This document summarizes a study that used vertical electrical sounding (VES) and 3D imaging to investigate groundwater distribution along the flood plains of the River Niger in Jebba, Nigeria. 25 VES profiles were collected and interpreted to generate geo-electric cross sections showing 3-4 subsurface layers. The sections identified two aquifer systems - a shallow weathered layer aquifer and a deeper fractured basement aquifer. 3D imaging of the subsurface was also used to delineate areas of high groundwater potential. The results showed groundwater potential was lowest in the northwest, average in the northeast, and highest in the southeast along the river. The study helps characterize the aquifers and identify promising areas for groundwater development.
Integrated Geophysical Studies Over Parts of Central Cross River State for th...iosrjce
A total of 71 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out using Schlumberger electrode
configuration for the evaluation of groundwater potential in parts of central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Interpretation of data showed three to six geoelectric layers. Productive shallow and deep aquifer zones were
identified at depths of 60 m and 150 m respectively, corresponding to a resistivity range of 100-500 Ωm for
shallow aquifers and 1000-2500 Ωm for deep aquifers respectively. The lithologic data of the aquifers revealed
sand/sandstone and very coarsed grained sand/fractured basement, respectively. Seismic refraction survey was
also carried out within the same study area for the foundation study of rocks. The studies revealed an average
thickness of 4.5 m (probably sand/clay) and 10.0 m (probably gravelly sand/shale) for the first and second
layers respectively. The range of velocities for the first three layers are 602 m/s to 960 m/s, 378 m/s to 2,424 m/s
and 1,587 m/s to 5,368 m/s, respectively, indicating that the soils in the area are not homogeneous. It is inferred
from the relative high values of calculated elastic constants in most of the locations, that the soils are well
consolidated and as such suitable for large engineering construction in such locations, while in the rest of the
locations the soils are considered unconsolidated and unsuitable for large construction work due to the relative
low values of the elastic constants.
Geoelectrical and Hydrochemical Assessment of Groundwater for Potability in E...Premier Publishers
Geoelectrical and hydrochemical investigations were carried in order to determine the potentials and quality of groundwater in Ebonyi North, Southeastern Nigeria. These methods were also selected to determine their economy and accuracy compared to seismic method. Fifteen (15) vertical electric sounding (VES) survey were conducted using the Schlumberger configuration in order to evaluate the character of the aquifers in the studied locations while twelve (12) groundwater samples were collected from boreholes for hydrochemical analysis. Geoelectric sections derived from modelling of the VES data with the interpex IX1D software reveal 3 to 5 subsurface layers. The lithologic succession comprises of topsoil, lateritic clay, partially weathered, weathered and fractured Asu River shale. The weathered and fractured layers constituted the productive water bearing or aquiferous zones of good groundwater potentials. Hydrochemical analysis of groundwater samples reveals that the pH range from 7.8 to 8.8, electrical conductivity from 10.0 to 1754.00 μS/cm, total dissolved solid from 10.0 to 786.0 mg/l and total hardness from 14.0 to 271.0 mg/l. The analytical results present the concentration of the ions in the following order: Mg > Ca > Na > K and Cl > SO4 >HCO3> NO3 > CO3. Piper trilinear diagram reveals only one water type, with Ca and Cl as the major dominant ions. The major ions concentrations are within recommended standard for drinking, hence the groundwater from the area is suitable for drinking and domestic purposes.
Twelve vertical electrical soundings, VES, were carried out in parts of Abua in northwestern part of Rivers State in the sedimentary basin of the Niger delta of Nigeria, to determine the overburden layering and infer the aquifer depth/thickness and probable safe structural foundation depths in the region. The Schlumberger array method was employed using an ABEM 300B Terrameter and maximum current electrode spread of 400 m. The computed apparent resistivity field log values were plotted against the current electrode spreads and interpreted with IPWIN 2 and Sulphure 8 software to obtain the overburden thickness/depth, resistivity and the isopach map and then infer the subsoil layering thickness including potential aquifer zones within the depths of investigation in the area. The curve types revealed that three and four geoelectric sections were penetrated by the survey array with overburden thickness ranging from 4.2 m in Elok community to 91.7 m in Ilghom community. Potential aquifers with variable thickness from 5 to 60 m at depths of from 4.5 m and below the earth surface were identified. The subsurface soils types can support structural foundations from depths of 1.0 m and below the earth surface based on the type of building/engineering structures.
Integrated Geophysical Investigation of a Suspected Spring in Igbokoran, Ikar...iosrjce
An integrated geophysical investigation involving self potential (SP), very low frequency
electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and electrical resistivity methods (VES) were conducted around a suspected spring
in Igbokoran, Ikare Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria in other to understand the nature of the spring as well as
evaluate the feasibility of ground water development in the area. Three geophysical traverses of length 240m
each were established in the study area in approximately E-W direction. VLF-EM measurements with station
spacing of 10m was used as reconnaissance to delineate conductive zones between 70-160m along traverse 1,
80-170 m along traverse 2 and 60-180m along traverse 3.This was then followed by a total of six (6) VES
stations along traverses 2 and 3 using the Schlumberger array with electrode spacing (AB/2) ranging from 1 to
150m. Three geoelectric layers (Top layer, weathered layer, and fresh basement) were delineated along all
traverses and a suspected fractured basement along traverse three .The Self Potential (SP) measurements were
carried out at 5m electrode separation employing the total fixed base array. SP profiles were generated which
show anomalies with short negative amplitudes some of which coincides with the spring zone. From the
geophysical investigation, the spring is suspected to be fault induced but cannot be recommended for
groundwater development due to the thin overburden and the low fracture density of the basement.
Integrated Geophysical Studies Over Parts of Central Cross River State for th...iosrjce
A total of 71 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out using Schlumberger electrode
configuration for the evaluation of groundwater potential in parts of central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Interpretation of data showed three to six geoelectric layers. Productive shallow and deep aquifer zones were
identified at depths of 60 m and 150 m respectively, corresponding to a resistivity range of 100-500 Ωm for
shallow aquifers and 1000-2500 Ωm for deep aquifers respectively. The lithologic data of the aquifers revealed
sand/sandstone and very coarsed grained sand/fractured basement, respectively. Seismic refraction survey was
also carried out within the same study area for the foundation study of rocks. The studies revealed an average
thickness of 4.5 m (probably sand/clay) and 10.0 m (probably gravelly sand/shale) for the first and second
layers respectively. The range of velocities for the first three layers are 602 m/s to 960 m/s, 378 m/s to 2,424 m/s
and 1,587 m/s to 5,368 m/s, respectively, indicating that the soils in the area are not homogeneous. It is inferred
from the relative high values of calculated elastic constants in most of the locations, that the soils are well
consolidated and as such suitable for large engineering construction in such locations, while in the rest of the
locations the soils are considered unconsolidated and unsuitable for large construction work due to the relative
low values of the elastic constants.
Geoelectrical and Hydrochemical Assessment of Groundwater for Potability in E...Premier Publishers
Geoelectrical and hydrochemical investigations were carried in order to determine the potentials and quality of groundwater in Ebonyi North, Southeastern Nigeria. These methods were also selected to determine their economy and accuracy compared to seismic method. Fifteen (15) vertical electric sounding (VES) survey were conducted using the Schlumberger configuration in order to evaluate the character of the aquifers in the studied locations while twelve (12) groundwater samples were collected from boreholes for hydrochemical analysis. Geoelectric sections derived from modelling of the VES data with the interpex IX1D software reveal 3 to 5 subsurface layers. The lithologic succession comprises of topsoil, lateritic clay, partially weathered, weathered and fractured Asu River shale. The weathered and fractured layers constituted the productive water bearing or aquiferous zones of good groundwater potentials. Hydrochemical analysis of groundwater samples reveals that the pH range from 7.8 to 8.8, electrical conductivity from 10.0 to 1754.00 μS/cm, total dissolved solid from 10.0 to 786.0 mg/l and total hardness from 14.0 to 271.0 mg/l. The analytical results present the concentration of the ions in the following order: Mg > Ca > Na > K and Cl > SO4 >HCO3> NO3 > CO3. Piper trilinear diagram reveals only one water type, with Ca and Cl as the major dominant ions. The major ions concentrations are within recommended standard for drinking, hence the groundwater from the area is suitable for drinking and domestic purposes.
Twelve vertical electrical soundings, VES, were carried out in parts of Abua in northwestern part of Rivers State in the sedimentary basin of the Niger delta of Nigeria, to determine the overburden layering and infer the aquifer depth/thickness and probable safe structural foundation depths in the region. The Schlumberger array method was employed using an ABEM 300B Terrameter and maximum current electrode spread of 400 m. The computed apparent resistivity field log values were plotted against the current electrode spreads and interpreted with IPWIN 2 and Sulphure 8 software to obtain the overburden thickness/depth, resistivity and the isopach map and then infer the subsoil layering thickness including potential aquifer zones within the depths of investigation in the area. The curve types revealed that three and four geoelectric sections were penetrated by the survey array with overburden thickness ranging from 4.2 m in Elok community to 91.7 m in Ilghom community. Potential aquifers with variable thickness from 5 to 60 m at depths of from 4.5 m and below the earth surface were identified. The subsurface soils types can support structural foundations from depths of 1.0 m and below the earth surface based on the type of building/engineering structures.
Integrated Geophysical Investigation of a Suspected Spring in Igbokoran, Ikar...iosrjce
An integrated geophysical investigation involving self potential (SP), very low frequency
electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and electrical resistivity methods (VES) were conducted around a suspected spring
in Igbokoran, Ikare Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria in other to understand the nature of the spring as well as
evaluate the feasibility of ground water development in the area. Three geophysical traverses of length 240m
each were established in the study area in approximately E-W direction. VLF-EM measurements with station
spacing of 10m was used as reconnaissance to delineate conductive zones between 70-160m along traverse 1,
80-170 m along traverse 2 and 60-180m along traverse 3.This was then followed by a total of six (6) VES
stations along traverses 2 and 3 using the Schlumberger array with electrode spacing (AB/2) ranging from 1 to
150m. Three geoelectric layers (Top layer, weathered layer, and fresh basement) were delineated along all
traverses and a suspected fractured basement along traverse three .The Self Potential (SP) measurements were
carried out at 5m electrode separation employing the total fixed base array. SP profiles were generated which
show anomalies with short negative amplitudes some of which coincides with the spring zone. From the
geophysical investigation, the spring is suspected to be fault induced but cannot be recommended for
groundwater development due to the thin overburden and the low fracture density of the basement.
Abi area in Nigeria borders the salinity enriched
Lower Benue Trough (LBT) and plans are currently
underway to extend large-scale irrigation facilities under
construction in the LBT to Abi area. In order to generate
baseline soil and water salinity information about Abi area
under non-irrigation condition, integrated information from
constrained analyses of vertical electrical sounding data,
two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomographies and
laboratory analyses of soil and water samples were used to
assess and map the spatial salinity distribution. Existence
of widespread heterogeneities in the distribution of soil and
water salinity between the shaly and sandy materials that
dominate the shallow geology of the area was observed.
Minimum values of water electrical conductivity (WEC)
and total dissolved solids (TDS) were observed to be 19.2
lS/cm and 13 mg/L, respectively, in the sandstone-dominated
areas. Maximum values of WEC and TDS were
observed to be 931.0 lS/cm and 624 mg/L, respectively,
within the shale-dominated areas. Soil electrical conductivity
was observed to vary from 5.0 lS/cm in the sandstone
areas to 14.0 lS/cm in the shale-dominated areas.
Minimum and maximum soil pH observations were 4.53 in
the shale-dominated area and 6.55 in the sandstone-dominated
area, respectively. These results show that the water
and soil resources in the area vary from fresh to slightly
saline and non-saline to high salinity levels, respectively.
Consequently, both resources are still good for agricultural
purposes.
Subsurface 2D Image Analyses of the Uyangha Basement Area, South-Eastern NigeriaIOSR Journals
Geo-electric soundings were made in Stella Maris Secondary School, in Uyangha, Nigeria to image
the subsurface and obtain thicknesses and resistivities of different layers. A quantitative interpretation of the
data obtained clearly reveals the presence of four (4) geo-electric sections which are interpreted to be dry
laterite, moist laterite, weathered basement, and saturated basement. The depth probed is about 100m. The
saturated basement is the aquifer unit. Depth to aquifer unit in the area is at about 65m to 80m.The thickness of
the aquifer unit ranges from 20m to 35m. For ground water exploitation, boreholes in the area should therefore
be drilled to the depth of 91m, for reasonable groundwater yield. The lateritic layer makes the study area
suitable for building construction in the area.
Eight Vertical Electrical Sounding surveys were carried out in Abua town in Rivers State, Nigeria to determine the depth to shallow aquifers suitable for borehole drilling for groundwater use in the town. The Schlumberger array method was employed with current electrode spread of 200 m to 600 m and the corresponding electric current and voltage measured. The apparent resistivity was obtained and plotted against half the current electrode spread with the aid of an IPWIN 12 software to obtain the field curves which were interpreted in terms of resistivity, thickness and depth of occurrence. The results revealed two to four geoelectric sections with resistivity values of 8.29 Ω to 777 Ω. The maximum depth penetrated was 56.5 m with the maximum current electrode spread used. A shallow aquifer close to the surface at Omelema waterside was observed with a thickness of 49 m. The abnormal resistivity value of this zone indicates that it was probably contaminated by saline water intrusion. At Abua LGA site, a shallow aquifer was also observed at a depth of 7.86 m. At the dump site, the shallow aquifer was contaminated by leachates while at Omelema primary school site the result revealed unconsolidated sediments. The results for Abua Amp site and Rghom site also revealed shallow aquifers at depths of 4 m and 6 m respectively.
AAG 2013 Conference, Los Angeles, CA
Student Poster Presenter
• Presented research findings at the Association of American Geographers (AAG) on “Validating Annual
Growth Bands of Deep Sea Corals from the Gulf of Mexico and Southeastern United States”.
In order to solve the water scarcity problem in South Malang, East Java,
Indonesia, we have attempted to investigate groundwater by assessing the subsurface
geology and groundwater potential zones. An attempt had been made to identify the
subsurface lithology and aquifer zones by VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding) method
in Pagak, Kepanjen, Kromengan and Gondanglegi district. The study area consists of
major subsurface litho units like sand, silt, clay, tuff, limestone and andesit. In order
to explore the groundwater resources of the study area with an aerial extent of 100
km2, electrical soundings have been conducted by adopting Schlumberger technique
in 12 locations with AB/2 200 m and 5 resistivity profiles were acquired. The field
data were interpreted and processed qualitatively and quantitatively by using
computer software. Considering the geological, geomorphology and hydrogeological
conditions the VES interpretation was done. The study has shown that the region is
underlain by 5 geoelectric layers within the depth penetrated. The groundwater
potential in South Malang reveals four distinct classes (zones) representing ‘Very
good’, ‘good’, ‘moderate’ and ‘poor’ groundwater potential in the area. From the
interpretation result the VES no. 7 (Pagak), and VES no. 9 (Kepanjen) are found to be
prospective for groundwater. It’s also identified that Groundwater occurs under
water table conditions the depth of water table ranges from 5 to 30 m.
Subsurface Sedimentary Thickness and Structural types of Formations in Imo St...IIJSRJournal
Imo State is part of the Niger Delta of Nigeria that is blessed with a lot of natural resources. These have not been fully exploited and subsurface information of the region is needed to enhance the exploration of these resources. In this work airborne gravity data obtained from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency has been interpreted to obtain information on the structural types, sedimentary thickness and hydrocarbon potentials of the state. These were archived by use of Oasis Montaj software. The residual gravity anomaly was first extracted from the field data with a polynomial operation and then enhanced by a high pass filter before gridding, modelling and depth estimation, using inverse and forward modelling and Euler deconvolution operation. The results reveal syncline and anticline structures with strike angles of varying degrees and strike-slip faults. The depth to evaluated anomalous bodies was between 4,001 m and 9,439 m, all located in the Ameki and Imo Formations which are composed of sandstones and shales. The structures and formations they occur are favorable environments for hydrocarbon habitation as is common in the Niger delta basin. The Euler depth estimates gave sedimentary thickness ranges of 113.5 m to 8,717 m and falls within basement depths in the Niger Delta
Geoelectric Investigation of Groundwater Potential of Ihiala and Its Environ,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Evaluation of sub-soil geo-electric properties in a proposed power sub-statio...IJERA Editor
Electrical resistivity survey was carried out in a site proposed for the construction and installation of a Power sub-station. The project will involve subsurface installation of cables and other objects that easily conduct electricity. Extant laws including EIA also require knowledge of subsurface distribution of resistivity in construction projects that would involve burial of steel pipes and cables. The imperative of this is emphasized by the location of the project in an area of shallow groundwater conditions. Field resistivity measurements were undertaken using ABEM Terrameter SAS 1000, adopting Schlumberger configuration in vertical electric sounding at 12 locations within the study site. The results were used to generate geo-electric log models. Three geo-electric profile models (pseudo- profiles) were also taken NE-SW of the site. Interpretation of the models shows that the area is characterized by two geo-electric layers to the depth of 30m. The upper layer of lower resistivity occurs to a depth of 2-3m. This layer consists of lateritic to silty sands. The lower layer has a resistivity of between 900 - >2000 Ωm and represents fine to coarse sands and gravels. On the Soil Electrical Resistivity Classification (BS 1377), the subsoil falls within non-corrosive class. Objects installed in the soil are not likely to suffer corrosion soon. Similarly, subsurface electrical installations will pose minimal hazards and would require basic precautions to avoid electrical accidents.
Interface change of seawater and freshwater on Asam – Asam Watersheds, South ...Innspub Net
Temporal change of seawater and fresh water interface in the watershed area needs scientific study on dynamics of ecosystem parameters in different seasons and analysis of satellite imagery. This research aims to assess the change of interface seawater and freshwater from the temporal estuary upstream. The study used four methods: (1) Interviews with local community respondents; determined with snowball method. (2) Secondary data obtained from the Report of Environmental Monitoring Result of Power Plant Operations of Asam – Asam in 2014 (3) Observed parameters include pH, salinity, electrical conductivity in the dry season (August), transition (October) and rainy season (December). (4) Temporal observations with the use of satellite imagery analysis with Nipah (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) as indicator. According to the respondent, seawater intrusion has occurred extremely from the estuary of Asam-Asam river to the upstream. Secondary data shows significant differences in the intake value of DHL Asam-Asam power plant (546 μ mhos/cm) with upstream intake (231 μ mhos/cm) which means the intrusion of sea water is moderate to high level. Field observations show the dry season (August 2013) interface was 12.86 miles from the estuary, whereas in transitional season (October 2013) was 12.53 miles from estuary, and rainy season (December 2013) is 5.24 km from the estuary. Satellite imagery showed the interface in 1991 was 8.13 miles from the estuary and increase upstream from 0.03 to 1.86 per year. In 2014, the interface becomes 12.88 miles from the estuary. This shows that the sea water increasingly moving toward the river. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Groundwater prospecting and Aquifer Delineation using Vertical Electrical Sou...iosrjce
A total of twenty seven (27) vertical electrical soundings (VES) where carried out on the basement
complex area of Kumbotso Local Government Area of Kano with a spread of 40m-45m adopted. The results
obtained revealed three to four geo-electric layers of the subsurface. The third weathered basement and a forth
fractured basement rock constitutes the Aquiferous water bearing layers with resistivity ranges from 6Ωm -
265Ωm respectively with average thickness of 19m and 15m respectively. The result shows the weathered
regolith to be thicker than the fractured bedrock layer; average depth range of boreholes in the area is between
30m-35m while the average static water levels in dug wells is 8.3m. It is highly recommended that a spread of
between 75-85m be used in the future and also the use of EM method to locate deep fractures as important in
maximizing the borehole yield.
Application of Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Soil Competence Study in...IIJSRJournal
This study was carried out to determine soil competence around University of Benin Teaching Hospital and its environs using electrical resistivity tomography method. The Wenner Schlumberger Array Profiling method was used to give information of the subsurface resistivity. The result of the study showed that in ERT 1, highly competent soil were observed with resistivity values between 725Ωm and greater than 6546Ωm, which means that the area is underlain by clay sand at the top and sand/laterite/bedrock at the bottom. ERT 2 is characterized by highly competent soils with high resistivity values between 899Ωm to greater than 7851 Ωm, which indicates that the soil is underlain by sand/laterite/bedrocks. Furthermore, ERT 3 is group as highly competent soils, with resistivity values between762Ωm and greater than 6980 Ωm; this shows that the profile 3 is underlain by sand/laterite/bed rock. The study shows that though most part of the area contains soils that are competent, because of the presence of clay which on most occasion in the Niger Delta are expandable, detailed Geophysical and Civil engineering studies should be carried out before the erection of high rising engineering structures such as network masts, buildings and water tanks within the study area.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
En el siguiente vídeo se explica el procedimiento de la acreditación institucional en el ambiente universitario y los privilegios que obtienen al llegar a ella.
Abi area in Nigeria borders the salinity enriched
Lower Benue Trough (LBT) and plans are currently
underway to extend large-scale irrigation facilities under
construction in the LBT to Abi area. In order to generate
baseline soil and water salinity information about Abi area
under non-irrigation condition, integrated information from
constrained analyses of vertical electrical sounding data,
two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomographies and
laboratory analyses of soil and water samples were used to
assess and map the spatial salinity distribution. Existence
of widespread heterogeneities in the distribution of soil and
water salinity between the shaly and sandy materials that
dominate the shallow geology of the area was observed.
Minimum values of water electrical conductivity (WEC)
and total dissolved solids (TDS) were observed to be 19.2
lS/cm and 13 mg/L, respectively, in the sandstone-dominated
areas. Maximum values of WEC and TDS were
observed to be 931.0 lS/cm and 624 mg/L, respectively,
within the shale-dominated areas. Soil electrical conductivity
was observed to vary from 5.0 lS/cm in the sandstone
areas to 14.0 lS/cm in the shale-dominated areas.
Minimum and maximum soil pH observations were 4.53 in
the shale-dominated area and 6.55 in the sandstone-dominated
area, respectively. These results show that the water
and soil resources in the area vary from fresh to slightly
saline and non-saline to high salinity levels, respectively.
Consequently, both resources are still good for agricultural
purposes.
Subsurface 2D Image Analyses of the Uyangha Basement Area, South-Eastern NigeriaIOSR Journals
Geo-electric soundings were made in Stella Maris Secondary School, in Uyangha, Nigeria to image
the subsurface and obtain thicknesses and resistivities of different layers. A quantitative interpretation of the
data obtained clearly reveals the presence of four (4) geo-electric sections which are interpreted to be dry
laterite, moist laterite, weathered basement, and saturated basement. The depth probed is about 100m. The
saturated basement is the aquifer unit. Depth to aquifer unit in the area is at about 65m to 80m.The thickness of
the aquifer unit ranges from 20m to 35m. For ground water exploitation, boreholes in the area should therefore
be drilled to the depth of 91m, for reasonable groundwater yield. The lateritic layer makes the study area
suitable for building construction in the area.
Eight Vertical Electrical Sounding surveys were carried out in Abua town in Rivers State, Nigeria to determine the depth to shallow aquifers suitable for borehole drilling for groundwater use in the town. The Schlumberger array method was employed with current electrode spread of 200 m to 600 m and the corresponding electric current and voltage measured. The apparent resistivity was obtained and plotted against half the current electrode spread with the aid of an IPWIN 12 software to obtain the field curves which were interpreted in terms of resistivity, thickness and depth of occurrence. The results revealed two to four geoelectric sections with resistivity values of 8.29 Ω to 777 Ω. The maximum depth penetrated was 56.5 m with the maximum current electrode spread used. A shallow aquifer close to the surface at Omelema waterside was observed with a thickness of 49 m. The abnormal resistivity value of this zone indicates that it was probably contaminated by saline water intrusion. At Abua LGA site, a shallow aquifer was also observed at a depth of 7.86 m. At the dump site, the shallow aquifer was contaminated by leachates while at Omelema primary school site the result revealed unconsolidated sediments. The results for Abua Amp site and Rghom site also revealed shallow aquifers at depths of 4 m and 6 m respectively.
AAG 2013 Conference, Los Angeles, CA
Student Poster Presenter
• Presented research findings at the Association of American Geographers (AAG) on “Validating Annual
Growth Bands of Deep Sea Corals from the Gulf of Mexico and Southeastern United States”.
In order to solve the water scarcity problem in South Malang, East Java,
Indonesia, we have attempted to investigate groundwater by assessing the subsurface
geology and groundwater potential zones. An attempt had been made to identify the
subsurface lithology and aquifer zones by VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding) method
in Pagak, Kepanjen, Kromengan and Gondanglegi district. The study area consists of
major subsurface litho units like sand, silt, clay, tuff, limestone and andesit. In order
to explore the groundwater resources of the study area with an aerial extent of 100
km2, electrical soundings have been conducted by adopting Schlumberger technique
in 12 locations with AB/2 200 m and 5 resistivity profiles were acquired. The field
data were interpreted and processed qualitatively and quantitatively by using
computer software. Considering the geological, geomorphology and hydrogeological
conditions the VES interpretation was done. The study has shown that the region is
underlain by 5 geoelectric layers within the depth penetrated. The groundwater
potential in South Malang reveals four distinct classes (zones) representing ‘Very
good’, ‘good’, ‘moderate’ and ‘poor’ groundwater potential in the area. From the
interpretation result the VES no. 7 (Pagak), and VES no. 9 (Kepanjen) are found to be
prospective for groundwater. It’s also identified that Groundwater occurs under
water table conditions the depth of water table ranges from 5 to 30 m.
Subsurface Sedimentary Thickness and Structural types of Formations in Imo St...IIJSRJournal
Imo State is part of the Niger Delta of Nigeria that is blessed with a lot of natural resources. These have not been fully exploited and subsurface information of the region is needed to enhance the exploration of these resources. In this work airborne gravity data obtained from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency has been interpreted to obtain information on the structural types, sedimentary thickness and hydrocarbon potentials of the state. These were archived by use of Oasis Montaj software. The residual gravity anomaly was first extracted from the field data with a polynomial operation and then enhanced by a high pass filter before gridding, modelling and depth estimation, using inverse and forward modelling and Euler deconvolution operation. The results reveal syncline and anticline structures with strike angles of varying degrees and strike-slip faults. The depth to evaluated anomalous bodies was between 4,001 m and 9,439 m, all located in the Ameki and Imo Formations which are composed of sandstones and shales. The structures and formations they occur are favorable environments for hydrocarbon habitation as is common in the Niger delta basin. The Euler depth estimates gave sedimentary thickness ranges of 113.5 m to 8,717 m and falls within basement depths in the Niger Delta
Geoelectric Investigation of Groundwater Potential of Ihiala and Its Environ,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Evaluation of sub-soil geo-electric properties in a proposed power sub-statio...IJERA Editor
Electrical resistivity survey was carried out in a site proposed for the construction and installation of a Power sub-station. The project will involve subsurface installation of cables and other objects that easily conduct electricity. Extant laws including EIA also require knowledge of subsurface distribution of resistivity in construction projects that would involve burial of steel pipes and cables. The imperative of this is emphasized by the location of the project in an area of shallow groundwater conditions. Field resistivity measurements were undertaken using ABEM Terrameter SAS 1000, adopting Schlumberger configuration in vertical electric sounding at 12 locations within the study site. The results were used to generate geo-electric log models. Three geo-electric profile models (pseudo- profiles) were also taken NE-SW of the site. Interpretation of the models shows that the area is characterized by two geo-electric layers to the depth of 30m. The upper layer of lower resistivity occurs to a depth of 2-3m. This layer consists of lateritic to silty sands. The lower layer has a resistivity of between 900 - >2000 Ωm and represents fine to coarse sands and gravels. On the Soil Electrical Resistivity Classification (BS 1377), the subsoil falls within non-corrosive class. Objects installed in the soil are not likely to suffer corrosion soon. Similarly, subsurface electrical installations will pose minimal hazards and would require basic precautions to avoid electrical accidents.
Interface change of seawater and freshwater on Asam – Asam Watersheds, South ...Innspub Net
Temporal change of seawater and fresh water interface in the watershed area needs scientific study on dynamics of ecosystem parameters in different seasons and analysis of satellite imagery. This research aims to assess the change of interface seawater and freshwater from the temporal estuary upstream. The study used four methods: (1) Interviews with local community respondents; determined with snowball method. (2) Secondary data obtained from the Report of Environmental Monitoring Result of Power Plant Operations of Asam – Asam in 2014 (3) Observed parameters include pH, salinity, electrical conductivity in the dry season (August), transition (October) and rainy season (December). (4) Temporal observations with the use of satellite imagery analysis with Nipah (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) as indicator. According to the respondent, seawater intrusion has occurred extremely from the estuary of Asam-Asam river to the upstream. Secondary data shows significant differences in the intake value of DHL Asam-Asam power plant (546 μ mhos/cm) with upstream intake (231 μ mhos/cm) which means the intrusion of sea water is moderate to high level. Field observations show the dry season (August 2013) interface was 12.86 miles from the estuary, whereas in transitional season (October 2013) was 12.53 miles from estuary, and rainy season (December 2013) is 5.24 km from the estuary. Satellite imagery showed the interface in 1991 was 8.13 miles from the estuary and increase upstream from 0.03 to 1.86 per year. In 2014, the interface becomes 12.88 miles from the estuary. This shows that the sea water increasingly moving toward the river. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Groundwater prospecting and Aquifer Delineation using Vertical Electrical Sou...iosrjce
A total of twenty seven (27) vertical electrical soundings (VES) where carried out on the basement
complex area of Kumbotso Local Government Area of Kano with a spread of 40m-45m adopted. The results
obtained revealed three to four geo-electric layers of the subsurface. The third weathered basement and a forth
fractured basement rock constitutes the Aquiferous water bearing layers with resistivity ranges from 6Ωm -
265Ωm respectively with average thickness of 19m and 15m respectively. The result shows the weathered
regolith to be thicker than the fractured bedrock layer; average depth range of boreholes in the area is between
30m-35m while the average static water levels in dug wells is 8.3m. It is highly recommended that a spread of
between 75-85m be used in the future and also the use of EM method to locate deep fractures as important in
maximizing the borehole yield.
Application of Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Soil Competence Study in...IIJSRJournal
This study was carried out to determine soil competence around University of Benin Teaching Hospital and its environs using electrical resistivity tomography method. The Wenner Schlumberger Array Profiling method was used to give information of the subsurface resistivity. The result of the study showed that in ERT 1, highly competent soil were observed with resistivity values between 725Ωm and greater than 6546Ωm, which means that the area is underlain by clay sand at the top and sand/laterite/bedrock at the bottom. ERT 2 is characterized by highly competent soils with high resistivity values between 899Ωm to greater than 7851 Ωm, which indicates that the soil is underlain by sand/laterite/bedrocks. Furthermore, ERT 3 is group as highly competent soils, with resistivity values between762Ωm and greater than 6980 Ωm; this shows that the profile 3 is underlain by sand/laterite/bed rock. The study shows that though most part of the area contains soils that are competent, because of the presence of clay which on most occasion in the Niger Delta are expandable, detailed Geophysical and Civil engineering studies should be carried out before the erection of high rising engineering structures such as network masts, buildings and water tanks within the study area.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
En el siguiente vídeo se explica el procedimiento de la acreditación institucional en el ambiente universitario y los privilegios que obtienen al llegar a ella.
Official document from Ministry of Environment and Forests about the protected area network in India. The original document can be found here.
http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/protected-area-network.pdf
Read more about biodiversity conservation at http://indianbiodiversitytalk.blogspot.in/2013/04/biodiversity-conservation-in-india.html
anda penasaran dengan "hukum gravitasi" ???,kali ini saya akan membahas tentang hukum gravitasi... alhamdulilllah.,sekian dibuat semudah mungkin,,,ini adalah slideshare pertama saya,semoga bermanfaat bagi kita semua,amiin..,wasalamualaikum wr.wb
*like&share jika menurut anda artikel ini bermanfaat,terimakasih :)
Manual de biossegurança da clínica Dental Care desenvolvido em 2014 com o intuito de padronizar os processos de biossegurança e aumentar o cuidado com a segurança da equipe profissional e paciente.
Electrical Resistivity Survey Forground Water At Eye Zheba Village, Off Bida ...iosrjce
The paper titled “Electrical Resistivity survey for ground water” at EL-HALAL Farms, covered an
area of about 10km2
, located at Eye Zheba village along Minna-Bida Road, located on latitude 60
.001
and 6
0
7
1
West and longitude 90
3
1
and 9.101 North. As a result of water problem in Bida and its environs, the people living
in this environment suffered a lot due to lack of portable drinking water and water for domestic use. A
Geophysical survey carried out, employed the schlumberger Array method in which current were sent beneath
the earth surfaces, this was done at various points and the data collected. The area revealed three lithological
formations in some places while in some place five. With the lowest resistivty found to be 6.85 Ωm and the
highest resistivity was 12,774.46 Ωm. The lithotogical formation includes the sandstones, clayey sandstones,
sandy clay and ferruginised sandstone. Since this is a sedimentary area drilling is expected to be deep down to a
depth of about 70-75m
Investigation of Groundwater Potential and Aquifer Protective Capacity of Par...Premier Publishers
The aim of this study was to investigate groundwater potential and aquifer protective capacity of an area behind the College of Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun-Warri area of Delta State, Nigeria. The data was acquired using ABEM SAS 4000 Terrameter and processed using IPI2win and Interpex software. Five Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out with maximum current electrode separation (AB) of 120 m. The VES curves generated from the data revealed HKH curve type for VES 1 and VES 2, KQH curve for VES 3 and KH curve for VES 4 and 5. Five resistivity layers were identified for VES 1 - 3 while four resistivity layers were identified for VES 4 – 5. Analysis and interpretation of VES data obtained from the study area showed VES 3, VES 4 and VES 5 to be most appropriate locations to be explored for borehole development due to low resistivity of the weathered/fractured aquiferous layers coupled with the relatively high thicknesses of the weathered layers. However, all the aquifers in the VES locations are poorly protected due to the very low aquifer protective capacity parameters in the VES locations.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Around the world, groundwater is a key source of water. Because its reliance is growing, it is critical to ensure that a sufficient supply of high-quality drinking water is available. We explored the shallow aquifer in Rumuohia community in Emohua local government area, Rivers State, Nigeria, with the goal of using seismic refraction to delineate depth to the shallow aquifer and geological structure of the terrain at five selected areas. The result of the research reveals two strata with sand-gravel and clay lithologies. Layer 1 is clay, with an average velocity of 274.83 m/s and a thickness range of 4.88m to 9.98m at an average of 7m in all five locations. Layer 2 is composed up of sandy clay in Mina 1 and Mina 3. Clay is found in Mina 2, while sand with gravel (dry) is found in Mina 4 and Mina 5, implying a potential aquifer with an average velocity of 422.63 m/s. The presence of sand indicates a productive aquifer, while clay acts as a stopper for the sand, which is prone to compaction due to overburden pressure. The study area is generally a favorable location for a borehole with a high likelihood of providing drinkable water.
Geo Environmental Investigation of Abuad Dumpsite, Southwestern NigeriaIJERA Editor
Geoenvironmental study of ABUAD female dumpsite was conducted to investigate the suitability of its location
and potential impact on groundwater in the environment. Profiling and Vertical electrical sounding methods
were employed using Dipole - Dipole and Schlumberger configuration respectively. Five points were sounded
and one profile was occupied. Three heterogeneous subsurface lithologic units were established namely; lateritic
topsoil, clayey-sand, and, fresh basement. The curve types are simple H and HA. The topsoil and clayey-sand
materials are characterized with relatively low resistivity values while the fresh basement materials are
characterized with high resistivity values. The average resistivity and thickness values for the topsoil are
280.0Ωm and.2.3m respectively. Clayey-sand was encountered in all the locations with average resistivity and
thickness values of 32.0Ωm and 7.3m respectively. Basement is relatively shallow in the study area, it was
encountered in all the locations with an average resistivity and depth values to the top of basement of 674Ωm,
and 9.6m respectively. Overburden materials are relatively thin within the area with an average resistivity and
thickness values of 156Ωm, and 9.6m respectively. The overburden materials constituting the aquiferous units
within the study area are porous, vulnerable, and good paths for leachate migration. The relatively low
resistivity values within the clayey-sand layers (14 - 61Ωm) are suggestive of leachate intrusion, while relatively
high resistivity values of the impervious basement are due to their crystalline nature. The proximity of the
dumpsite to both the cafeteria and residential halls is a cause for concern.
Evaluation of Heterogeneous Aquifers in Crystalline Rocks from Resistivity So...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Determination of Thickness of Aquifer with Vertical Electrical Sounding iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Mapping of Aquifer Contamination Using Geoelectric Methods at a Municipal Sol...iosrjce
Vertical electrical sounding, 2-D resistivity imaging and hydrogeochemical analysis have been
applied in the study of aquifer contamination in a municipal solid waste disposal site in Warri, southern
Nigeria. Fourteen sounding points were occupied in the area and the resistivity imaging employing the Dipole
dipole configuration was measured along two orthogonal traverse lines cutting across the dumpsite. The
geoelectric sections reveal four distinct layers namely topsoil, fine sand, medium grained sand and fine to
medium grained sand. The low resistivity values obtained beneath the dumpsite in the southern direction in the
N-S geoelectric section, could be attributed to the effect of leachate from the dumpsite. The results of the
resistivity imaging show contamination in the W-E and N-S direction, with values ranging from 22 to 100 ohmm,
because the area show low longitudinal conductance of < 0.05 mhos and 0.06 to 0.09 mhos, which depicts
weak and low protective capacity respectively. Finally, the results of the hydrogeochemical analysis confirm the
concentration of lead and total viable bacteria counts and this is an indication that the aquifer is gradually
receiving contamination from the dumpsite
Geohydraulic parameters are essential elements in groundwater resource management and conservation.
Most of these parameters especially the hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity are usually estimated
from pumping test carried out on drilled boreholes. This paper presents a study conducted in Abi area of
the Ikom-Mamfe Embayment with the objective of estimating aquifer parameters from 30 evenly
distributed vertical electrical soundings using the Schlumberger configuration and hydrogeologic
measurements from 28 boreholes within the area as an alternative way of generating an initial data
for groundwater characterisation and quality assessment in the area. The results showed low resistivity
645 Xm, hydraulic conductivity 62.0 105 m/s (61.7 m/day) and transmissivity 65.2 104 m2/s
(645 m2/day) for the water-bearing aquifer horizons in the northeastern and northwestern parts of
the study area due to the nature of the aquifer system that were predominantly fractured shale. The sand
based aquifers had higher values in the neighbourhood of 100–800 Xm, 4.0 105–1.0 104 m/s
(3.46–9.04 m/day) and 6.94 104–3.81 103 m2/s (60–330 m2/day) for the respective parameters
mentioned above. The potability of the groundwater system as observed from hydrogeologic measurements
of water samples from most boreholes were relatively poor, having electrical conductivity
and total dissolved solids values of 250–931.0 lS/cm and 500–623.77 mg/l respectively due to the
influence of clay minerals within the aquifer horizon. Some of the vertical electrical sounding points were
taken in the vicinity were pumping tests and lithologic data were available for adequate comparison of
the results.Electrical resistivity
Geohydraulic parameters
Groundwater
Hydraulic conductivity
Ikom-Mamfe Embayment
Abi-Nigeria
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
1. Environment and Natural Resources Research; Vol. 3, No. 2; 2013
ISSN 1927-0488 E-ISSN 1927-0496
Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education
61
Geo-Electric and 3D-Imaging of Groundwater Distribution along
Flood Plain Deposits of River Niger at Jebba, North-Central Nigeria
Alao D. A.1
, Amadi A. N.2
, Adeoye Yinka3
& Oladipo A. V.4
1
Victorville CA, USA
2
Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
3
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
4
Unilorin, Nigeria
Correspondence: Amadi A. N., Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
Tel: 234-803-772-9977. E-mail: geoama76@gmail.com
Received: December 25, 2012 Accepted: February 20, 2013 Online Published: February 22, 2013
doi:10.5539/enrr.v3n2p61 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v3n2p61
Abstract
Twenty five profiles of Vertical Electrical Sounding were obtained at Jebba area, North-central Nigeria with the
aim of ascertain the nature of groundwater distribution in the area. The area is characterized by arid climate of
low rainfall and high evaporation. The old alluvial plains surface is covered with a silty-sand and gravel which
are subject to new reclamation. The first sedimentary cover unit < 0.5 m is draped by silty-clay causing some of
the area under analysis to be water-logged. It is underlain by a sandy layer more than one meter thick beneath the
surface. The geo-electric cross-sections produced from the interpreted twenty five VES data using iterative
computer program revealed three to four geo-electric layers. The top most layer ranged between 5 Ωm-1722 Ωm
and is suggestive of lateritic clay with a thickness of 0 m-1.5 m. Layer two has thickness of 1.5 m-28 m with an
average apparent resistivity of 30 Ωm-122 Ωm and is suggestive of weathered basement layer. Layer three has a
geo-electric layer of thickness between 28 m-45 m with an average apparent resistivity of between 50 Ωm-350
Ωm which is suggestive of partly weathered/fractured basement and fourth layer suggestive of the fresh
basement. The geo-electric sections suggested two system aquifer, weathered layer aquifer system and the partly
weathered/fractured basement aquifer system. These aquifer units possess largely good hydraulic characteristics
and groundwater potential. This study enables the delineation of shallow aquifers, their subsurface disposition
and identified promising areas for elaborate groundwater development in the area. An integration of such
hydro-geophysical study with lithologic logs/drilling data would enhance accurate delineation of aquifers of the
study area. Another high point of this study is the application of the leapfrog hydro software to prepare 3D
Imaging of the sub-surface and to delineate areas high groundwater potentials.
Keywords: geoelectric-cross-section, floodplain, VES, 3D-Imaging, groundwater distribution, Jebba
1. Introduction
River Niger floodplain in Jebba area is part of basement complex of North-central Nigeria. The basement
complex at Jebba area consists of ridges of various rock types, such as quartzite, marble, migmatite. The
floodplain was developed by the River Niger, taking its course through Jebba area, depositing it sediments (fine
sand, silt and clay) by the river sides as the velocity of the river decreases.
The inhabitants are mostly farmers and fishermen who depend mainly on the running water from the streams and
very few but deep hand-dug wells, for their domestic use. Most of the boreholes drilled in the area were abortive
hole and abandoned. Therefore one of the major challenges faced by most communities in Jebba is the acute
shortage of water, consequently, human activities such as domestic, agriculture, and recreation has been greatly
influenced due to remoteness of water. Hence the need to accurately delineate the zone of high groundwater
potential and this is what gave rise to the present study.
This study is aimed at characterizing the aquifer system in the study area, in terms of geometry, groundwater
distribution, and the major recharging system using vertical electrical sounding (VES) of schlumberger array at
strategic locations. The resistivity 3D models were used to construct a geoelectrical cross-section to define
subsurface stratigraphy units, including 3D imaging to reveal the groundwater distribution.
2. www.ccsenet.org/enrr Environment and Natural Resources Research Vol. 3, No. 2; 2013
62
2. The Study Area and Its Location
The study area is Jabba and environs and it lies between latitude 9º 11’ 29” N to 9º 06’ 55” N and longitude 4º
48’ 24” E to 4º 51’ 06” E (Figure 1). The study area lies within the North-central part of Nigeria, along
Ilorin-Bida road.
Figure 1. Map of Jebba showing the VES point
2.1 Accessibility
The area studied is fairly accessible by footpath, railway tracks, minor and major road especially
Ilorin-Jebba-Bida road. Getting to our locations was made possible by footpaths and un-tarred roads, some of
which we newly create. Accessibility was hindered by thick vegetation, marshy and swampy areas and rivers.
2.2 Climate and Vegetation
The climate of the study area usually alternate between dry and rainy season. The area lies within the middle belt
of Nigeria with the total annual rainfall between 1270 mm and 1524 mm, spread over the month of April to
October (Mc Curry, 1973). The highest amount of rainfall is observed in the month of August. Monthly highest
temperatures are recorded in March (35 ºC) while the lowest is in August which is about 25 ºC (Ajibade, 1982).
The vegetation of the area is that of Guinea Savannah which comprises of various species of shrubs and forest
especially along the stream channels and valleys in the area. The vegetation also consists of short grasses of
height 3 to 4.5 meters and trees up to 15 meters high (Ajibade & Woakes, 1976)
2.3 Drainage
The area is well drained by River Niger and River Awun and their tributaries. The drainage systems are dendritic
and trellis. Most streams in the study area are seasonal and have dry channels during the dry season. The area
consists of gentle slope and the ridges are separated by broad valley. The static water level in the area is low
during the rainy season and high in the dry season.
2.4 Human Settlement and Occupational Activities
The main settlements are found along the main road Bode Saadu which is the major settlement about 17 km
southwest and is densely populated, the other settlement found in this area are hamlet in which the Fulani lives.
The activities in this area include farming, cattle rearing by Fulani herdsmen, fishing and lumbering activities.
Major cash crops produced include guinea corn, rice, maize, cassava, and yam. Yoruba, Hausa, and the Fulani’s
are the major ethnic groups inhabiting the study area. The settlement is mainly confined to the eastern half and
they are linearly distributed along the minor road and footpaths.
3. www.ccsenet.org/enrr Environment and Natural Resources Research Vol. 3, No. 2; 2013
63
2.5 Regional Geological Settings and Geological Background
The study area lies within the Nigeria Basement Complex which covers about 60% of land area of the country
and it is overlain by cretaceous and tertiary sedimentary basin. It consists of a suite of Precambrian rocks, which
include Migmatized gneisses, schist, quartzite, amphibolites, and other are non-fractured granite and diorite
(Ajibade & Woakes, 1976). It is established that the basement complex witnessed a major tecto-thermal event
about 600 ± 100 mya. It has also been verified from isotopic data that intermittent tectonic and thermal activities
involving almost all part of the complex must have taken place prior to late proterozoic to early paleozoic
thermal peak.
However, radiometric data from rocks within Nigeria basement rocks indicate at least two orogenic episodes, the
eburnean orogeny (1950 ± 250 Ma); the second orogenic episode older granite cycle (Pan-Africa Orogeny, 600 ±
50 Ma) culminated in the emplacement of the older granite (Truswell & Cope, 1963). It has also reported that
this basement had been intruded by granite and porphyries of Jurassic age. The intrusive are referred to as
younger granites in other to differentiate them from the earlier granites of Precambrian age which are usually
referred to as the older granites (Falconer, 1971).
Figure 2. Location map of the VES modeled profiles
4. www.ccsenet.org/enrr Environment and Natural Resources Research Vol. 3, No. 2; 2013
64
2.6 Data Acquisition and Interpretation
A total of 25 VES stations spaced few kilometers apart were established and carried out using Schlumberger
array, with a Campus Omega Terrameter and a maximum half current electrode spacing of 50 M since it is a near
surface investigation. The main objective is to characterize the distribution of the groundwater in the study area
from the subsurface rocks (Alao, 2000; Amadi et al., 2010).
The calculated apparent resistivity values were plotted against half electrode spacing on a log-log graph. The
curves obtained were interpreted both qualitatively by inspection and quantitatively by matching small segments
of the field curves using three layer model and their corresponding auxiliary curves. The resistivity thickness
obtained from the partials curve matching was improved upon by employing iterative computer program to
obtain the layers parameter (resistivity, thickness and depth). The numerous layers that were generated by the
computer shall be grouped into relevant geologic depth intervals called geo-electric sections. The type of curves
(Selemo et al., 1995), the resistivity of the sediment and the knowledge of the local geology were used as guides
in the interpretations and analysis of the geo-electric parameters in terms of probable, potable and sustainable
water supply. The electrical measurements were carried out along the Jebba valleys which trends in the N–S and
NE-SW directions. The quantitative interpretation has been applied to determine the thicknesses and true
resistivities of the stratigraphic units below each VES station (Zohdy, 1974).
3. Result and Discussion
The final digital inversion results of VES interpretation were used for the construction of four geo-electrical
cross-sections. The four geo-electric cross-sections were constructed along four profiles oriented approximately
N-S direction, which coincides with the major fracture pattern and groundwater flow directions. The
cross-sections are shown in (Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6) combined with 3D imaging of the groundwater distribution at
the N-E, N-W, and S-E profile and illustrated in (Figure 7, 8, and 9) with a geological interpretation of the layers.
The models in the cross-sections indicate that the shallow subsurface lithological sequence, in the study area, is
represented by three to four geoelectric units with relative resistivities in accordance with the following pattern:
ρ1<ρ2>ρ3<ρ4.
3.1 Geoelectric and Lithological Characteristics
The geoelectric curves and their corresponding VES data from the study area were categorized accordingly.
Curve types identified ranged from simple H, A, characterized by three layers in most of the study area to HK,
KH, HA, and complex QHKQ etc characterized by four layer types, reflecting facies or lithological variations in
the area. The H curve types were the most dominant curve type. The general signature of the curves suggests
alternate sequence of conductive-reflective, resistive-conductive layers, reflecting the unconsolidated nature of
the flood plain sequence, characterized by intercalation of gravels, sands and clay/silt. It was responsible for the
discrete resistivity layers obtained in the curves.
3.2 Interpretation of the Geoelectric Sections
The geo-electric cross-sections generated from the curves suggest three to four layers. These were run in a
north-south trend accurately. The geo-electric cross-section along VES points: 4, 7, 17, 44 and 47 (Figure 3)
shows a relatively very thick overburden layer which is almost of the same thickness. The geo-electric
cross-section along VES points: 5, 6, 15, 36, 45 and 46 (Figure 4) shows a relatively fairly thick overburden
sediment and of variable thickness. The geo-electric cross-section along VES points: 3, 8, 18, 13, 23 and 28
(Figure 5) shows a relatively thin aquifer thickness with different depth to surface at different VES station along
this trend. The geo-electric cross-section along VES points: 9, 12, 22, 29 and 32 (Figure 6) shows aquifer of very
variable surface to basement/depth thickness. Some of this VES point shows very thin unconfined (unsaturated
zone) aquifer averaging about 6 m while some points revealed an aquifer of considerable thickness. This is the
interpretations of the 3-D images giving us aquifer characteristics along the directions (traverses) covered by
each geo-electric sections and the distribution of the aquifer and the quantitative potential of the groundwater in
the three zones. The result shows that, at the north-western part of the River Niger, groundwater potential is low,
and at the north-eastern part of the River Niger, the groundwater potential is averagely high while at the
south-eastern part of the river, the groundwater potential is very high. It can be ascertained that from the result
that groundwater flow highest along the south-eastern bound of the river Niger.
3.3 Groundwater Distribution
Electrical methods primarily reflect variations in subsurface resistivity. The electrical resistivity contrasts
existing lithological sequences (Amadi and Olasehinde, 2010) in the subsurface are often adequate to enable the
delineation of geo-electric layers and identification of aquiferous or non-aquiferous layers (Schwarz, 1988). The
5. www.ccsenet.org/enrr Environment and Natural Resources Research Vol. 3, No. 2; 2013
65
geo-electric sequence suggests a subsurface geology characterized by alternation of sands/gravels, clay/silt and
sandstone occurring at varying depths with variable thicknesses. The sand and gravel layers constitute the
aquiferous units in the study area. The geo-electric parameters of the aquifer units were determined from the
interpretation of the sounding curves, assisted by the distinctive resistivity contrasts between the discrete
geo-electric layers. The upper and lower aquifer horizons works are referred to as the surficial (upper) and
intermediate (lower) aquifers respectively.
The curves obtained from the computer iteration were used to construct four interpretive sections p1, p2, p3, and
p4 column from right to left taken in the north-south directions and vertically for 2-dimensional image of the
geo-electric cross section and east-west directions and horizontally for the 3-Dimensional imaging for the
hexagonal at three different sections of the location area. The sections (Figures 4-6) reveal that the surficial and
intermediate aquifers are overlain in places by materials with variable thickness and resistivity parameters. In
section AB (Figure 10), at the extreme right of the location area, the resistivity of materials overlying the upper
aquifer ranges from 2 Ωm to 5622 Ωm as revealed by the geo-electric sections. The depth to the top of the
aquifer varies from 20.5 m to 39 m. The high resistivity of the top layers may correspond to the unsaturated zone,
as observed in Singh (1984). The depth to the intermediate aquifer ranges from 52 m to 79.8 m. In the area,
depths to the top of the aquifer horizons tend to increase southward.
The thickness and resistivity parameters of materials overlying an aquifer are important parameters in the
assessment of the vulnerability of the underling aquifer (Telford et al., 2001). In geo-electric section AB, a
north-south cross-section, depths of occurrences range from 16.1 to 48.3 m and 28.1 to 96.4 m in the upper and
intermediate aquifers respectively. The northwest-southeast section reveals that depth to the upper aquifer ranges
from 15.5 m to 31.5 m, while that of the intermediate aquifer varies between 29.7 m and 48.5m. The geo-electric
cross sections and the 3-D images of the three zones show that the two aquifer units generally dip southward.
The 3-D images showing the depth to the top of the aquifer units are shown. The constructed geo electric
sections from the VES results show that the surfacial and intermediate aquifers are highly variable in thickness
across the area. In the former, thickness ranges from 5.1 m to 49.4 m with a mean value of 25.5 m.
3.4 Summary of Findings
The apparent resistivity measured at the field provides a guideline for establishing the geo-electric layers. The
four geo-electric section derived from the obtained VES data has provided information on the distribution of
aquifer system in the area under investigation, in which the aquifer system is not just evenly distributed, but the
potentiality of groundwater increases in the south-eastern direction. The thickness of the aquifer depends on the
closeness of the bed rock to the surface while the volume of the water in the aquifer depends on the closeness of
the aquifer to the River Niger. The geo-electric layers reveals that the aquifer system in the study area is being
recharge mainly by the nearby River Niger.
Also it was established that some of the high hill basement complex rocks (crystalline rocks) reduces the
conductivity of the groundwater into the adjacent valley which renders such valley non-aquiferous, although
such valley are permeable as revealed by the 3-D image of groundwater distribution. Another striking
observation from the geo-electric sections was that the crystalline basement rocks very close to the River Niger
were heavily weathered while those far away from the flowing river were just slightly weathered and this gives a
characteristically thickening of the aquiferous unit towards the river Niger.
4. Conclusion
The present study has established that the flood plain of River Niger at Jebba area has good groundwater
potential especially in the south-eastern portion of the area under investigation,which corresponds with the main
fracture direction in the area. It was also ascertained that the groundwater system in the area flows toward
south-eastern part of the area in agreement with the VES findings and principal joint direction.
6. www.ccsenet.org/enrr Environment and Natural Resources Research Vol. 3, No. 2; 2013
66
Figure 3. Geoelectric cross-section along ves 4, 7, 17, 44, 47
Figure 4. Geoelectric cross-section along VES 5, 6, 15, 36, 45, 46
Figure 5. Geoelectric cross-section along VES 3, 8, 18, 13, 23, 28
7. www.ccsenet.org/enrr Environment and Natural Resources Research Vol. 3, No. 2; 2013
67
Figure 6. Geoelectric cross-section along VES 9, 12, 22, 29, 32
Figure 7. 3D Imaging of groundwater distribution at the south-eastern bank of the river Niger
Figure 8. 3D Imaging of groundwater distribution at the north-western bank of the river Niger.
8. www.ccsenet.org/enrr Environment and Natural Resources Research Vol. 3, No. 2; 2013
68
Figure 9. 3D Imaging of groundwater distribution at the north-eastern bank of the river Niger
References
Ajibade, A. C. (1982). The origin of older granites of Nigeria: some evidence from the Zungeru region, Nigeria.
Journal of Mining and Geology, 19(1), 223-230.
Ajibade, A. C., & Woakes, M. (1976). Proterozoic crustal development in the pan-african regime of Nigeria. In C.
A. kogbe (Ed.), (pp. 57-63). Geology of Nigeria. Rock-view, Nigeria, LTD.
Alao, D. A. (2000). Geophysical investigation of structure controlled groundwater aquifer in the south western
Nigeria. International Journal of Urban and Regional Affair, 4(2), 42-50.
Amadi, A. N. (2010). Hydrogeological and geophysical study of Bosso area of Minna, North-central Nigeria.
Bayero Journal of physics and Mathmatical Science, 3(1), 66-73.
Amadi, A. N., & Olasehinde, P. I. (2010). Application of remote sensing techniques in hydrogeological mapping
of part of Bosso area, Minna, North-central Nigeria. International Journal of physical Science, 5(9),
1465-1474.
Falconer, D. I. (1971). The geology and geography of Northern Nigeria. Macmillian, London, p. 56.
McCurry, P. (1976). The geology of the precambrain to lower Paleozoic rocks of Northern Nigeria. A review In
C. A. Kogbe (Eds.). (pp. 15-39). Geology of Nigeria Elizabeth publishing Co. Lagos.
Schwarz, S. D., (1998). Application of geophysical groundwater exploration in Tssolt River Basin. Water
Resources, 2, 23-28.
Selemo, A. O. I., Okeke, P. O., & Nwankwor, G. I. (1995). An appraisal of usefulness of VES in groundwater
exploration in Nigeria. Water Resources, 6(1&2), 61-67.
Singh, C. L. (1984). Role of surface geophysical methods for groundwater exploration in hard rocks areas.
Proceedings of international workshop on rural hydrology and hydraulics in fissured basement zones,
59-68.
Telford, W. N., Geldart, L. P., & Shriff, R. E. (2001). Applied geophysics (2nd ed.). Cambridge. p. 770.
Truswell, J. F., & Cope, R. N., (1963). The geology of parts of Niger and Zaria province, Northern Nigeria,
Bulletin No. 29, Published by the Nigerian Geological Survey.
Zohdy, A. A., Eaton, C. P., & Mabey, D. R. (1974). Application of surface geophysics to groundwater
investigation. Tech. Water Resources Investigation, Washington, U.S Geological Survey No. 2401-2543.