tongue, cheeks and lips.
Protection of the lower respiratory tract. During
swallowing (deglutition) the larynx moves upwards,
occluding the opening into it from the pharynx and thehinged epiglottis closes over the larynx. This ensures that food passes into the oesophagus and not into the lower respiratory passages
Passageway for air. This is between the pharynx and
trachea.
Humidifying, filtering and warming. These continue as
inspired air travels through the larynx.
The trachea is composed of from 16 to 20 incomplete
(C-shaped) rings o
respiratory system, respiratory mechanism and volumes.pptxGarimaMittal46
respiratory system, respiratory mechanism and volumes and capacities, Human Respiratory system, gaseous exchange, pulmonary system,
submitted by Garima Mittal
These slides will help you know about the physiology of the respiratory system. These slides are the simplest version on how to know about the Physiology Of Respiratory System with its applied physiology.
Respiratory physiology and respiratory disordersMarvin Gonzaga
Respiratory physiology and respiratory disorders - The functions of the parts of the Respiratory System including common respiratory diseases *NOTE: some of the items in my Respiratory System Quiz Bowl http://www.slideshare.net/dylanerrolcross/respiratory-system-quiz-bowl can be found here
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The purpose of this unit is to renew your understanding of basic anatomy and physiology concepts related to voice production. You probably learned many of these concepts in your undergraduate anatomy and speech science classes. We will also go beyond these basics to develop a more sophisticated understanding of voice production. In this slidecast, we will take a more in-depth look at respiration.
You will recall that there are three components to human voice: respiration, phonation, and resonance. If one or more of these aspects of voice production is inefficient or disordered, then the voice quality may be altered negatively. This is particularly true of respiration.
Note that there is an upper and a lower respiratory tract. As speech-language pathologists, we are mostly concerned with the upper tract, which contains the oral and nasal cavities as well as well as the pharynx and the larynx. The lungs and the lower half of the respiratory tract are very important, mostly for breathing for life but also for speech production in general.
In this picture you can imagine the path that air molecules take as they travel from the lungs up to the trachea and into the upper respiratory tract. The sound of the voice is shaped by each cavity that the air molecules pass through on their way up from the lungs. We will discuss this process more during our discussion about resonance.
You will remember from your speech science and anatomy and physiology classes that the respiratory system is generally incapable of independently exchanging air between the lungs and the external environment. External, musculoskeletal forces must act upon the various organs of the respiratory tract in order to achieve respiration. Remember that the lungs are attached to the thoracic cavity via the pleural membrane. When the ribcage expands and contracts, so do the lungs, and also the volume of air in the lungs. But you may wonder how the air actually gets into the lungs from the air outside the body. For this to occur, we need to remember Boyle’s law, which says that pressure and volume are inversely related. This means that when the ribcage expands, the lungs also expand, and the volume of air inside the lungs is less than that of the air outside the lungs. When this happens, the change in pressure causes the air molecules to rush into the lungs. When the ribcage contracts and the lung volume decreases, the air molecules are driven from the lungs by the excess pressure, and we exhale.
There are a number of muscles that help with respiration, particularly for speech. The most important muscle of inspiration is the diaphragm. Several muscles also aid in respiration. For deep breathing we use the external intercostal muscles to elevate and expand the rib cage. To a lesser extent, the internal intercostal muscles also help the external intercostals with ribcage elevation. Diaphragmatic breathing is the most effective in terms of taking in the lots of air upon inspiration. However, some people use other types of breathing. Thoracic (chest) breathing can result when people use their arm and shoulder muscles to assist with respiration. Clavicular (or shoulder) breathing results from the use of the neck muscles to aid in respiration. Breathing in this manner is highly ineffective, and is sometimes used by clients with severe respiratory breathing. On the other hand, some of us just get into the habit of not breathing deeply from the diaphragm. Take a minute to assess your own breathing. Are you breathing from down around your stomach, or are your chest and or shoulders rising a lot on each inhalation? A little chest/shoulder movement is okay, but if you have too much, you will need to work on your breathing to be a good model for your clients.
Expiratory muscles are generally employed during forced exhalations, like singing and some types of speaking. Otherwise, expiration is passive. The lungs are elastic and tend to want to snap back to their original resting position after they have been expanded by the ribcage. Physical properties such as the untwisting or “untorquing” of the ribs and gravity also contribute to passive expiration. But, when we want to get more bang for our buck, so to speak, we can extend or force an exhalation beyond that which is achieved by passive forces. We might do this during speech. In this case, the internal intercostal muscles are the most important muscle of forced expiration, and the transverse thoracic and abdominal muscles are also used. Take a minute to count as high as you can on a single breath of air. Don’t pass out or anything, but do take note of what happens as you count higher and higher. Can you feel your muscles working?
We all have certain quantities of air that we can breathe in, breathe out, and hold in our airways. Take a moment to focus on your breathing as I describe some of these measures of lung capacities. First, I’d like you to take a normal breath in, and then let it out. Don’t force it. This is your tidal volume. Now let’s discuss inspiratory reserve volume, or IRV. Take a regular breath in, and then inhale as much as you can beyond that point. This is the maximum amount of air you can inhale at the end of a tidal inspiration, and is your IRV. Your total lung capacity is the volume of air that can be held in the lungs and airways after a maximum inspiration. Now let’s focus on expiration. Take a normal breath in, then let it out. Now, keep forcing that air out, until you have exhaled all the air that you can. This is your expiratory reserve volume, or ERV. Even after you have exhaled all that you can, some air still remains in your lungs. This is your residual volume. The only time you may not have any air remaining in your lungs is if you have a punctured lung. In this case, you lung becomes separated from the ribcage, and it is a very painful thing, or so I’m told! Finally, I’d like you to take as much of a breath in as you can, just like you did for inspiratory reserve volume. Once you have inhaled as much as you can, exhale as much as you can, just like you did for expiratory reserve volume. The amount of air that you can exhale after inhaling as much as possible is your vital capacity. Why do we care about these measures? Well, it is quite possible that we may work with clients who have pulmonary disorders. We may need to work closely with pulmonologists, or at least know enough about these measures to understand their reports. Emphysema and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease are two such disorders in which breathing is disturbed and the patient may have poor voice quality. Can you think of any others?
In this slide I have listed some general information about how we breath for speech. Take a minute to pay attention to your own breathing. As you listen to me talk, you are most likely at rest, and the amount of air you exhale is probably a little longer than that you inhale. But as I am talking to you, I am having to use more forceful exhalations, and to exhale for longer in order to speak as much as I would like on one breath. So I am not relying on passive exhalation, but rather on the internal intercostals, transverse thoracic, and abdominal muscles. When we speak in general, if we are in good health and have good vocal habits, we use passive exhalation, then tidal volume, and then our expiratory reserve. If we try to speak on too much air or too little air, our vocal quality will seem weak or strained. For example, if I take in to much air, you can hear how my voice seems tense at first. But if I try to talk to long on a single breath of air, my voice will eventually sound strained, much like yours when you counted as high as you could.
Students often have some questions about respiration, particularly when it comes to actually measuring lung volumes. I encourage you to check out the Going Deeper page for some references and resources related to respiration. In particular, you can get instructions for how to make your own spirometer, a device that measures exhaled air volume. This is one such tool an SLP might use in clinical practice to encourage clients to use better breath support. Other links are related to learning about pulmonologists and Boyle’s law.