This document provides a review of engineering geology in Tanzania. It discusses how Tanzania's complex geology, which includes active seismic zones and volcanic regions, poses challenges for infrastructure development due to issues like earthquakes, landslides, and slope stability problems exacerbated by heavy rainfall. It notes how mining operations and construction of roads, dams, and other projects have required significant input from geological engineers to address these issues. The document also provides background on Tanzania's geological history and formations and identifies some specific landslide events that have impacted development.
Due to the large-scale exploitation of mineral resources and the unreasonable human activities, the
geological disasters in Jiaozuo City have become increasingly prominent and the degree of harm increased. This
leds to a tremendous threat to human life and property safety. Jiaozuo City, the main types of geological
disasters, landslides, ground subsidence, debris flow and ground fissures. It has great significance to the
development of the city and the protection of people's life and property to explore the hidden dangers of
geological disasters and actively take preventive and control measures. The establishment of geological
hazard group measurement system of prevention and control to achieve the timely detection of geological
disasters, rapid early warning and effective avoidance.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
ย
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
ย
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
ย
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Sand mining management and its environmental impact in cauvery and kabini riv...IAEME Publication
ย
This document summarizes a research study on sand mining in the Cauvery and Kabini river basins in Mysore District, Karnataka, India. The study used remote sensing and GIS techniques to evaluate the impacts of sand mining and environmental management. It found that uncontrolled and illegal sand mining is causing significant environmental damage through activities like digging trenches in riverbeds and extracting sand beyond permitted levels. This is altering river courses and affecting irrigation. The study highlights the need for sustainable sand mining and a balanced approach considering economic, social and environmental factors to minimize adverse impacts on river environments.
This document discusses landslides and disaster management. It covers types of disasters including natural disasters like landslides, earthquakes, floods, and man-made disasters. Causes of landslides include geological weaknesses, erosion, rainfall, excavation, and earthquakes. The disaster management cycle includes pre-disaster planning, response during the disaster, and post-disaster recovery. Major landslides in India are described and hazard mapping is discussed as a way to reduce landslide risks and prevent loss of life and property.
Geotechnical Characterization on the Soyo Road Section using Electrical Resis...civejjour
ย
The need for near-surface soils and rocks characterization at planned construction sites, using geophysical
techniques, has grown rapidly during the last few decades to map the variations in the soil stiffness and the
depth to bedrock. Although borehole data are important in geotechnical engineering, providing
information on stability and strength of soils and rocks, it is limited to a few points. To take borehole data
on the hole construction site becomes necessary increase the borehole density, which makes the project
very expensive. Geophysical techniques have the advantage in collecting information of large volume of
soils and rocks in its natural state. The Soyo Road was opened to traffic in 2017 but, due to the lack on
soils and rocks physic-mechanical properties information, there is still to complete a section of about 700
meters in the mangrove zone. Geophysical techniques were applied with the main goal of providing
technical information, essential for the completion of the targeted road section. Electrical resistivity data
was recorded along a profile of 820m long, using forty-two electrodes20-meter spaced, under pole-dipole
array. Seismic measurements were taken using twenty-four geophones, 5-meter spaced, 115-meter length
spread. Five seismic spreads were connected, generating a seismic line of 575-meters long. Measured
geophysical data were processed using EarthImager 2D, SeisImager/2D and SeisImager/SWpackages.
Electrical resistivity section shows two zones, the first associated with unconsolidated and/or poorly
consolidated soils, composed by clay, silt, sandy, carbonated rocks mixed with sloth and organic clay and,
the second associated with rock, composed by clay, all them saturated with marine saltwater. Seismic
refraction section shows an interface separating non-compacted soils and unconsolidated rocks to
compacted soils. Multi-channel analysis of surface waves model shows an alternating sequence of
horizontal horizons in the investigated first โ25-meter depth, composed by non-compacted soils and/or
unconsolidated rocks and compacted soils. Due to its shear velocity values the site is constituted by soft
and stiff soils, composed by homogeneous organic matter and elements of mineral origin, responsible for
the ruptures and landslides that occurred and for the sinking of the structures built on the site.
This document summarizes the tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of the Sarulla graben geothermal area in North Sumatra, Indonesia. It discusses the regional tectonic setting involving strike-slip movement along the Sumatra Fault zone. Exploration efforts in the Sarulla contract area provided data on the fault geometry and displacement history, as well as the Quaternary volcanic history. Four geothermal systems in the area are closely associated with major faults and volcanic centers. The oldest exposed rocks are late Paleozoic metasediments, overlain by Miocene marine sediments to the east. Younger units include Plio-Pleistocene volcanic rocks from centers along the Sumatra Fault zone that fill the Sarulla
Due to the large-scale exploitation of mineral resources and the unreasonable human activities, the
geological disasters in Jiaozuo City have become increasingly prominent and the degree of harm increased. This
leds to a tremendous threat to human life and property safety. Jiaozuo City, the main types of geological
disasters, landslides, ground subsidence, debris flow and ground fissures. It has great significance to the
development of the city and the protection of people's life and property to explore the hidden dangers of
geological disasters and actively take preventive and control measures. The establishment of geological
hazard group measurement system of prevention and control to achieve the timely detection of geological
disasters, rapid early warning and effective avoidance.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
ย
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
ย
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
ย
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Sand mining management and its environmental impact in cauvery and kabini riv...IAEME Publication
ย
This document summarizes a research study on sand mining in the Cauvery and Kabini river basins in Mysore District, Karnataka, India. The study used remote sensing and GIS techniques to evaluate the impacts of sand mining and environmental management. It found that uncontrolled and illegal sand mining is causing significant environmental damage through activities like digging trenches in riverbeds and extracting sand beyond permitted levels. This is altering river courses and affecting irrigation. The study highlights the need for sustainable sand mining and a balanced approach considering economic, social and environmental factors to minimize adverse impacts on river environments.
This document discusses landslides and disaster management. It covers types of disasters including natural disasters like landslides, earthquakes, floods, and man-made disasters. Causes of landslides include geological weaknesses, erosion, rainfall, excavation, and earthquakes. The disaster management cycle includes pre-disaster planning, response during the disaster, and post-disaster recovery. Major landslides in India are described and hazard mapping is discussed as a way to reduce landslide risks and prevent loss of life and property.
Geotechnical Characterization on the Soyo Road Section using Electrical Resis...civejjour
ย
The need for near-surface soils and rocks characterization at planned construction sites, using geophysical
techniques, has grown rapidly during the last few decades to map the variations in the soil stiffness and the
depth to bedrock. Although borehole data are important in geotechnical engineering, providing
information on stability and strength of soils and rocks, it is limited to a few points. To take borehole data
on the hole construction site becomes necessary increase the borehole density, which makes the project
very expensive. Geophysical techniques have the advantage in collecting information of large volume of
soils and rocks in its natural state. The Soyo Road was opened to traffic in 2017 but, due to the lack on
soils and rocks physic-mechanical properties information, there is still to complete a section of about 700
meters in the mangrove zone. Geophysical techniques were applied with the main goal of providing
technical information, essential for the completion of the targeted road section. Electrical resistivity data
was recorded along a profile of 820m long, using forty-two electrodes20-meter spaced, under pole-dipole
array. Seismic measurements were taken using twenty-four geophones, 5-meter spaced, 115-meter length
spread. Five seismic spreads were connected, generating a seismic line of 575-meters long. Measured
geophysical data were processed using EarthImager 2D, SeisImager/2D and SeisImager/SWpackages.
Electrical resistivity section shows two zones, the first associated with unconsolidated and/or poorly
consolidated soils, composed by clay, silt, sandy, carbonated rocks mixed with sloth and organic clay and,
the second associated with rock, composed by clay, all them saturated with marine saltwater. Seismic
refraction section shows an interface separating non-compacted soils and unconsolidated rocks to
compacted soils. Multi-channel analysis of surface waves model shows an alternating sequence of
horizontal horizons in the investigated first โ25-meter depth, composed by non-compacted soils and/or
unconsolidated rocks and compacted soils. Due to its shear velocity values the site is constituted by soft
and stiff soils, composed by homogeneous organic matter and elements of mineral origin, responsible for
the ruptures and landslides that occurred and for the sinking of the structures built on the site.
This document summarizes the tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of the Sarulla graben geothermal area in North Sumatra, Indonesia. It discusses the regional tectonic setting involving strike-slip movement along the Sumatra Fault zone. Exploration efforts in the Sarulla contract area provided data on the fault geometry and displacement history, as well as the Quaternary volcanic history. Four geothermal systems in the area are closely associated with major faults and volcanic centers. The oldest exposed rocks are late Paleozoic metasediments, overlain by Miocene marine sediments to the east. Younger units include Plio-Pleistocene volcanic rocks from centers along the Sumatra Fault zone that fill the Sarulla
This document summarizes a study of the aquifer potentials of the Campano-Maastrichtian Gombe Sandstone formation in the Gongola Basin of northeastern Nigeria. The formation is composed primarily of sandstone from a deltaic depositional environment. Analysis of samples from outcrops found average porosities of 15-33% and permeability ranging from 100-1400mD. However, borehole yields in the Gombe town area are relatively low at 1.4-2.8 liters/second. In the western Kwadon village area, yields are higher at 4.8-5.6 liters/second, likely due to better preservation of high-permeability
Evolution of the coastline of Saidia - Cap Water (Northeastern Morocco)IOSR Journals
ย
the north-eastern coast of Morocco is a fragile area and vulnerable to the coastal erosion. This is
due to a deficit of sediment load caused by the construction of the dams on the Moulouya river which ensures
fattening the beach on one side and the coastal tourist developments that destroy the coastal dune system on the
other.
The use of the geographic information systems (GIS) allows us to study the evolution of the coastline since the
late fifties. This study is carried from aerial photography in a several periods, of the topographic map of Triffa
to 1 / 50 000 and Spot satellite images.
The results show a strong retreat of the Saidia-Cap Water coastline that reaches about 10m / year at the mouth
of the Moulouya and 0.5m to 1m at Saidia. This withdrawal is a real risk to the entire coastal zone and which
must be carefully studied in order to measure its position in the future, especially in the context of the current
climate change and the likely sea level rise in the coming years.
The document summarizes a study of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami in Japan. It describes the tsunami's effects along a 4.5 km transect from the coast inland. Extensive erosion was observed up to 2 km inland. A sheet-like sand deposit was found up to 2.9 km inland, with thickness varying over short distances. The tsunami caused widespread erosion, deposition of sand and mud inland, and landscape changes. Observations along the transect provide insights into tsunami geologic processes and deposits.
IRJET- Temporal Changes of Coastal Cliffs : A Case Study from VarkalaIRJET Journal
ย
This document discusses temporal changes to coastal cliffs in Varkala, India through a case study. It analyzes satellite imagery from 2003 and 2019 and compares it to a 1966 topographical map to estimate changes to the Varkala Beach shoreline over decades. Coastal erosion may impact landscape quality. The study area contains unique red laterite cliffs that are an important tourist feature but also geologically significant. Factors like unauthorized construction, vehicle traffic, and rainfall are cited as causing landslides. QGIS is used to delineate cliff erosion hazards to inform coastal management and development planning.
Seawater Intrusion Vulnerability Assessment of a Coastal Aquifer: North Coast...IJERA Editor
ย
This document assesses the vulnerability of the coastal aquifer in the north coast of Mombasa, Kenya to seawater intrusion. It uses the GALDIT index overlay method with GIS to analyze six factors that influence seawater intrusion: groundwater occurrence, aquifer hydraulic conductivity, groundwater depth above sea level, distance from shore, existing status of seawater intrusion, and aquifer thickness. Vulnerability maps were created for the pre-rainy and peak rainy seasons. The results showed an increase in low vulnerability areas and slight increase in high vulnerability areas between seasons. The study provides insights to effectively manage groundwater resources in the area.
Identification Of Soil Erosion Prone Zones Using Geomatics Technology In Part...IJERA Editor
ย
Soil erosion is the removal and subsequent loss of soil by the action of water, ice, wind and gravity. Soil erosion is a process that occurs naturally at a slow rate. The average natural geologic rate of soil erosion is approximately 0.2 tons per acre per year. Erosion is the process were by the earth or rock is loosened or dissolved and removed from any part of earthโs surface. Geological erosion is the rate at which the catchment or land would normally be eroded without any disturbance by human activity. If man alters the natural system by means of various land use practices that is caused accelerated erosion. The present study area is covering Parts of North Arcot The area is lies between E78ยฐ30'-E78ยฐ45' lattitudes N12ยฐ15'-N12ยฐ30โ. The total aerial extent of the study area is 720 sq.km. It falls in the survey of India Toposheet 58 L11 on 1:50,000 scale. The IRS โ 1D satellite imagery data were subjected to different types of image enhancement techniques and soil erosion areas were mapped out and GIS databases were generated showing the soil erosion areas using Arc Map 9.1 version. GIS overlay function was executed between soil erosion prone areas and the various controlling variables and the area has been fragmented into a number of polygons of land segments depending upon the controlling variables. Finally, the remedial measures were suggested for each land segment according to the controlling variables.
GIS TECHNIQUES IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN CHAMARAJANAGAR ...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
ย
The over-exploitation and contamination of groundwater continue to threaten the long-term sustainability of our precious water resources, in spite of the best efforts made by various agencies.
This has many serious implications to the economic development of a country like India. Lack of
judicious planning and integration of environmental consideration to ground water development
projects are primarily responsible for such a state of affair in the ground water sector. Geographical Information Systems could be of immense help in planning sustainable ground water management strategies, especially in hard rock areas with limited ground water potential. Data collected from
Satellite Imagery and through field investigations have been integrated, on a GIS platform, for demarcation and prioritization of areas suitable for ground water development and ground water augmentation. An attempt has also been made to assess the vulnerability of the area to ground water
contamination. This paper demonstrates the utility of GIS in planning judicious management of ground water resources in a typical hard rock area of Chamarajanagar Taluk, Karnataka, state India.
Stratigraphic influence on geotechnical properties of subgrade soils along th...Alexander Decker
ย
This document summarizes a study of the stratigraphic influence on geotechnical properties of subgrade soils along the Irrua-Auchi road in Nigeria. Laboratory and field tests were conducted to analyze the engineering properties of soils derived from different geologic formations underlying the road: the Ameki Formation, Imo Shale, and Ajali Sandstone. Results showed the soils had similar geotechnical properties but pavement deflections, indicating stability, varied with geology, with the most stable segment underlain by Ajali soils and the least stable by Imo shale soils. Stratification of underlying geologic units thus influenced the pavement performance.
Remote Sensing Technique as Exploration Tool for Ground water in Parts of the...theijes
ย
The study area lies within latitudes 8ยฐ00' โ 9ยฐ00'N and longitudes 11ยฐ30' โ 12ยฐ30'E. Analysis of remote sensing imageries of part of the Upper Benue Trough of Nigeria was carried out on a scale of 1:100,000. The aim of this study includes the structural interpretation of the remote sensing data and the identification of the lineament and drainage patterns associated with the area to infer the influence of such structures on the economic potential of the basin. Results of the structural analysis revealed numerous lineaments. Trend analysis of the lineaments plotted on a rose diagram using the strikes and lengths of the entire lineaments revealed structural trends predominating in the NE-SW direction. The absence of visible lineaments in parts of the area may not indicate absence of geological structures. Some of these lineaments were found on some drainages showing that the drainages in those areas are structurally and tectonically controlled. The areas where the lineaments cross each other are indicative of groundwater availability and there correspond to regions of mean topographic height of about 900m
Critical Issues of Sustainability Associated with Quarry Activities-Crimson P...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
ย
Critical Issues of Sustainability Associated with Quarry Activities by Nwachukwu MA*, Ojeaga K and Gilbert Chinelo in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
This document discusses a new method for landslide susceptibility mapping that combines expert and analytical approaches. It presents a case study analyzing five major landslides in Lebanon. The causal factors of geology, slope, hydrogeology, soil, tectonics, rainfall, and vegetation are analyzed for each landslide. Maps are created dividing areas into high, moderate, and low risk based on these factors. Overlaying the factor maps identifies zones of highest instability risk. The new method aims to better predict landslides and reduce their damaging impacts through risk mapping.
NEW LANDSLIDES SUSCEPTIBILITY MAPPING METHOD: A CASE STUDY IAEME Publication
ย
Many impressive landslides have recently occurred in the world causing serious damages for infrastructure facilities and buildings. A prediction based on the susceptibility mapping will be of such importance in order to reduce their damages. Our work constitutes a first attempt of mapping the landslides susceptibility by a method which a compromise between the two known approaches: The expertise method and the analytical method. Manyland slides occured in Lebanon, causing destructive damages to the transportation infrastructure and agricultural territory.A first data on these landslides and their permanent causes are presented based on the existing documents and soil investigations
campaigns. Our study is based on the analysis of different causal factors of these landslides, such the geology, slope, hydrogeology, soil, tectonic, pluviometry and vegetation
Geomatics Based Landslide Vulnerability Zonation Mapping - Parts Of Nilgiri D...IJERA Editor
ย
This document describes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to create a landslide vulnerability zonation map for parts of the Nilgiri District in Tamil Nadu, India. The researchers adopted a methodology called the Landslide Distribution Data Model (LDDM) which involves generating GIS databases on geosystem parameters like lithology, lineament density, and drainage density from data sources like topographic sheets and satellite imagery. These parameters were weighted and integrated to create the landslide vulnerability zonation map. The map was then validated. Finally, the study aimed to identify causative factors for landslides in vulnerable zones and suggest suitable mitigation measures.
State of hydrogeological risks in north western rwandaVincent Manirakiza
ย
This document summarizes a study on hydrogeological risks in northwestern Rwanda. The researchers conducted field studies and interviews in five districts to identify factors contributing to landslides and flooding. They found that steep slopes, unstable soils, heavy rainfall, deforestation, and dense population all increase risks. Specific at-risk sites discussed include landslides in Busengo and Gatokoro caused by soil saturation and slope instability, as well as frequent flooding in Bigogwe and Mugogo due to heavy runoff in clay soils and deforested areas. The researchers conclude that sustainable land use practices including afforestation, terracing, and controlled settlement are needed to reduce hydrogeological risks in the region.
Preliminary Studies of the Litho-Structural Evolution of Areas Around Obudu N...IJRESJOURNAL
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ABSTRACT: Rocks underlying the northeastern sector of Obudu area forms part of the Bamenda massif which is a westward extension of the Precambrian terrains of Cameroon into southeastern Nigeria. These rocks are frequently found in the basement complex of Nigeria and include the migmatitic gneiss as the early metamorphic tectonites constituting over 60% of the outcropping rocks in the study area. The basement rock of the study area comprised of the migmatite gneiss and biotite-hornblende garnetiferous gneiss as well as the porphyroblastic gneiss and granite gneiss which formed the basement intruded by the Older granites (Pan-African granitoids). The Older granites in this area include charnockite, porphyritic granite, medium grained granite, diorite and pegmatite/aplite with relatively undeformed veins of dolerite and quartz. The presence of garnet nodules in the biotite-hornblende gneiss indicates high grade tectono-thermal metamorphism of a possible sedimentary protholith. The shearing observed in some rock outcrops are indication that there have been a series of structural deformation alongside magmatism and metamorphism in the area.
Subsurface Models of Abitumen-Rich Area near Ode-Irele, Southwestern Nigeria.iosrjce
ย
Subsurface geophysical investigation around Looda village, near Ode-Irele was carried out with the
principal objective of evaluating the depth to the bituminous sand and its thickness with a view to suggesting
better environmentally compatible exploitation technique.Electrical resistivity survey using the Schlumberger
array was employed to generate subsurface models. 13 VES points along three (3) traverses were established in
the study area with manual curve matching followed by Computer iteration of the vertical electrical sounding
(VES) data. A careful study of the results, together with the knowledge of the Stratigraphy of the area was used
to develop the subsurface models.Two distinct models were generated. The first model generated is
characterised by a thin top soil (less than 1m thick) comprising the overburden underlain by dry sand (1.0m -
4.6m thick) which overlies bituminous sand horizon (6m -19m thick). This horizon is underlain by sandy silty
clay. The second model generated is defined by top soil (0.5m -1.8m thick) underlain by bituminous sand
horizon (2.5m -14.8m thick) which overlies saturated sand (1.9-11.3m thick). A fairly impervious sandy silty
clay layer underlies this aquifer.Huge deposit of heavy oil sand with thickness ranging from about 2.5m to
19.0m was observed between a depth of about 0.5m and 5.4m in the study area. This depth is relatively shallow
andcan be exploited preferably by open cast mining. However, precaution must be taken to prevent burst out
and contamination of the aquifer sandwiched between the bituminous sand and sandy clay horizons in some
locations during exploitation.
Engineering geophysical investigation around ungwan doka, shika area within t...Alexander Decker
ย
The document summarizes an engineering geophysical investigation conducted around Ungwan Doka, Shika area in northwestern Nigeria. Vertical electrical soundings using Schlumberger configuration were performed at 18 locations. The resistivity data revealed 2-4 subsurface layers: a topsoil layer, a weathered basement layer, a partly weathered/fractured basement layer, and a fresh basement layer. Resistivity values and layer thicknesses varied across layers and locations. The study characterized the subsurface and evaluated its competence, structural variations, groundwater potential, and safety of the hydrogeologic system to inform engineering design.
Impact of erosion on street roads a case study of sijuwade area akure ondo st...Alexander Decker
ย
This document summarizes a study on the impact of erosion on street roads in Sijuwade Area, Akure, Nigeria. A reconnaissance survey was conducted to identify 13 streets for analysis. Factors causing erosion included natural causes like topography and rainfall as well as human causes such as poor construction, waste disposal, and lack of maintenance. Effects of erosion included non-motorable roads due to gullies, slope instability, flooding during rain, pollution of water bodies, and damage to road infrastructure. The level of erosion impact on each street was evaluated based on accessibility. Unpaved roads were more susceptible to erosion. Erosion poses a significant challenge for street infrastructure and transportation in the area.
Geotechnical Investigation of Soils: A Case Study of Gombe Town (Sheet 152NW)...IJMER
ย
1. The document summarizes a study of the geotechnical properties of soils in Gombe town, Nigeria.
2. Samples were collected from 12 locations and tested for properties like moisture content, particle size, liquid limit, and compaction.
3. Based on the test results, soils from Pantame, Hamatatu, Tonde, Chongo and Kulalum were found to be clayey and unsuitable for construction, while soils from other areas like Kalshingi forest and Titi baba contained more sand and would make better subgrades.
เคเคเคฆเคฟเคฐเคพ เคเคพเคเคงเฅ เคเฅ เคชเคฐ เคจเคฟเคฌเคจเฅเคง | Essay on Indira Gandhi In Hindi - YouTube. เคเคเคฆเคฟเคฐเคพ เคเคพเคเคงเฅ เคชเคฐ เคนเคฟเคจเฅเคฆเฅ เคจเคฟเคฌเคเคงเฅค Essay on Prime Minister Indira Gandhi .... Indira Gandhi quotes in Hindi เคเคเคฆเคฟเคฐเคพ เคเคพเคเคงเฅ เคเฅ เค เคจเคฎเฅเคฒ เคตเคเคจ - Net In Hindi.com. เคเคเคฆเคฟเคฐเคพ เคเคพเคเคงเฅ เคชเคฐ เคจเคฟเคฌเคเคง | Essay on Indira Gandhi in Hindi [500+ Words]. เคเคจเฅเคฆเคฟเคฐเคพ เคเคพเคเคงเฅ เคชเคฐ เคจเคฟเคฌเคเคง | Essay on Indira Gandhi in Hindi - PROUDHINDI.COM. Essay On Indira Gandhi In Hindi. Essay on Indira Gandhi : เคเคเคฆเคฟเคฐเคพ เคเคพเคเคงเฅ เคชเคฐ เคนเคฟเคจเฅเคฆเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคจเคฟเคฌเคเคง - Essay on .... เคเคเคฆเคฟเคฐเคพ เคเคพเคเคงเฅ เคชเคฐ เคจเคฟเคฌเคเคง (Indira Gandhi Essay in Hindi) โ HistoryDekho. Hindi Essay on 'Indira Gandhi' | 'เคเคจเฅเคฆเคฟเคฐเคพ เคเคพเคเคงเฅ' เคชเคฐ เคจเคฟเคฌเคเคง - YouTube. เคถเฅเคฐเฅเคฎเคคเฅ เคเคเคฆเคฟเคฐเคพ เคเคพเคเคงเฅ เคชเคฐ เคนเคฟเคเคฆเฅ เคจเคฟเคฌเคเคง - Essay on Indira Gandhi In Hindi .... Indira gandhi essay in hindi. Mahatma Gandhi was one of the most famous .... เคเคเคฆเคฟเคฐเคพ เคเคพเคเคงเฅ เคชเคฐ เคจเคฟเคฌเคเคงเฅค Essay on Indira Gandhi in Hindi | HindiVyakran. Write a short Essay on Mrs. Indira Gandhi 100-300 words..
Essay on Pongal Festival | 10 Lines & More Sentences Essay For Students. 20 lines on Pongal Festival in english, 20 lines essay on Pongal .... Essay on Pongal Festival for Students in English [500+ Words]. 10 Lines on Pongal Festival in English!! Short Essay on Pongal .... An Essay about Pongal...//An Important Harvest Festival of South India. Essay on Pongal Festival for Students & Children 1000 Words. Paragraph on Pongal 100, 150, 200, 250 to 300 Words for Kids, Students .... Essay on Pongal Festival | TheEssayWorld.com. Pongal Essay || Simple & Short Essay on โPongalโ Festival in English .... Essay On Pongal Festival in English for Class 1, 2 & 3: 10 Lines, Short .... Essay on Is Pongal a Religious Festival for all Class in 100 to 500 Words. เคชเฅเคเคเคฒ เคคเฅเคฏเฅเคนเคพเคฐ เคชเคฐ เคจเคฟเคฌเคเคง Essay on Pongal Festival in Hindi. 10 Lines On Pongal for kids in English !! Pongal 2021 !! Pongal Essay .... 10 Lines on Pongal Festival in English | Short Essay on Pongal Festival .... 10 lines essay on pongal - YouTube. เคชเฅเคเคเคฒ เคชเคฐ เคจเคฟเคฌเคเคง l 10 Lines Essay On Pongal In Hindi l Essay On Pongal l .... Nursing Essay: Pongal festival essay. Pongal Festival| Best Pongal Speech For Kids In English| 10 Lines On .... Short Essay On Pongal for kids. English Essay for children. - YouTube. Pongal Festival Essay in English WIKILIV. 10 Lines on Pongal in English for Children and Students of Class 1, 2 .... Essay on Pongal Festival Pongal Celebration, English Conversation .... Pongal essay in Tamil -Katturai- เฎชเฏเฎเฏเฎเฎฒเฏ เฎชเฎฃเฏเฎเฎฟเฎเฏ เฎเฎเฏเฎเฏเฎฐเฏ - Tamil Solution. เฎคเฎฎเฎฟเฎดเฏ เฎเฎเฏเฎเฏเฎฐเฏเฎเฎณเฏ-เฎคเฎฎเฎฟเฎดเฎฐเฏ เฎคเฎฟเฎฐเฏเฎจเฎพเฎณเฏ | Tamil Essay Writing | Tamil .... Essay on pongal festival in hindi language. Pongal essay in hindi & short essay on pongal in hindi. Short Essay, Speech on Pongal Festival for School Students in English .... Pongal festival in tamil essay books. Pongal, my favorite festival essay, easy lines on pongal | Pongal essay .... Traditional festival โPONGALโ โ RE- Learning. Pongal Essay - Short Essays on Pongal, Pongalfestival.org. THAI PONGAL - Tamil Harvest Festival celebration เฎชเฏเฎเฏเฎเฎฒเฏ. เคชเฅเคเคเคฒ เคชเคฐ 10 เคฒเคพเคเคจ, 10 lines on Pongal In Hindi, Tamil Nadu harvest ... Pongal Festival Essay Pongal Festival Essay
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1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 1 Issue 8 ว Dec 2013 ว PP.48-54
www.ijres.org 48 | Page
A Review of Engineering Geology in Tanzania
Keneth Lupogo
(Department of Geology, College on natural and applied science/ University of Dar es salaam, Tanzania)
ABSTRACT : This paper briefly summaries the engineering geology importance to the development of
Tanzania. Tanzania is situated in geologically active region and hence it is subjected to various earthquake and
volcanic related hazards. Other factors such as high annual rainfall, rugged topography and intense weathering
when combined with earthquake and volcanic related hazards makes Tanzania an extremely challenging and
interesting environment for geological engineers. Several large open pit mining operations such as Geita and
Buzwagi and the design of tailing dams have involved considerable input from geological engineers both in
terms design and development of necessary infrastructures. The construction and maintenance of roads is an
important factor in the growth of Tanzania and both major and minor roads have been affected by slope
instability problems. The development of hydroelectric power has also involved a significant input from
geological engineers in the design and construction of dams and its related structures.
Keywords โengineering, geology, slope stability, Tanzania, mining
I. INTRODUCTION
Tanzania is one of countries with most complex and unique geological setting on earth. Since
independence Tanzania has grown both politically and geologically. The geology and related mineral and
mining industry have resulted in the economic development of Tanzania. However, the development of mining
industry and the associated infrastructure has taken place;many geological problems related to adverse climatic,
topographic and engineering geologic condition have been encountered. These problems have beenalso
encountered in other areas of urban development and exploitation of hydroelectric power where
considerableinput from the geologic engineers was required.
The importance of engineering geology in the development of Tanzania has somehow been recognized.
Most mining schemeshave geological engineer/geotechnical engineer and there is an engineering geology unit
within the Geological Survey of Tanzania. The University of Dar es Salaam also offers courses in engineering
geology, with an emphasis on geological engineering, to undergraduate geology students.
This paper presents a brief review of geological history of Tanzania and the associated engineering
geological problems which affected various engineering projects. Some of the factors influencing engineering
projects within Tanzania include rugged topography, high annual rainfall, intense weathering and seismic
activity.
II. GEOLOGY
Tanzania is situated in the southern part of east African rift system. Numerous studies on tectonics of
the region have shown that there are many mechanism for rifting and the tectonic history of rifting is quite
complex (Dawson, 2008). On regional scales four major tectonic provinces have been recognized: the western
system (Ubendian system), central system (Tanzanian craton partial covered by Dodoma system), mobile
Usagaran system and eastern continental and marine sedimentary rocks of Lower Jurassic to Quaternary, figure
1. The stable Tanzania craton consist of Archean rocks which are granitic complexes, Dodoma system and
greenstone belt. The eastern extension of this underlies Mozambique belt contained deformed metasedimentary
rocks and intrusions.
This area is characterized by folds and thrusts verging eastward from the orogenic belt. The same
characteristic are obtained in Ubendian system. Ubendian system comprises of high grade metamorphic rocks of
sedimentary and igneous origin. The rocks include granulite, amphibolite, migmatite, gneiss, schist, quartzites
and marble. The metamorphic grade of Ubendian system is mainly amphibolite or granulite facies. The usagaran
system contains rocks of Paleoproterozic age that were deposited in geosynclinals troughs. The usagaran system
comprises sedimentary rocks and volcanic rocks. In the coast regions and in the parts of the rift, the Mesozoic
rocks occur. The Mesozoic sedimentary rocks are alternating transgressive and regressive sequence. The rocks
comprises of sandstones, siltstones, mudstone, coral limestones and silty shales. The Cenozoic period consist of
sediments and volcanic eruption occurred in several parts of Tanzania. The Neogene volcanic which most occur
within East African rift valley overlie Precambrian rocks in the southwest and north eastern part of the country.
2. A review of engineering geology in Tanzania
www.ijres.org 49 | Page
The quaternary period is characterized by deposition and erosion cycles related to mainly sea level, climate
changes and tectonics.
Figure 1. Simplified geological map of Tanzania (Modified from Hester, 1998)
III. SEISMIC HAZARD
The high level of tectonic activity in east Africa rift valley (in Tanzanian part) is major factor in
engineering. Earthquakes of magnitude of greater than 5 on the Richter scale are not uncommon within EARS
(Daudi, 2007; Msabi, 2010). They may result in considerable damage to roads, foundation and slope failures.
With increasing population density within and around the valley the earthquake events could represent a high
risk to settlements. It has been estimated that most of EARS earthquakes occur in Tanzania. In recognition of
this, effort are made to divide the country into major earthquake zones and contoured in terms of seismic
intensity (Ferdinand and Nderimo, 2007). Todate, the microzonation for earthquake hazard is that available from
Geological Survey of Tanzania (GST) as shown in figure 2. This map shows important seismic sources located
within Tanzania.
IV. SLOPE STABILITY
The stability of slopes is an important factor in the development of Tanzania. Landslides are a
significant geological hazard, often are associated with rainfall. The stability of road cuttings and natural slopes
has been a major consideration in the extension and maintenance of countryโs road network. The TANZAM
highway has been blocked on numerous occasions by slope failures and several sections have had to be
realigned.
Recently several types of landslide have been reported and have caused the destruction of infrastructure
and settlements. In Tanzania, landslides occurs involving thick weathered mantle of residual soil. The main
cause of the slides is like to be unconsolidated nature of the soils. Steep topography is also one of the factors
contributing to landslide. These slides are common in highland regions were intensive weathering have
occurred. The topography is characterized by narrow ridges separating major areas of colluvial debris.
Numerous reports of instability due to the siting engineering work on ancient landslide on weathered soils are
presented in the literature. Westernberg & Christiansson (1999) describe instability on the settlements around
Mgeta valley in Uluguru Mountain. This can be considered to be one of the causes of landslides for towns
located below mountains such as Morogoro. Landslide problems associated with boulders derived from Uluguru
3. A review of engineering geology in Tanzania
www.ijres.org 50 | Page
Mountain could have a significant effect on the people and infrastructure around the mountain, figure 3 and 4
(Westerberg and Christiansson, 1999; Lundgren, 1978; Lundgren and Rapp, 1974).
Figure 2. Seismogenic zones in Tanzania (Modified from GST, 2013)
Problems of instability on volcanic deposits in the northern part of Tanzania have been reported.
Triggering of the landslide can be by earthquakes, rainfall and or removal of slope toe due to either excavation
or river erosion. One landslide near Makuyuni blocked highway for almost one week, though closure for lesser
periods due to slope instability is a common occurrence. This landslide was caused by excessive rainfall which
resulted to a continued movements and surge of landslide material. Another landslide occurred recently, April
2013 in the Mushono gravel mine in near Arusha town. This landslide was caused by poor planning of the mine
which resulted to the death of 13 people. A major landslide, Same landslide in Pare Mountain occurred in 2009
killing 20 people and destroys homes of 1500 people. A landslide was caused by excessive rainfall on highly
weathered and jointed rock mass. Mechanisms responsible for this failure are still unknown, which indicates that
there is a need of more studies on the cause of this landslide.
4. A review of engineering geology in Tanzania
www.ijres.org 51 | Page
Figure 3.Landslides surfaces around the Uluguru Mountains. This landslide occurred February 1970
(Westerberg, 1996)
Figure 4. Landslide scar near Morogoro town around the Uluguru Mountain (Lundgreen and Rapp, 1974)
V. MINING GEOTECHNOLOGY
The mining industry is extremely important to the economy of Tanzania and it is a major world
producer of Gold and Tanzanite. The majority of the gold mining operations are massive gold although
significant alluvial gold have been worked. Major operating mines and projected mining operations are shown
in Table 1 and figure 6. Considerable input of engineering geologist has been involved in country two largest
open pits operations at Geita gold mine and Buzwagi mine. Also engineering geologists are involved in
underground operations at Bulyanhulu mine.
Table 2 โ Major operating mines in Tanzania
Name
Method of
mining Ore Location
Bulyanhulu Gold Mine Underground Gold Kahama/Shinyanga
North Mara Gold Mine Open pit Gold Tarime/Mara
Buzwagi Open pit Gold Kahama/Shinyanga
*Tulawaka Combined
underground and
open pit
Gold Biharamulo/Kagera
Geita Gold Mine Open pit Gold Geita/Geita
Golden Pride Gold Mine Open pit Gold Nzega/Tabora
Williamson Diamond Mine Open pit Diamond Mwadui/Shinyanga
Tanzanite one Underground Tanzanite Manyara
5. A review of engineering geology in Tanzania
www.ijres.org 52 | Page
Figure 6.Major operating mines in Tanzania.
Geita gold mine , the first large open pit gold mine in Tanzania commenced production of ore in 2000.
Currently the mine consists of four open pits namely Geita hill, Matandani, Lone cone and Nyankanga open
pit. Of all three pits Nyankanga is the largest pit with slope height between 350 โ 400 m. The engineering
problems encountered during the development of infrastructure for mine. These include slope stability problems
on some sections of the open pits by presence of dipping layers of highly to completely weathered bedrock. The
mine slope are excavated in steeply dipping banded iron formation (BIF). On 3rd
February 2007, slope failure
occurred in an intermediate footwall Nyankanga pit resulting in failure approximately 200 m high and 270 m
wide which can be translated to approximately 7.3 million tons of material accumulated at the pit floor. The
cause of the failure was identified to be shallow dipping, north oriented surface in the pit that act as release
surface and formed large meta stable wedge structure (Dyke, 2009). Despite the magnitude of failure, the
Nyankanga pit was safely and effectively evacuated with no injuries to personnel or damage to equipment. This
was due to the fact that Geita Gold mine has deployed good slope monitoring systems at its open pit such as
slope stability radar, continuous prism monitoring systems and laser scanner system. These systems are not
interdependent but used as in conjunction with one another to monitor different geotechnical risk to form an
integrated risk monitoring system (Dyke, 2009).
6. A review of engineering geology in Tanzania
www.ijres.org 53 | Page
Figure 7. Hazard plan for Nyankanga Open pit โ Geita gold mine (after, Dyke, 2009)
VI. HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS
The development of hydroelectric potential in Tanzania has involved a considerable engineering
geological input. Schemes with an installed generating capacity of up to 560 MW have been constructed. As
mentioned previously slope stability frequently affects the location of surface structures such as pipelines, power
stations and weirs.
VII. URBAN GEOLOGY
As result of the geological processes, various engineering problems related to the development of
major urban areas have been subject of several reports (Lupogo et al. 2012; Ferdinand and Nderimo, 2007). The
problems which are encountered include rapid weathering of crystalline rocks, expansive clays, limestone
dissolution, collapsible soils, dispersive and erodible soils and slope stability.These problems require early
identification during the execution of the projects and careful consideration in the engineering design. Site
investigations for major new structures or roads are now routinely undertaken by the geotechnical consultants.
Investigations may include borehole, trial pits, field testing and laboratory testing. In addition it is common for
geophysical survey of sites to be undertaken mainly using seismic refraction traverses. InDar es Salaam and
Coast region engineering problems encountered include the presence of the montmorillonnite rich expansive
clays. These can result in heaving of foundations of buildings together with road failures. The presence of
limestone terrain in the Zanzibar has caused a lot of subsidence problems in the Island (Gรถssling, 2001). Use of
unsuitable aggregates for road construction and foundations has been a factor in the failure of pavements
countrywide. The importance of locating supplies of suitable aggregate has been recognized for some time and
the Engineering Geology Laboratory at University of Dar es Salaam has produced numerous reports on the
aggregate potential of selected regions in the country ( Lupogo, 2010 ; Lupogo;2011).
VIII. CONCLUSION
The geological history of Tanzania has had a significant impact on various engineering projects such as
road construction industry, mining and urban development. The importance of engineering geology in solving
these problems and the development of Tanzania cannot be understated. The mineral wealth, the exploitation of
hydroelectricity, expansion of cities, successful construction of roads to allow convenient links between urban
centers and the monitoring of geological hazards all necessitate considerable input from engineering geologist.
The Engineering Geology laboratory of department of Geology - University of Dar es Salaam provides
engineering geological and geophysical investigation services and expertise for major and minor projects. The
Geological Survey of Tanzania in collaboration with department of geology-University of Dar es Salaam,
monitors earthquakes and active volcanos within the country.
The rapid development of Tanzania in recent times where considerable mineral and energy resources
must be exploited under frequently highly adverse conditions has resulted in considerable demands being placed
on and met by engineers. The geological engineering experience gained will not only be of use to similar under
7. A review of engineering geology in Tanzania
www.ijres.org 54 | Page
developing countries but also will provide new techniques and design philosophies for use of the engineering
profession.
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Society.
[2] Hester, B.W. Tanzania โ Opportunities for Mineral Resource Development. United Nations Development Programme. Prepared
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Masterthesis. University of Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam, 2007.
[4] Msabi, M. โSeismic Source characterization for NTDโ, MSc thesis. University of Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam, 2009.
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[7] Geological Survey of Tanzania. Website,2013
[8] Westerberg, L.-O and Christiansson, C. Highlands in East Africa: unstable slopes, unstable environments? Ambio, 1999, 419โ
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[11] Dyke, G. Best practice and new technology in open pit mining geotechnics: Geita gold mine, Maliโa case study, in: World Gold
Conference 2009, The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2009, pp 169-176.
[12] Gรถssling, S. The consequences of tourism for sustainable water use on a tropical island: Zanzibar, Tanzania. J. Environ. Manage.
61, 2001, 179โ191.
[13] Lupogo, K.. Aggregate quality assesment for Maseyu quarry - Lugoba, Coast region- Technical report,2010 a.
[14] Lupogo, K.. Aggregate quality assesment for Lake Zone quarry - Lugoba, Coast region- Technical report,2011.