The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
collision. There are number of wheel test are available in designing of rim to fulfill the safety requirements
and standards. The aim of this study was to analyze and study the structure for car wheel rim by using the
numerical method. The most of the test procedure has to comply with international standards, which establishes
minimum mechanical requirements and impact collision characteristics of wheels. Numerical implementation of
impact test is convenient for shorten the design time and lower development cost. In this study cast aluminium
alloy wheel rim are used for simulation of impact test by using 3–D explicit finite element methods. The design
of aluminium alloy wheel for automobile application which is carried out and paying special attention to
optimization of the shape and mass of the wheel rim according to aesthetical point of view, to overcome the
wheel cap. A finite element model of the wheel with its tire and striker were developed taking account of the
nonlinearity material properties. Simulation was conducted to study the stress and displacement distributions
during impact test. The analyses results are presented as a function of time. The study is carried under the above
constraints and the results are taken to carryout for further analysis i.e. shape and weight optimization of the
wheel.
Design and analysis of knuckle and hub of FSAE race carSangram Pisat
Knuckle and hub assembly popularly known as upright assembly is one of the most important part of automobile. Upright assembly of Formula student race car is completely different from normal vehicle.
This presentation gives you the information from research to the manufacturing of upright assembly of FSAE race car. It gives information of Knuckle and hub assembly of Team MH-08 racing, 1st formula student racing team in whole Konkan region which has been participating in Formula Student India from last three years. Team MH-08 racing represents Rajendra Mane college of Engineering and Technology, Ambav, Ratnagiri.
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
collision. There are number of wheel test are available in designing of rim to fulfill the safety requirements
and standards. The aim of this study was to analyze and study the structure for car wheel rim by using the
numerical method. The most of the test procedure has to comply with international standards, which establishes
minimum mechanical requirements and impact collision characteristics of wheels. Numerical implementation of
impact test is convenient for shorten the design time and lower development cost. In this study cast aluminium
alloy wheel rim are used for simulation of impact test by using 3–D explicit finite element methods. The design
of aluminium alloy wheel for automobile application which is carried out and paying special attention to
optimization of the shape and mass of the wheel rim according to aesthetical point of view, to overcome the
wheel cap. A finite element model of the wheel with its tire and striker were developed taking account of the
nonlinearity material properties. Simulation was conducted to study the stress and displacement distributions
during impact test. The analyses results are presented as a function of time. The study is carried under the above
constraints and the results are taken to carryout for further analysis i.e. shape and weight optimization of the
wheel.
Design and analysis of knuckle and hub of FSAE race carSangram Pisat
Knuckle and hub assembly popularly known as upright assembly is one of the most important part of automobile. Upright assembly of Formula student race car is completely different from normal vehicle.
This presentation gives you the information from research to the manufacturing of upright assembly of FSAE race car. It gives information of Knuckle and hub assembly of Team MH-08 racing, 1st formula student racing team in whole Konkan region which has been participating in Formula Student India from last three years. Team MH-08 racing represents Rajendra Mane college of Engineering and Technology, Ambav, Ratnagiri.
Design, Analysis and Optimization of Anti-Roll BarIJERA Editor
Vehicle anti-roll bar is part of an automobile suspension system which limits body roll angle. This U-shaped
metal bar connects opposite wheels together through short lever arms and is clamped to the vehicle chassis with
rubber bushes. Its function is to reduce body roll while cornering, also while travelling on uneven road which
enhances safety and comfort during driving. Design changes of anti-roll bars are quite common at various steps
of vehicle production and a design analysis must be performed for each change. So Finite Element Analysis
(FEA) can be effectively used in design analysis of anti-roll bars. The finite element analysis is performed by
ANSYS. This paper includes pre-processing, analysis, post processing, and analyzing the FEA results by using
APDL (Ansys Parametric Design Language). The effects of anti-roll bar design parameters on final anti-roll bar
properties are also evaluated by performing sample analyses with the FEA program developed in this project.
Finite Element Analysis of Anti-Roll Bar to Optimize the Stiffness of the An...IJMER
The objective of this paper is to analyze the main geometric parameters which affecting the
stiffness of anti-roll bar. Further these parameters are also affecting the body roll angle. By the
optimization of these geometric parameters we can able to increase the stiffness of bar and which will
help to reduce the body roll angle. To calculate the stiffness of anti-roll bar Finite Element software
ANSYS is used. The deflection for the change in internal angle, arm length, moment of inertia, distance
between bushes found by static analysis. To calculate the body roll angle equation used from the
literature survey, however they haven’t taken all the suspension characteristics in the calculation of
moment caused by the suspended and non-suspended masses. The equilibrium condition is considered
between the moments of the force acting on the suspended and non-suspended masses and moments of
reaction of the springs and anti-roll bar used in suspensions. The comparison of different anti-roll bar is
based on the basis of stiffness per weight. The anti-roll bar which having more ratio of stiffness per
weight can be used in the vehicle. As it will improve the stiffness of bar with small increase in weight,
which will result in the improving roll stability of the vehicle.
Design analysis of the roll cage for all terrain vehicleeSAT Journals
Abstract We have tried to design an all terrain vehicle that meets international standards and is also cost effective at the same time. We have focused on every point of roll cage to improve the performance of vehicle without failure of roll cage. We began the task of designing by conducting extensive research of ATV roll cage through finite element analysis. A roll cage is a skeleton of an ATV. The roll cage not only forms the structural base but also a 3-D shell surrounding the occupant which protects the occupant in case of impact and roll over incidents. The roll cage also adds to the aesthetics of a vehicle. The design and development comprises of material selection, chassis and frame design, cross section determination, determining strength requirements of roll cage, stress analysis and simulations to test the ATV against failure. Keywords: Roll cage, material, finite element analysis, strength
Simulation and Static Analysis of an Off-Road Vehicle Roll CageIJMER
The SAE-BAJA competition is arranged every year with a purpose to have teams of
engineering students design, build and race a prototype of a four-wheel, one passenger, off-road
vehicle. The most important aspect of the vehicle design is the frame. The frame contains the operator,
engine, brake system, fuel system and steering mechanism, it must be of adequate strength to protect
the operator in the event of a rollover or impact. The roll cage must be constructed of steel tubing, with
minimum dimensional and strength requirements dictated by Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).
Increased concern about the roll cage has created the importance of simulation and analysis thereby
predicting failure modes of the frame. In the present paper, we have used ANSYS to investigate the
response of the frame under various impacts. We considered a direct frontal impact and side impact
that results in a 4g horizontal loading, a rollover impact of 3g deceleration value, bump impact and
front torsional impact analysis with 3g deceleration value. The impact loading is simulated by
restricting displacements at certain locations, and applying discrete forces at various points on the
frame where the weight is concentrated. Throughout the analysis of roll cage more emphasis was given
on obtaining a allowable factor of safety and designed according to it.
Design of half shaft and wheel hub assembly for racing carRavi Shekhar
The Half - Shaft and Wheel Hub of Formula One racing car was designed taking into consideration one of the popular model of Redbull racing car. The various dimension of shaft and hub were altered to attain maximum factor of safety.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Design, Analysis and Optimization of Anti-Roll BarIJERA Editor
Vehicle anti-roll bar is part of an automobile suspension system which limits body roll angle. This U-shaped
metal bar connects opposite wheels together through short lever arms and is clamped to the vehicle chassis with
rubber bushes. Its function is to reduce body roll while cornering, also while travelling on uneven road which
enhances safety and comfort during driving. Design changes of anti-roll bars are quite common at various steps
of vehicle production and a design analysis must be performed for each change. So Finite Element Analysis
(FEA) can be effectively used in design analysis of anti-roll bars. The finite element analysis is performed by
ANSYS. This paper includes pre-processing, analysis, post processing, and analyzing the FEA results by using
APDL (Ansys Parametric Design Language). The effects of anti-roll bar design parameters on final anti-roll bar
properties are also evaluated by performing sample analyses with the FEA program developed in this project.
Finite Element Analysis of Anti-Roll Bar to Optimize the Stiffness of the An...IJMER
The objective of this paper is to analyze the main geometric parameters which affecting the
stiffness of anti-roll bar. Further these parameters are also affecting the body roll angle. By the
optimization of these geometric parameters we can able to increase the stiffness of bar and which will
help to reduce the body roll angle. To calculate the stiffness of anti-roll bar Finite Element software
ANSYS is used. The deflection for the change in internal angle, arm length, moment of inertia, distance
between bushes found by static analysis. To calculate the body roll angle equation used from the
literature survey, however they haven’t taken all the suspension characteristics in the calculation of
moment caused by the suspended and non-suspended masses. The equilibrium condition is considered
between the moments of the force acting on the suspended and non-suspended masses and moments of
reaction of the springs and anti-roll bar used in suspensions. The comparison of different anti-roll bar is
based on the basis of stiffness per weight. The anti-roll bar which having more ratio of stiffness per
weight can be used in the vehicle. As it will improve the stiffness of bar with small increase in weight,
which will result in the improving roll stability of the vehicle.
Design analysis of the roll cage for all terrain vehicleeSAT Journals
Abstract We have tried to design an all terrain vehicle that meets international standards and is also cost effective at the same time. We have focused on every point of roll cage to improve the performance of vehicle without failure of roll cage. We began the task of designing by conducting extensive research of ATV roll cage through finite element analysis. A roll cage is a skeleton of an ATV. The roll cage not only forms the structural base but also a 3-D shell surrounding the occupant which protects the occupant in case of impact and roll over incidents. The roll cage also adds to the aesthetics of a vehicle. The design and development comprises of material selection, chassis and frame design, cross section determination, determining strength requirements of roll cage, stress analysis and simulations to test the ATV against failure. Keywords: Roll cage, material, finite element analysis, strength
Simulation and Static Analysis of an Off-Road Vehicle Roll CageIJMER
The SAE-BAJA competition is arranged every year with a purpose to have teams of
engineering students design, build and race a prototype of a four-wheel, one passenger, off-road
vehicle. The most important aspect of the vehicle design is the frame. The frame contains the operator,
engine, brake system, fuel system and steering mechanism, it must be of adequate strength to protect
the operator in the event of a rollover or impact. The roll cage must be constructed of steel tubing, with
minimum dimensional and strength requirements dictated by Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).
Increased concern about the roll cage has created the importance of simulation and analysis thereby
predicting failure modes of the frame. In the present paper, we have used ANSYS to investigate the
response of the frame under various impacts. We considered a direct frontal impact and side impact
that results in a 4g horizontal loading, a rollover impact of 3g deceleration value, bump impact and
front torsional impact analysis with 3g deceleration value. The impact loading is simulated by
restricting displacements at certain locations, and applying discrete forces at various points on the
frame where the weight is concentrated. Throughout the analysis of roll cage more emphasis was given
on obtaining a allowable factor of safety and designed according to it.
Design of half shaft and wheel hub assembly for racing carRavi Shekhar
The Half - Shaft and Wheel Hub of Formula One racing car was designed taking into consideration one of the popular model of Redbull racing car. The various dimension of shaft and hub were altered to attain maximum factor of safety.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Radial Fatigue Analysis of An Alloy WheelIJERA Editor
Importance of wheel in the automobile is obvious. The vehicle (car) may be towed without the engine but at the same time even that is also not possible without the wheels, the wheels along the tyre has to carry the vehicle load, provide cushioning effect and cope with the steering control. The main requirements of an automobile wheel are; it must be strong enough to perform the above functions. It should be balanced both statically as well as dynamically. It should be lightest possible so that the unsprung weight is least. The Wheel has to pass three types of tests before going into production, they are Cornering fatigue test, Radial fatigue test and Impact test. In this thesis radial fatigue analysis is done to find the number of cycles at which the wheel is going to fail. The 2D of the wheel was created in MDT, the drafting package and the same was exported to ANSYS, the finite element package using IGES translator where the 3D model of the wheel is created. The wheel is meshed using SOLID 45 element. A load of 2500N was applied on the hub area of the wheel and a pressure of 0.207N/mm2 is applied on the outer surface of the rim. The pitch circle holes are constrained in all degrees of freedom. The analysis is carried under these constraints and the results are taken to carryout for further analysis i.e. fatigue module to find the life of the wheel.
Design and Optimisation of Sae Mini Baja ChassisIJERA Editor
The objective is to design and develop the roll cage for All - Terrain Vehicle accordance with the rulebook of BAJA 2014 given by SAE. The frame of the SAE Baja vehicle needs to be lightweight and structurally sound to be competitive but still protect the driver. The vehicle needs to traverse all types of off-road conditions including large rocks, downed logs, mud holes, steep inclines, jumps and off camber turns. During the competition events there is significant risk of rollovers, falling from steep ledges, collisions with stationary objects, or impacts from other vehicles. Material for the roll cage is selected based on strength and availability. A software model is prepared in Pro-engineer. Later the design is tested against all modes of failure by conducting various simulations and stress analysis with the aid of ANSYS 13. Based on the result obtained from these tests the design is modified accordingly. A target of 2 is set for Yield Factor of Safety.
Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Mat...IOSR Journals
The objective of the drive shaft is to connect with the transmission shaft with the help of universal joint whose axis intersects and the rotation of one shaft about its own axis results in rotation of other shaft about its axis. Shafts must be exceptionally tough and light to improve the overall performance of the vehicle. Automobile industries are exploring composite materials in order to obtain reduction of weight without significant decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. This is due to the fact that the reduction of weight of a vehicle directly impacts its fuel consumption. Particularly in city driving, the reduction of weight is almost directly proportional to fuel consumption of the vehicle. Also at the start of vehicle the most of the power get consumed in driving transmission system, if we able to reduce the weight of the propeller shaft that surplus available power can be used to propel the vehicle. Thus, in this paper, the aim is to replace a two-piece metallic drive shaft by a composite drive shaft. The following materials can be chosen Steel, Boron/Epoxy Composite, Kevlar/Epoxy Composite, Aluminum – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid, Carbon – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid. The analysis was carried out for three different ply orientations of the composites in order to suggest the most suitable ply orientation of the material that would give the maximum weight reduction while conforming to the stringent design parameters of passenger cars and light commercial vehicle.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The essential of car wheel rim is to provide a firm base on which to fit the tyre. Its dimensions, shape should be
suitable to adequately accommodate the particular tyre required for the vehicle. In this project a tyre of car
wheel rim belonging to the disc wheel category is considered. Design is an important industrial activity which
influences the quality of the product. The wheel rim is modeled by using modeling software catiav5r17. By
using this software the time spent in producing the complex 3- D models and the risk involved in the design and
manufacturing process can be easily minimized. So the modeling of the wheel rim is made by using CATIA.
Later this CATIA modal is imported to ANSYS WORKBENCH 14.5 for analysis work. ANSYS
WORKBENCH 14.5 is the latest software used for simulating the different forces, pressure acting on the
component and also calculating and viewing the results. By using ANSYS WORKBENCH 14.5 software
reduces the time compared with the method of mathematical calculations by a human. ANSYS WORKBENCH
14.5 static structural analysis work is carried out by considered three different materials namely aluminum alloy
,magnesium alloy and structural steel and their relative performances have been observed respectively. In
addition to wheel rim is subjected to modal analysis, a part of dynamic analysis is carried out its performance is
observed. In this analysis by observing the results of both static and dynamic analysis obtained magnesium alloy
is suggested as best material.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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D03405029037
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 3 || Issue || 4 || Pages || 29-37 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 29
Design and Analysis of Spiral Wheel Rim for Four Wheeler
1,
S.Ganesh, 2
Dr.P.Periyasamy
1, 2,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, St Peter’s University
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
Alloy wheels are automobile wheels which are made from an alloy of aluminum or magnesium metals or
sometimes a mixture of both. Alloy wheels differ from normal steel wheels because of their lighter weight, which
improves the steering and the speed of the car. Alloy wheels will reduce the unstrung weight of a vehicle
compared to one fitted with standard steel wheels. The benefit of reduced unstrung weight is more precise
steering as well as a nominal reduction in fuel consumption. Alloy is an excellent conductor of heat, improving
heat dissipation from the brakes, reducing the risk of brake failure under demanding driving conditions. At
present four wheeler wheels are made of Aluminum Alloys. In this project a parametric model is designed for
Alloy wheel used in four wheeler by collecting data from reverse engineering process from existing model.
Design is evaluated by analyzing the model by changing the design of rim styles to be strong and balanced. Its
material should not deteriorate with weathering and corrosion.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 12 April 2014 Date of Publication: 30 April 2014
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. 1.INTRODUCTION
The importance of wheels and tyres in the automobile is obvious. Without the engine the car may be towed but
even that is not possible without wheels. The wheel along with tyre has to take the vehicle load, provide a
cushioning effect and cope up with the steering control. The various requirements of an automobile wheels are:
1. It must be strong enough to perform the above functions.
2. It should be balanced both statically as well as dynamically.
3. It should be as light as possible so that the unsprung weight is least.
4. It should be possible to remove or mount the wheel easily.
5. Its material should not deteriorate with weathering and age. In case the material is susceptible to
corrosion, it must be given suitable protective treatment.
II. WHEEL RIMS
2.1Magnesium alloy rims
Some magnesium rims are weak and unsuitable for heavy off-road operations, for example magnesium
fitted to the Mercedes-G. But many are quite strong enough for most uses. Their disadvantage comes only if
when they are bent, when they are much more difficult to repair and a hammer and a tree trunk aren’t going to
bend them straight: It will just break them more. Steel is the better, but heavier and uglier choice.
2.2 Steel rims
Steel rims are constructed in two parts: a pressed steel centre boss and a rolled circular bed for the tyre.
These parts are either riveted or welded together, riveted types being the strongest and most reliable. Steel rims
are sometimes of inferior quality and in some cases severely warped rims are supplied with new vehicles,
making perfect balancing impossible.
2.3Split rims
Some older vehicles were fitted with split rims of a two part design. This facilitates the removal of the
tyre from the rim. It is imperative that the tyre be totally deflated prior to splitting the rim as air pressure
remaining in the tyre will cause the rim to split with explosive force which could cause serious injury. Also,
when a tube is fitted onto a split rim, a protective gaiter consisting of a ring of shaped rubber must be inserted
between the rim and the tube, without which tube will get damage.
2. Design and Analysis of Spiral Wheel Rim for Four Wheeler
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 30
III. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this project is to test the wheel according to the specifications given by the industrial standards.
Two kind of test is performed
1. Bending endurance test
2. Radial endurance test
a. Pressure loading
b. Centrifugal loading
c. Vertical loading
3.1Bending test
The bending moment to be imparted in the test shall be in accordance to the following formula:
M = ((μ*R) + d)* F * S
Where
M = Bending moment in ‘Nm’
μ = Friction Coefficient between the tyre and the road surface (no units)
R = Radius of the tyre applicable to the wheel in ‘m’
d = Offset of the wheel in ‘m’
F = Maximum load acting on the tyre in ‘N’
S = Coefficient specified according to the standards.
According to the industrial standards:
μ = 0.7
d = 37 mm
= 0.037 m
F = 1400 lbs
= 1400 * 0.453 = 634.2 kg
= 634.2 * 9.81
= 6221.5 N
S = 1.5
Bending moment M = ((μ*R) + d)* F * S
= ((0.7 * 0.3689) + 0.037) * 6221.5 * 1.5
= 2755.16 Nm
3.2Radial endurance test:
The radial load to be imparted in the test shall be in accordance with the following formula:
Fr = F * k
Where
Fr = Radial load in N
F = the maximum load coming on to the tyre in N
K = Coefficient according to the industrial standards
According to the industrial standards
F = 1400 lbs
= 1400 * 0.453 = 634.2 kg
= 634.2 * 9.81
= 6221.5 N
k = 2.25
Radial load Fr = F * k
= 6221.5 * 2.25
= 13998.375 N
3.3Centrifugal load:
Angular velocity is calculated by using the following formula. From the relation
V = r * ω
3. Design and Analysis of Spiral Wheel Rim for Four Wheeler
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 31
Where
V = velocity of the car in m/s
r = radius of the tyre in m
ω = Angular velocity in rad/s
Maximum speed of the car is 80 km/ hr = 22.22m/s
V = r * ω
22.22 = 0.3689 * ω
ω = 60.23 rad/s
IV. THEORITICAL ASPECTS OF A PROBLEM
4.1 STEPS
4.1.1The geometry of the wheels
The solid model of the wheel rim is created in catia and it’s as shown in the figure 3.4. This shows the complete
solid rim with 9 flectures and 5 bolts. The wheel is modeled according to the standards.
4.1.2Producing a mesh
After creating a model the wheel is transferred to the ANSYS using IGES translator, it is then meshed using
auto mesh by parts. Throughout the model 10-noded tetrahedral solid elements are used. The figure 9.2 shown
gives the complete mesh in detail.
4.1.3Element groups and material properties used
Aluminum alloy is used for the wheel. Appropriate material properties have been used for the elements in these
areas. In the case of bending test, three types of element groups are defined,
8-noded tetrahedral solid element
3D elastic beam
Right bar element
In the case or radial test 10-noded tetrahedral solid element is used.
V. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Material used
Aluminum Alloy A 356.2
Mechanical properties:
Ultimate strength - 228 MPa
Density - 2.7 gm/cm3
Yield strength - 166 MPa
Composition:
Silicon- 6.5-7.5%
Iron- 0.12%
Manganese -0.05%
Magnesium- 0.3-0.45%
Zinc- 0.50%
Titanium -0.20%
Copper- 0.10%
Others- 0.15%
Remaining Aluminum.
4. Design and Analysis of Spiral Wheel Rim for Four Wheeler
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 32
VI. DESIGN CALCULATION
6.1 Bending test
The bending moment to be imparted in the test shall be in accordance to the following formula:
M = ((μ*R) + d)* F * S
M = Bending moment in ‘Nm’
μ = Friction Coefficient between the tyre and the road surface (no units)
R = Radius of the tyre applicable to the wheel in ‘m’
d = Offset of the wheel in ‘m’
F = Maximum load acting on the tyre in ‘N’
S = Coefficient specified according to the standards.
Tyre specification Radial 255/60-R17
255 is the section width in millimeters
60 is the Aspect ratio in percentage
R is the construction type i.e., Radial
17 is the rim diameter in inches
Aspects ratio = section height / section width
Section height = Section width * Aspect ratio
= 255 * 0.60
= 153 mm
= 0.153 m
Rim diameter = 17 inches
= 17 * 2.54 = 43.18 cm
Rim radius = 21.59 cm
= 0.2159 m
Tyre radius = Rim Radius + Section height
= 0.2159 + 0.153 = 0.3689 m
According to the industrial standards:
μ = 0.7
d = 37 mm
= 0.037 m
F = 1400 lbs
= 1400 * 0.453
= 634.2 kg
= 634.2 * 9.81
= 6221.5 N
S = 1.5
5. Design and Analysis of Spiral Wheel Rim for Four Wheeler
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 33
Bending moment M = ((μ*R) + d)* F * S
= ((0.7 * 0.3689) + 0.037) * 6221.5 * 1.5
= 2755.16 Nm
6.2 Radial endurance test
The radial load to be imparted in the test shall be in accordance with the following formula:
Fr = F * k
Where
Fr = Radial load in N
F = the maximum load coming on to the tyre in N
K = Coefficient according to the industrial standards
According to the industrial standards
F = 1400 lbs
= 1400 * 0.453 = 634.2 kg
= 634.2 * 9.81
= 6221.5 N
VII. LOAD CASE EXPLANATION
7.1 Load Case Bending
In the case of bending test a vertical load of 2755.16 N is applied at a distance of 1 m from the center of the
hub. Before applying the load the model should be meshed property. There are six degrees of freedom of which
there are three translations and three rotations. The type of constraints depends upon the type of model. In our
case we have arrested all the six degrees of freedom.
In case of wheel outer rim is constrained for all six degrees of freedom. The outer rim is selected by
means of a selection set and displacement is defined by means of node by obeying the conditions as mentioned
above. After the constrained are made by using appropriate commands it can be screened by using the command
DPLOT. The load is applied to the node in Y direction (downward direction) after the constraints are specified
for the model. The forces are plotted on the screen using the command FPLOT. Before running the analysis the
model should be feed with sufficient data such as material property, real constants and element group. Under
material property, the property such as density, Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus should be given as data for
material, which have been selected for the model. Aluminum alloy (A 356.2) is selected as material for our
model with density 2700 kg/m^3, Poisson’s ratio 0.3 and Young’s modulus of 67500 kg/m^2. Under element
group it is necessary to check the attributes of elements mentioned in the model and then the data’s are checked
using DATA CHECK command. To verify that all needed attributes for an element are being defined, RUN
CHECK does more elaborate checking including element connectivity. With the use of analysis option, the
desired analysis (RUN STATIC ANALYSIS) is made to run for the model and the necessary results are plotted.
7.2 Load Case Pressure
In case of pressure loading, the pressure of 3.5 kg/cm2 is applied through the circumference of the
wheel. Before applying the load the model should be constrained properly. The type of constrain depends upon
the type of model. In our case we have constrained all the six degrees of freedom.
In the case of pressure loading, bolts are constrained for all six degrees of freedom. The bolt is selected
by means of a selection set and displacement is defined by means of nodes by obeying the conditions as
mentioned above. After the constrained are made by using appropriate commands it can be screened by using
the command DPLOT. The load is applied to the node in Y direction (downward direction) after the constraints
are specified for the model. The forces are plotted on the screen using the command FPLOT. Before running the
analysis the model should be feed with sufficient data such as material property, the property such as Density,
Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus should be given as data for material, which have been selected for the model.
Aluminum alloy (A 356.2) is selected as a material for our model with density 2.7E-6 kg/ mm3, Poisson’s ratio
0.3 and young’s modulus of 0.675E5kg/mm2. Under element group it is necessary to check the attributes of
elements mentioned in verify that all needed attributes for an element are being defined, RUN CHECK does
more elaborate checking including element connectivity. With the use of analysis option, the desired analysis
(RUN STATIC ANALYSIS) is made to run for the model and the necessary results are plotted.
6. Design and Analysis of Spiral Wheel Rim for Four Wheeler
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 34
7.3 Load Case Centrifugal
In the case of centrifugal loading, the wheel is constrained at the bolts and is constrained for all 6
degrees of freedom. In the case of centrifugal loading the wheel has to be transferred to the global axis i.e.,
keeping the axis at the center of the wheel assuming it to be revolved with reference to that axis. Cosmos has got
a special feature of calculating the centrifugal load if we specify the angular velocity.
The element group and material properties are defined appropriately and the analysis is made to run. The normal
stress is plotted along Y- axis and is shows very negligible amount of stress coming on to the wheel.
7.4 Load Case Vertical
In case of vertical loading, a vertical load of 13998.375 N is applied vertically from downwards.
Before applying the load the model should be constrained properly. The type of constrain depends upon the type
of model. In our case we have constrained all the six degrees of freedom.
In the case of Vertical loading, bolts are constrained for all six degrees of freedom. The bolt is
selected by means of a selection set and the displacement is defined by means of nodes by obeying the
conditions as mentioned above. After the command DPLOT, the load is applied to the node in Y direction
(downward direction) after the constraints are specified for the model.
After plotting the nodes a temporary point is created at the center of the hub. This point is extruded in such a
way that it passes on to 60 degree on both sides from the center of the wheel. The nodes are selected on either
side of the wheel in the selection set and the load is applied only to that portion where the tyre is getting seated.
The forces are plotted on the screen using the command FPLOT before property, real constants and element
group. Under material property, the property such as Density, Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus should be given
as data for material, which have been selected for the model. Aluminum alloy (A 356.2) is selected as a material
for our model with density 2.7E-6 kg/mm2, Poisson’s ratio 0.3 and Young’s modulus of 0.675E5kg/mm2.
Under element group it is necessary to check the attributes of elements mentioned in the model and then the
data’s are checked using DATA CHECK command.
To verify that all needed attributes for an element are being defined, RUN CHECK does more elaborate
checking including element connectivity. With the use of analysis option, the desired analysis (RUN STATIC
ANALYAIS) is made to run for the model and necessary results are plotted.
7.5 Combined Load Case
In this load case the combination of pressure, Centrifugal, and vertical loads are applied to appropriate
nodes as such in individual load case. The constraints remain the same as individual loads case. The load cases
number should be specified by picking from Results menu. And the remaining parts of the analysis are carried
out as in normal load case.
k = 2.25
Radial load Fr = F * k
= 6221.5 * 2.25
= 13998.375 N
7.6 Centrifugal load
Angular velocity is calculated by using the following formula. From the relation
V = r * ω
Where
V = velocity of the car in m/s
r = radius of the tyre in m
ω = Angular velocity in rad/s
Maximum speed of the car is 80 km/ hr = 22.22m/s
V = r * ω
22.22 = 0.3689 * ω
ω = 60.23 rad/s
7. Design and Analysis of Spiral Wheel Rim for Four Wheeler
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 35
FIG 1. LOAD CASE BENDING VON-MISES STRESS DISTRIBUTION
FIG 2. LOAD CASE CENTRIFUGAL VON-MISES STRESS DISTRIBUTION
Spiral wheel rim
Spiral wheel rim
8. Design and Analysis of Spiral Wheel Rim for Four Wheeler
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 36
FIG 3. LOAD CASE PRESSURE VON-MISES STRESS DISTRIBUTION
FIG 4. LOAD CASE VERTICAL VON-MISES STRESS DISTRIBUTION
VIII. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The weight for the existing wheel rim is 11.8 kg and for the proposed wheel rim is 10.58 kg.
Save in material weight = Existing weight - Proposed weight
Existing weight = 11.8 – 10.58
= 0.1034
=10.34%
From the above calculation it is observed that there is a reduction in material in the case of spiral rim when
compared to existing rim thus saving the material cost to a considerable amount.
8.1 Von Mises stress distribution
When a machine member is subjected to Bi-axial or tri-axial stress system, the determination of
failure stress is more complicated. Hence some theories are found out for finding the failure properties of
different materials. Among these theories, the von Mises theory or maximum distortion energy theory is
calculated theoretically and verified with practical results.
Von Mises theory:
Vm² = σ1² + σ2² + σ3² - σ1 σ2 – σ2 σ3 - σ1 σ3
Spiral wheel rim
9. Design and Analysis of Spiral Wheel Rim for Four Wheeler
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 37
IX. RESULT
9.1Load case bending:
Von Mises stress distribution = 34.636 N/mm²
9.2Load case pressure:
Von Mises stress distribution = 24.083 N/mm²
9.3Load case centrifugal:
Von Mises stress distribution = 1.428N/mm²
9.4Load case Vertical:
Von Mises stress distribution = 4.097 N/mm²
Tensile strength of material taken = 230 n/mm^2
= 230/34.636
=6.606
i.e. >1.5(factor of safety limit)
Hence the design is safe.
The stress is within the permissible limits. Thus the wheel is safe under the given loading conditions.
X. CONCLUSION
The modeling and analysis for the wheel rim is carried out successfully and satisfactorily. The wheel is analyzed
for the following two load conditions:
1. Bending endurance test.
2. Radial endurance test.
In radial endurance test three conditions are checked.
a. pressure loading
b. centrifugal loading
c. Vertical loading.
The wheel is constrained appropriately and the loads are calculated based on the specifications and
applied to appropriate nodes. The wheel is analyzed for the calculated loading condition and the stress plot is
obtained. In the case of bending test normal stress along Y-axis shows compression on the top rib and tension on
the bottom rib and compression on the bottom rib.
In the case of pressure loading, normal stress along X-axis shows compression on the top rim and on
the inside portion of the rim there is a gradual transition from compression to tension. Normal stress along Y-
axis shows bending stress coming on to ribs because when the rim is getting compressed, it forces the rib to
move outwards. In the case of vertical loading normal stress along Y-axis shows tension on the outer rib and
compression on the outer side of the rib. When a section plot is taken it will show a gradual transition from
tension to compression.
The file, which is created in ANSYS, is equivalent with the provision for flexibility by which stress can
be modified to suit any possible situation that may arise in future.
The linear static stress analysis is performed for the present wheel rim. The future work involves different types
of analysis such as Impact testing, dynamic and vibration analysis etc
REFERENCE
[1] R.B.Gupta, Automobile Engineering, Tech India Publication Series.
[2] PSG Design Data Book Published by DPV Printers.
[3] Warren dale, PA Formulae SAE Rules, SAE International
[4] Introduction to mechanical engineers, Ed Automobiles wheels and tyres, E conference publications.
[5] Sagi Rama KrishnamRaju, Evaluation of fatigue life of aluminum alloy wheels under radial
loads,(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering College, Bhimavaram 534 204, Andhra
Pradesh, India)
[6] Reddy, J.N., An introduction to the finite element method, McGraw Hill Publising Company
[7] Cook, R.D., Finite element modeling for stress analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Pag: 27-45
[8] Moaveni, S., Finite Element Analysis, Theory and application with ANSYS, Prentice Hall, Pág: 1-36
[9] S.Vikranth Deepak, Modeling and analysis of alloy wheel for four wheeler vehicle, Research Paper.