Steel mill scale was added to expansive black cotton clay soil at various percentages to evaluate its effect on soil strength properties. The following results were found:
1. Steel mill scale increased the maximum dry density of the soil by about 19% and reduced the optimum moisture content by about 28%.
2. The unsoaked CBR of the soil increased by about 16% with steel mill scale addition, while the soaked CBR decreased by about 75%. Swelling potential was reduced by about 60%.
3. The unconfined compressive strength increased by about 53% with 5% steel mill scale content but decreased with further additions, possibly due to poor adhesion between soil and steel particles.
In
Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soil Stabilized with Periwinkle Shell As...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper investigated the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil stabilized with periwinkle shell ash in road construction. The natural lateritic soil sample was gotten from Federal University of Technology, Akure and stabilized with 0, 2,4, 6, 8 and 10% of the periwinkle shell ash and were subjected to tests such as natural moisture content, specific gravity, atterberg's limit, compaction, california bearing ratio and unconfined compressive strength. The result of the classification tests shows that the natural lateritic soil is poor for road construction. The engineering value of the soil sample was enhanced by the addition of periwinkle shell ash. The optimum percentage by weight of soil of periwinkle shell ash for improvement of the strength of the lateritic soil is 6%. The periwinkle shell ash enhanced the suitability of the soil sample for its use as subgrade and subbase.
The document discusses enhancing the mechanical properties of lateritic bricks for improved performance. Three types of bricks were produced: improved stabilized lateritic bricks (ISLB), control stabilized lateritic bricks (CSLB), and adobe unstabilized lateritic bricks (AULB). ISLB were immersed in different concentrations of a zycosil water solution. Testing showed ISLB had better capillary rise, erosion resistance, abrasion resistance, density, and compressive strength compared to CSLB and AULB. Higher zycosil concentrations in ISLB resulted in enhanced mechanical properties. It was concluded coating lateritic bricks with zycosil improves their performance.
Me thesis effect of common salt (na cl) on behaviour of black cotton soil e...RAJESH JAIN
This document provides an index and overview of a research paper on the effect of common salt (NaCl) on the behavior of black cotton soil. It includes 9 chapters that cover an introduction, literature review, materials and methodology, observations and calculations, results and discussion, and conclusions. The literature review discusses the chemical properties of NaCl and characteristics of black cotton soil. Previous related research found that engineering properties like maximum dry density and unconfined compressive strength of expansive soils increased with addition of NaCl, while optimum moisture content decreased. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of NaCl on index and engineering properties of black cotton soil at different percentages.
An Experimental Study on Stabilization Modification of Locally Available Expa...YogeshIJTSRD
Expansive soils are produced from the break down of basic igneous rocks where seasonal variation of weather is extreme. In India, these soils are normally derived from the weathering of basalt rocks. Also, these soil deposits are derived from various other types of rocks including very old sedimentary depositsin the present research, an attempt has been made to study the stabilization of the local soils high and low expansive having low bearing strength from two different parts of Bhopal by mixing independently with dolochar and fly ash plentily available in Bhopal in the proportions from 5 up to 30 by dry weight of the mixture with increment of 5 with and without lime The experimental programme conducted in this study is comprised of index tests, compaction tests, shear tests, unconfined compressive strength tests, CBR tests and consolidation tests in conformity with approved standards on soil alone and also on stabilised soils to evaluate their individual swelling, compaction, strength, compressibility and drainage characteristics. With addition of fly ash or dolochar, the L.L. and P.I. of soils gradually decreases with the increase of fly ash or dolochar contents. Maximum decrease is observed at 30 fly ash or 30 dolochar content Addition of fly ash or dolochar decreases the free swell index FSI of soil, maximum decrease being observed at fly ash or dolochar content of 30 . Addition of lime to the above mixtures, reduces FSI further. The FSI of soil 1 with 30 fly ash or dolochar content is reduced by 100 and 85 for soil fly ash and soil dolochar mixture respectively at 4 lime content. CBR of soil fly ash or soil dolochar increases with the increase of fly ash or dolochar content. The maximum increase being observed at 30 fly ash or dolochar content. At 30 fly ash content, the 4 days soaked CBR of soil 1 and soil 2 increase by 126 and 117 respectively, whereas, the 4 days soaked CBR of soil 1 and soil 2 at 30 dolochar content increase by 154 and 163 respectively. Sakshi Jaiswal | Prof. Nitesh Kushwah "An Experimental Study on Stabilization/Modification of Locally Available Expansive Soil using Industrial Wastes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43834.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/43834/an-experimental-study-on-stabilizationmodification-of-locally-available-expansive-soil-using-industrial-wastes/sakshi-jaiswal
Effect of iron ore tailing on the properties of concreteAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated using iron ore tailings (IOT) as a partial replacement for sand in concrete. Tests were conducted with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% replacement of sand with IOT. Results showed that workability decreased with higher replacement levels due to the fineness of IOT. The 28-day compressive strength was only slightly lower when replacing 20% of sand with IOT compared to the control mix. The tensile strength was also similar between the 20% replacement and control mixes. Therefore, replacing up to 20% of sand with IOT provides sufficient strength for use in concrete.
IRJET- Effect of Iron Dust on Lime Stabilized CL SoilIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on improving the engineering properties of lime-stabilized clayey soil (CL soil) by adding iron dust at different percentages. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the Atterberg limits and compaction characteristics of the soil treated with 4% lime and 0-8% iron dust. The following key results were found:
1. The liquid limit and plasticity index of the soil decreased with the addition of iron dust, indicating an improvement in soil strength and load-bearing capacity.
2. The maximum dry density of the soil increased up to 4% iron dust content due to the high specific gravity of iron dust.
3. The optimum moisture content decreased with the addition of iron
This document outlines the topics covered in the Engineering Geology and Seismology course. The course will discuss engineering geology, the role of geology in civil engineering, building stones, their characteristics and uses, and stone finishes. Key topics include how geology aids in foundation engineering, construction materials, and disaster mitigation. The course will also cover various building stone types like granite, sandstone, slate and marble.
Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soil Stabilized with Periwinkle Shell As...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper investigated the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil stabilized with periwinkle shell ash in road construction. The natural lateritic soil sample was gotten from Federal University of Technology, Akure and stabilized with 0, 2,4, 6, 8 and 10% of the periwinkle shell ash and were subjected to tests such as natural moisture content, specific gravity, atterberg's limit, compaction, california bearing ratio and unconfined compressive strength. The result of the classification tests shows that the natural lateritic soil is poor for road construction. The engineering value of the soil sample was enhanced by the addition of periwinkle shell ash. The optimum percentage by weight of soil of periwinkle shell ash for improvement of the strength of the lateritic soil is 6%. The periwinkle shell ash enhanced the suitability of the soil sample for its use as subgrade and subbase.
The document discusses enhancing the mechanical properties of lateritic bricks for improved performance. Three types of bricks were produced: improved stabilized lateritic bricks (ISLB), control stabilized lateritic bricks (CSLB), and adobe unstabilized lateritic bricks (AULB). ISLB were immersed in different concentrations of a zycosil water solution. Testing showed ISLB had better capillary rise, erosion resistance, abrasion resistance, density, and compressive strength compared to CSLB and AULB. Higher zycosil concentrations in ISLB resulted in enhanced mechanical properties. It was concluded coating lateritic bricks with zycosil improves their performance.
Me thesis effect of common salt (na cl) on behaviour of black cotton soil e...RAJESH JAIN
This document provides an index and overview of a research paper on the effect of common salt (NaCl) on the behavior of black cotton soil. It includes 9 chapters that cover an introduction, literature review, materials and methodology, observations and calculations, results and discussion, and conclusions. The literature review discusses the chemical properties of NaCl and characteristics of black cotton soil. Previous related research found that engineering properties like maximum dry density and unconfined compressive strength of expansive soils increased with addition of NaCl, while optimum moisture content decreased. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of NaCl on index and engineering properties of black cotton soil at different percentages.
An Experimental Study on Stabilization Modification of Locally Available Expa...YogeshIJTSRD
Expansive soils are produced from the break down of basic igneous rocks where seasonal variation of weather is extreme. In India, these soils are normally derived from the weathering of basalt rocks. Also, these soil deposits are derived from various other types of rocks including very old sedimentary depositsin the present research, an attempt has been made to study the stabilization of the local soils high and low expansive having low bearing strength from two different parts of Bhopal by mixing independently with dolochar and fly ash plentily available in Bhopal in the proportions from 5 up to 30 by dry weight of the mixture with increment of 5 with and without lime The experimental programme conducted in this study is comprised of index tests, compaction tests, shear tests, unconfined compressive strength tests, CBR tests and consolidation tests in conformity with approved standards on soil alone and also on stabilised soils to evaluate their individual swelling, compaction, strength, compressibility and drainage characteristics. With addition of fly ash or dolochar, the L.L. and P.I. of soils gradually decreases with the increase of fly ash or dolochar contents. Maximum decrease is observed at 30 fly ash or 30 dolochar content Addition of fly ash or dolochar decreases the free swell index FSI of soil, maximum decrease being observed at fly ash or dolochar content of 30 . Addition of lime to the above mixtures, reduces FSI further. The FSI of soil 1 with 30 fly ash or dolochar content is reduced by 100 and 85 for soil fly ash and soil dolochar mixture respectively at 4 lime content. CBR of soil fly ash or soil dolochar increases with the increase of fly ash or dolochar content. The maximum increase being observed at 30 fly ash or dolochar content. At 30 fly ash content, the 4 days soaked CBR of soil 1 and soil 2 increase by 126 and 117 respectively, whereas, the 4 days soaked CBR of soil 1 and soil 2 at 30 dolochar content increase by 154 and 163 respectively. Sakshi Jaiswal | Prof. Nitesh Kushwah "An Experimental Study on Stabilization/Modification of Locally Available Expansive Soil using Industrial Wastes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43834.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/43834/an-experimental-study-on-stabilizationmodification-of-locally-available-expansive-soil-using-industrial-wastes/sakshi-jaiswal
Effect of iron ore tailing on the properties of concreteAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated using iron ore tailings (IOT) as a partial replacement for sand in concrete. Tests were conducted with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% replacement of sand with IOT. Results showed that workability decreased with higher replacement levels due to the fineness of IOT. The 28-day compressive strength was only slightly lower when replacing 20% of sand with IOT compared to the control mix. The tensile strength was also similar between the 20% replacement and control mixes. Therefore, replacing up to 20% of sand with IOT provides sufficient strength for use in concrete.
IRJET- Effect of Iron Dust on Lime Stabilized CL SoilIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on improving the engineering properties of lime-stabilized clayey soil (CL soil) by adding iron dust at different percentages. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the Atterberg limits and compaction characteristics of the soil treated with 4% lime and 0-8% iron dust. The following key results were found:
1. The liquid limit and plasticity index of the soil decreased with the addition of iron dust, indicating an improvement in soil strength and load-bearing capacity.
2. The maximum dry density of the soil increased up to 4% iron dust content due to the high specific gravity of iron dust.
3. The optimum moisture content decreased with the addition of iron
This document outlines the topics covered in the Engineering Geology and Seismology course. The course will discuss engineering geology, the role of geology in civil engineering, building stones, their characteristics and uses, and stone finishes. Key topics include how geology aids in foundation engineering, construction materials, and disaster mitigation. The course will also cover various building stone types like granite, sandstone, slate and marble.
Effects on p h behaviour of expansive and non expansive soils contaminated wi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An Experimental Study on Soil Stabilization by Using Bio Enzymesijtsrd
Normal The conventional methods are time consuming and are not efficiently feasible. Hence there is a need to find the other possible ways to assure the performance as well as economical criteria. These enzymes have been confirmed to be very effective and economical. Another benefit of the bioenzyme is that these are environment friendly. The efficiency of bio enzyme depends upon the quantity of dosage, type of soil and curing period. In our country vast areas consist of black soils. As the conservative soil stabilizers like gravel, sand and others are depleting and becoming dear day by day at a very rapid pace, it becomes essential to look towards for alternative eco friendly stabilizers as their alternate. Recently a lot of Bio enzymes have emerged as cost effective stabilizers for soil stabilization. Some such type of bio enzyme, like Terazyme, bagasse ash, lime etc. has been used in the present work. Recently many Bio enzymes have emerged as value powerful stabilizers for soil stabilization. One such bio enzyme, Terrazyme, has been used within side the gift paintings to take a look at its impact at the Unconfined Compressive electricity of the Black Cotton soil. It has been located that Terrazyme dealt with Black Cotton soil suggests vast boom in Unconfined Compressive electricity with longer curing period. Anushka Shrivastava | Dr. Anil Kumar Saxena "An Experimental Study on Soil Stabilization by Using Bio-Enzymes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47686.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47686/an-experimental-study-on-soil-stabilization-by-using-bioenzymes/anushka-shrivastava
This document summarizes a study on structures built on black cotton soil. It discusses the formation and properties of black cotton soil, which causes issues for construction due to its swelling and shrinkage characteristics. Various tests are described that can evaluate the soil properties, such as swelling pressure, free swell index, consolidation, and triaxial tests. Different foundation types for structures in black cotton soil are outlined, including spread footings, mat foundations, pile foundations, and drilled shafts. Safety precautions are also discussed, such as limiting loads on the soil and building deep foundations below the crack zone.
Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soils from Northern Zone of Anambra Stat...IJERD Editor
This investigation was carried out to determine the geotechnical properties of lateritic soils used for
road construction in Obosi, Umunya, Awkuzu, and Igbariam towns, all in Northern Zone of Anambra state of
Nigeria. Tests were carried out on the soil samples which include the Atterberg limit tests, particle size
distribution analysis, specific gravity, compaction test using the British Standard Light (BSL), Compactive
effort and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test as specified by the West African Standard (WAS). The liquid
limits, plastic limits and plasticity indices guided in the classification of the soil samples as A-2-4 soil of
American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) classification and SC group
of Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). The compaction characteristics of the soil were found to be
1931KN/m3, 2003.8KN/m3, 1965KN/m3 and 1923KN/m3 for maximum dry density and 10.8%, 9.4%, 10.4%
and 12.20% for optimum moisture content for samples 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The California bearing ratio
(CBR) results for the samples for 24 hours soaking are 48%, 58%, 45%, and 52% for sample 1, 2, 3, and 4
respectively. It was concluded that the four lateritic soil samples were suitable for sub-grade and sub-base but
should not be used in road construction as a base material.
Behavior of Black Cotton Soil with Addition of Sodium Carbonate and Calcium C...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental study on the effectiveness of stabilizing black cotton soil with sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate. Black cotton soil samples were prepared with chemical solutions containing 0.5-3% of each chemical by weight of soil. Tests were conducted to determine the index properties, compaction characteristics, unconfined compression strength, and triaxial shear strength of the treated soils at 0, 3 and 7 days of curing. The results showed that both chemicals increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content of the soil compared to the untreated soil. Calcium carbonate was found to be more effective than sodium carbonate in improving the strength and stability of the black cotton soil.
The document discusses using fly ash to stabilize organic soils. It finds that fly ash can increase the unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus of organic soils, but the degree of improvement depends on the soil and fly ash characteristics. Specifically, soils with higher organic content see less improvement. The key fly ash properties that affect stabilization are the CaO content and the CaO/SiO2 ratio, with higher ratios providing better stabilization through pozzolanic reactions. Testing of various organic soils and fly ashes showed that strength and stiffness generally increased with higher fly ash percentages.
Effects of Soil and Air Drying Methods on Soil Plasticity of Different Cities...IJERA Editor
Atterberg Limits were initially defined in 1911, by Albert Atterberg, a Swedish scientist. Their purposes are to classifying cohesive soils and determine engineering properties of soils. According to ASTM, all the soils tested by Atterberg limits should be oven dried, it is because drying the soils in different degree will alter their properties significantly. Some of the physical properties of soils will undergo changes that appear to be permanent. Therefore, the soil samples should be in natural or air-dried form. However, in reality, due to time constraint and other factors, many will run the tests by using soil samples that are prepared by oven drying method. They assumed that there is no difference between the results of two types of drying method. However, in reality, the properties of soil will be affected and thus give a misleading result. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of two drying methods, air-drying method and oven drying method, on the soil plasticity. Six soil samples from different cities were tested. These tests include sieve analysis, specific gravity test, hydrometer analysis, Plastic limit and liquid limit test. Conclusively, the oven drying method could not replace the air-drying method in soil preparation for both Atterberg limits tests.
An experiment to determine the prospect of using cocoa pod husk ash as stabil...Alexander Decker
1) The document presents the results of an experiment that examined using cocoa pod husk ash (CPHA) as an additive to stabilize weak lateritic soils.
2) Testing showed that CPHA had a significant negative effect on maximum dry density but did not significantly affect other properties like CBR, OMC, plastic limit, and plasticity index.
3) Analysis of CPHA's chemical composition showed it did not meet the requirements to be considered a pozzolanic material according to ASTM standards. The study therefore concluded CPHA was not an effective soil stabilizer.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Various Characteristics of Different Kinds of Ex...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of the engineering properties of different types of expansive soils, including natural expansive soils and bentonite-mixed ordinary soils. A series of tests were conducted to determine properties like specific gravity, grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, California Bearing Ratio, free swell index, and unconfined compressive strength. The results showed that with increasing bentonite content, the clay content, liquid limit, and plasticity index of the mixed soils increased, while the maximum dry density from compaction testing decreased. This study provides data on how bentonite additions alter the key properties of expansive soils.
Review Paper on Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Stone Dust and...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a research paper that studied the properties of black cotton soil treated with stone dust and sisal fiber. Black cotton soil has issues with high swelling and shrinkage. The study aimed to determine the effect of varying percentages of stone dust and sisal fiber, both individually and combined, on the properties of the soil. The results showed that the unsoaked and soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values of the treated soil increased compared to the natural soil, and increased further with higher percentages of stone dust and sisal fiber. The paper concluded that mixing stone dust and sisal fiber into the black cotton soil can improve its engineering properties.
This document summarizes the identification and classification of expansive soils. It describes simple identification tests like the free swell test and differential free swell test. It also discusses specialized tests such as differential thermal analysis. Various classification systems from different agencies are presented. Expansive soils are identified in the field by cracking patterns in summer. Laboratory tests help identify the type and amount of clay minerals present, which influence the soil's expansivity. Classification aims to assess swelling potential and guide appropriate construction methods.
Efficient Way to Improve Subgrade Property of Pavement by Chemical StabilizationIJERA Editor
There are numerous soil stabilization techniques for improving the strength of the in-situ soil especially in road construction, and one of the techniques is using chemical additive. Chemical improvement is a time saving method that enables subgrade or sub-base layer and otherwise unsatisfactory materials in-situ to obtain higher density and strength, obviating the need for costly excavation and replacement with borrow material. This paper presents some results of the preliminary stages of research program carried out to explicate the mechanism and behavior between the liquid chemical and the engineering properties of three natural residual soils at laboratory scale. Liquid-formed chemical was selected in this research due to scarcity of such findings instead of the prevalent solid chemical additive such as lime, cement or fly ash. The focus on this research is on the improvement of engineering properties of two natural residual soils and mixed with different proportions of liquid chemical. Series of laboratory test on engineering properties, such as Modified Proctor Test, Consistency limits, moisture-density relationship (compaction) and California Bearing Ratio was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness and performances of this chemical as soil stabilizing agent.
The document analyzes the geotechnical properties of soils from three locations along the Ogun River in Nigeria as potential materials for earth dam construction. Soil samples were collected and tested for properties like particle size distribution, liquid limit, plastic limit, optimum moisture content, permeability, and shear strength. The results found that the soils required improvement to be suitable for dam construction. Specifically, the soils had permeability that was too high and would allow excessive seepage. While meeting some criteria, no single soil possessed all ideal properties. Improvement methods could make the soils adequate, though further studies are needed to address property deficiencies.
Study of the efficiency of stone columns in soft clay considering the effect ...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the efficiency of stone columns in soft clay soils considering the effect of clay minerals. Laboratory tests were conducted on 3 different clay soils from Iraq that varied in their clay mineral composition. Stone columns were installed in triangular patterns in steel containers filled with the soils. Tests measured the bearing improvement ratio and settlement reduction ratio of soils treated with increasing numbers of stone columns (1, 2, and 4 columns). Results showed that soils with high montmorillonite and low kaolin responded better to stone column treatment than soils with low montmorillonite and high kaolin. The efficiency of stone columns depends on the type and amount of clay minerals in the treated soil.
IRJET- Laboratory Study on Effect of GBSF and Lime on SubgradeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a laboratory study on the effect of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and lime on subgrade soil. The study investigated mixing GBFS and lime with local subgrade soil at different percentages to improve the soil's engineering properties. Tests were conducted to determine the optimum mix ratios, including consistency limits, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, and California bearing ratio tests. The results showed that mixing 10% GBFS or 6% lime improved the soil's strength and California bearing ratio compared to the natural soil. The study demonstrates that GBFS and lime can effectively stabilize subgrade soil and improve its engineering properties for pavement construction.
IRJET- An Analysis of Strength Variation in Stabilized Soils using different ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the variation in strength of stabilized soils using different dosages of bio-enzyme treated at various curing periods. Three soil types - red soil, marine soil, and clay soil - were collected and treated with three dosages of bio-enzyme (0.5 ml, 1 ml, 1.5 ml per 5 kg soil) and cured for 1 and 7 days. Physical, mechanical, and index properties of the treated soils were tested and compared to untreated soils to analyze the effect of bio-enzyme treatment and curing time on soil strength. The results were analyzed to select the best modified soil sample for use as subgrade based on strength, economic, and feasibility factors.
Soil Stabilization Study by using Steel Slagijtsrd
The growing needs for fully furnished highways in the developed countries has led engineers to search for the durable cost effective measure for roadway construction. The basic necessity for suitable base course for roads is an important aspect in construction. The paper aims at utilizing the common waste materials for the improvement of roads. One such material that was analyzed in the paper for the execution of road work is the steel slag which is furnished in tones in the steel factories across the country. The use of the material is found to have improved the sub grade properties of soil to a good extent. Nitesh | Sumesh Jain "Soil Stabilization Study by using Steel Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25189.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25189/soil-stabilization-study-by-using-steel-slag/nitesh
The identification, treatment and use of expansive soils in railway constructionChris Bridges
This document discusses the identification, treatment, and use of expansive soils in railway construction. It presents several key points:
1. It identifies opportunities to reduce construction costs by using a single source material for embankments and allowing materials outside normal specifications.
2. It describes expansive soils and how they swell when wet and shrink when dry, potentially causing cracking. Various classification methods for expansive soils are presented.
3. It discusses different treatment methods for expansive soils including moisture control through barriers and drainage, as well as soil stabilization and increased compaction.
4. Recommendations are made to construct embankments at equilibrium moisture content, allow time for soils to stabilize, use lime treatment
Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Lateritic Brick for Better PerformanceIJERA Editor
The document discusses enhancing the mechanical properties of lateritic bricks for improved performance. Three types of bricks were produced: improved stabilized lateritic bricks (ISLB) treated with different concentrations of Zycosil water solution, controlled stabilized lateritic bricks (CSLB), and untreated adobe unstabilized lateritic bricks (AULB). Tests were conducted to evaluate the bricks' abrasion resistance, erosion resistance, capillary absorption, density, and compressive strength after curing. Results showed ISLB performed better than CSLB and AULB across all tests, with higher Zycosil concentrations further enhancing properties. It was concluded treating lateritic bricks with Zycosil improves mechanical properties and performance over untreated and controlled
Geotechnical evaluation of some soils from part of southwestern nigeria, usab...Alexander Decker
This document discusses using soils from southwestern Nigeria as liners in waste disposal landfills. Five soil samples were collected and tested to evaluate their geotechnical properties according to British standards. The results showed that the soils have low to medium plasticity, with clay content ranging from 42-82%. Maximum dry densities ranged from 1.46-1.96 g/cm3 under standard Proctor compaction and 1.57-2.09 g/cm3 under modified Proctor compaction. Permeability values were all below 2.99 x 10-9 m/s, meeting regulatory standards. Therefore, the soils were found to be suitable for use as landfill liners based on their geotechnical properties
This study assessed the effect of combining wood ash and lime on the engineering properties of expansive soil from Awgu, Nigeria. Natural soil samples had high plasticity and shrink-swell potential. Addition of wood ash alone improved soil properties up to an optimum of 78% soil and 18% wood ash. Further addition of lime up to an optimum of 78% soil, 18% wood ash and 4% lime further reduced plasticity, shrinkage, and swell potential while improving compaction and strength. Curing treated soil samples for 28 days led to further strength gains. The study concluded that combining wood ash and lime can successfully stabilize expansive soils to improve their use in construction while providing an environmentally-friendly use for wood ash
An experiment to determine the prospect of using cocoa pod husk ash as stabil...Alexander Decker
The document describes a study that tested the use of cocoa pod husk ash (CPHA) as a stabilizer for weak lateritic soils used in road construction. Natural lateritic soil samples were collected and tested for engineering properties. The soil was then mixed with varying percentages of CPHA (0.5-10%) and re-tested. While CPHA lowered maximum dry density, it did not significantly affect other properties like CBR, OMC, plastic limit or plasticity index. This suggests CPHA is not an effective soil stabilizer. The document provides background on soil stabilization techniques and research on using other agricultural wastes. Test results on the natural soil and CPHA mixtures are presented.
Effects on p h behaviour of expansive and non expansive soils contaminated wi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An Experimental Study on Soil Stabilization by Using Bio Enzymesijtsrd
Normal The conventional methods are time consuming and are not efficiently feasible. Hence there is a need to find the other possible ways to assure the performance as well as economical criteria. These enzymes have been confirmed to be very effective and economical. Another benefit of the bioenzyme is that these are environment friendly. The efficiency of bio enzyme depends upon the quantity of dosage, type of soil and curing period. In our country vast areas consist of black soils. As the conservative soil stabilizers like gravel, sand and others are depleting and becoming dear day by day at a very rapid pace, it becomes essential to look towards for alternative eco friendly stabilizers as their alternate. Recently a lot of Bio enzymes have emerged as cost effective stabilizers for soil stabilization. Some such type of bio enzyme, like Terazyme, bagasse ash, lime etc. has been used in the present work. Recently many Bio enzymes have emerged as value powerful stabilizers for soil stabilization. One such bio enzyme, Terrazyme, has been used within side the gift paintings to take a look at its impact at the Unconfined Compressive electricity of the Black Cotton soil. It has been located that Terrazyme dealt with Black Cotton soil suggests vast boom in Unconfined Compressive electricity with longer curing period. Anushka Shrivastava | Dr. Anil Kumar Saxena "An Experimental Study on Soil Stabilization by Using Bio-Enzymes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47686.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47686/an-experimental-study-on-soil-stabilization-by-using-bioenzymes/anushka-shrivastava
This document summarizes a study on structures built on black cotton soil. It discusses the formation and properties of black cotton soil, which causes issues for construction due to its swelling and shrinkage characteristics. Various tests are described that can evaluate the soil properties, such as swelling pressure, free swell index, consolidation, and triaxial tests. Different foundation types for structures in black cotton soil are outlined, including spread footings, mat foundations, pile foundations, and drilled shafts. Safety precautions are also discussed, such as limiting loads on the soil and building deep foundations below the crack zone.
Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soils from Northern Zone of Anambra Stat...IJERD Editor
This investigation was carried out to determine the geotechnical properties of lateritic soils used for
road construction in Obosi, Umunya, Awkuzu, and Igbariam towns, all in Northern Zone of Anambra state of
Nigeria. Tests were carried out on the soil samples which include the Atterberg limit tests, particle size
distribution analysis, specific gravity, compaction test using the British Standard Light (BSL), Compactive
effort and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test as specified by the West African Standard (WAS). The liquid
limits, plastic limits and plasticity indices guided in the classification of the soil samples as A-2-4 soil of
American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) classification and SC group
of Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). The compaction characteristics of the soil were found to be
1931KN/m3, 2003.8KN/m3, 1965KN/m3 and 1923KN/m3 for maximum dry density and 10.8%, 9.4%, 10.4%
and 12.20% for optimum moisture content for samples 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The California bearing ratio
(CBR) results for the samples for 24 hours soaking are 48%, 58%, 45%, and 52% for sample 1, 2, 3, and 4
respectively. It was concluded that the four lateritic soil samples were suitable for sub-grade and sub-base but
should not be used in road construction as a base material.
Behavior of Black Cotton Soil with Addition of Sodium Carbonate and Calcium C...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental study on the effectiveness of stabilizing black cotton soil with sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate. Black cotton soil samples were prepared with chemical solutions containing 0.5-3% of each chemical by weight of soil. Tests were conducted to determine the index properties, compaction characteristics, unconfined compression strength, and triaxial shear strength of the treated soils at 0, 3 and 7 days of curing. The results showed that both chemicals increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content of the soil compared to the untreated soil. Calcium carbonate was found to be more effective than sodium carbonate in improving the strength and stability of the black cotton soil.
The document discusses using fly ash to stabilize organic soils. It finds that fly ash can increase the unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus of organic soils, but the degree of improvement depends on the soil and fly ash characteristics. Specifically, soils with higher organic content see less improvement. The key fly ash properties that affect stabilization are the CaO content and the CaO/SiO2 ratio, with higher ratios providing better stabilization through pozzolanic reactions. Testing of various organic soils and fly ashes showed that strength and stiffness generally increased with higher fly ash percentages.
Effects of Soil and Air Drying Methods on Soil Plasticity of Different Cities...IJERA Editor
Atterberg Limits were initially defined in 1911, by Albert Atterberg, a Swedish scientist. Their purposes are to classifying cohesive soils and determine engineering properties of soils. According to ASTM, all the soils tested by Atterberg limits should be oven dried, it is because drying the soils in different degree will alter their properties significantly. Some of the physical properties of soils will undergo changes that appear to be permanent. Therefore, the soil samples should be in natural or air-dried form. However, in reality, due to time constraint and other factors, many will run the tests by using soil samples that are prepared by oven drying method. They assumed that there is no difference between the results of two types of drying method. However, in reality, the properties of soil will be affected and thus give a misleading result. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of two drying methods, air-drying method and oven drying method, on the soil plasticity. Six soil samples from different cities were tested. These tests include sieve analysis, specific gravity test, hydrometer analysis, Plastic limit and liquid limit test. Conclusively, the oven drying method could not replace the air-drying method in soil preparation for both Atterberg limits tests.
An experiment to determine the prospect of using cocoa pod husk ash as stabil...Alexander Decker
1) The document presents the results of an experiment that examined using cocoa pod husk ash (CPHA) as an additive to stabilize weak lateritic soils.
2) Testing showed that CPHA had a significant negative effect on maximum dry density but did not significantly affect other properties like CBR, OMC, plastic limit, and plasticity index.
3) Analysis of CPHA's chemical composition showed it did not meet the requirements to be considered a pozzolanic material according to ASTM standards. The study therefore concluded CPHA was not an effective soil stabilizer.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Various Characteristics of Different Kinds of Ex...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of the engineering properties of different types of expansive soils, including natural expansive soils and bentonite-mixed ordinary soils. A series of tests were conducted to determine properties like specific gravity, grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, California Bearing Ratio, free swell index, and unconfined compressive strength. The results showed that with increasing bentonite content, the clay content, liquid limit, and plasticity index of the mixed soils increased, while the maximum dry density from compaction testing decreased. This study provides data on how bentonite additions alter the key properties of expansive soils.
Review Paper on Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Stone Dust and...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a research paper that studied the properties of black cotton soil treated with stone dust and sisal fiber. Black cotton soil has issues with high swelling and shrinkage. The study aimed to determine the effect of varying percentages of stone dust and sisal fiber, both individually and combined, on the properties of the soil. The results showed that the unsoaked and soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values of the treated soil increased compared to the natural soil, and increased further with higher percentages of stone dust and sisal fiber. The paper concluded that mixing stone dust and sisal fiber into the black cotton soil can improve its engineering properties.
This document summarizes the identification and classification of expansive soils. It describes simple identification tests like the free swell test and differential free swell test. It also discusses specialized tests such as differential thermal analysis. Various classification systems from different agencies are presented. Expansive soils are identified in the field by cracking patterns in summer. Laboratory tests help identify the type and amount of clay minerals present, which influence the soil's expansivity. Classification aims to assess swelling potential and guide appropriate construction methods.
Efficient Way to Improve Subgrade Property of Pavement by Chemical StabilizationIJERA Editor
There are numerous soil stabilization techniques for improving the strength of the in-situ soil especially in road construction, and one of the techniques is using chemical additive. Chemical improvement is a time saving method that enables subgrade or sub-base layer and otherwise unsatisfactory materials in-situ to obtain higher density and strength, obviating the need for costly excavation and replacement with borrow material. This paper presents some results of the preliminary stages of research program carried out to explicate the mechanism and behavior between the liquid chemical and the engineering properties of three natural residual soils at laboratory scale. Liquid-formed chemical was selected in this research due to scarcity of such findings instead of the prevalent solid chemical additive such as lime, cement or fly ash. The focus on this research is on the improvement of engineering properties of two natural residual soils and mixed with different proportions of liquid chemical. Series of laboratory test on engineering properties, such as Modified Proctor Test, Consistency limits, moisture-density relationship (compaction) and California Bearing Ratio was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness and performances of this chemical as soil stabilizing agent.
The document analyzes the geotechnical properties of soils from three locations along the Ogun River in Nigeria as potential materials for earth dam construction. Soil samples were collected and tested for properties like particle size distribution, liquid limit, plastic limit, optimum moisture content, permeability, and shear strength. The results found that the soils required improvement to be suitable for dam construction. Specifically, the soils had permeability that was too high and would allow excessive seepage. While meeting some criteria, no single soil possessed all ideal properties. Improvement methods could make the soils adequate, though further studies are needed to address property deficiencies.
Study of the efficiency of stone columns in soft clay considering the effect ...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the efficiency of stone columns in soft clay soils considering the effect of clay minerals. Laboratory tests were conducted on 3 different clay soils from Iraq that varied in their clay mineral composition. Stone columns were installed in triangular patterns in steel containers filled with the soils. Tests measured the bearing improvement ratio and settlement reduction ratio of soils treated with increasing numbers of stone columns (1, 2, and 4 columns). Results showed that soils with high montmorillonite and low kaolin responded better to stone column treatment than soils with low montmorillonite and high kaolin. The efficiency of stone columns depends on the type and amount of clay minerals in the treated soil.
IRJET- Laboratory Study on Effect of GBSF and Lime on SubgradeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a laboratory study on the effect of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and lime on subgrade soil. The study investigated mixing GBFS and lime with local subgrade soil at different percentages to improve the soil's engineering properties. Tests were conducted to determine the optimum mix ratios, including consistency limits, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, and California bearing ratio tests. The results showed that mixing 10% GBFS or 6% lime improved the soil's strength and California bearing ratio compared to the natural soil. The study demonstrates that GBFS and lime can effectively stabilize subgrade soil and improve its engineering properties for pavement construction.
IRJET- An Analysis of Strength Variation in Stabilized Soils using different ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the variation in strength of stabilized soils using different dosages of bio-enzyme treated at various curing periods. Three soil types - red soil, marine soil, and clay soil - were collected and treated with three dosages of bio-enzyme (0.5 ml, 1 ml, 1.5 ml per 5 kg soil) and cured for 1 and 7 days. Physical, mechanical, and index properties of the treated soils were tested and compared to untreated soils to analyze the effect of bio-enzyme treatment and curing time on soil strength. The results were analyzed to select the best modified soil sample for use as subgrade based on strength, economic, and feasibility factors.
Soil Stabilization Study by using Steel Slagijtsrd
The growing needs for fully furnished highways in the developed countries has led engineers to search for the durable cost effective measure for roadway construction. The basic necessity for suitable base course for roads is an important aspect in construction. The paper aims at utilizing the common waste materials for the improvement of roads. One such material that was analyzed in the paper for the execution of road work is the steel slag which is furnished in tones in the steel factories across the country. The use of the material is found to have improved the sub grade properties of soil to a good extent. Nitesh | Sumesh Jain "Soil Stabilization Study by using Steel Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25189.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25189/soil-stabilization-study-by-using-steel-slag/nitesh
The identification, treatment and use of expansive soils in railway constructionChris Bridges
This document discusses the identification, treatment, and use of expansive soils in railway construction. It presents several key points:
1. It identifies opportunities to reduce construction costs by using a single source material for embankments and allowing materials outside normal specifications.
2. It describes expansive soils and how they swell when wet and shrink when dry, potentially causing cracking. Various classification methods for expansive soils are presented.
3. It discusses different treatment methods for expansive soils including moisture control through barriers and drainage, as well as soil stabilization and increased compaction.
4. Recommendations are made to construct embankments at equilibrium moisture content, allow time for soils to stabilize, use lime treatment
Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Lateritic Brick for Better PerformanceIJERA Editor
The document discusses enhancing the mechanical properties of lateritic bricks for improved performance. Three types of bricks were produced: improved stabilized lateritic bricks (ISLB) treated with different concentrations of Zycosil water solution, controlled stabilized lateritic bricks (CSLB), and untreated adobe unstabilized lateritic bricks (AULB). Tests were conducted to evaluate the bricks' abrasion resistance, erosion resistance, capillary absorption, density, and compressive strength after curing. Results showed ISLB performed better than CSLB and AULB across all tests, with higher Zycosil concentrations further enhancing properties. It was concluded treating lateritic bricks with Zycosil improves mechanical properties and performance over untreated and controlled
Geotechnical evaluation of some soils from part of southwestern nigeria, usab...Alexander Decker
This document discusses using soils from southwestern Nigeria as liners in waste disposal landfills. Five soil samples were collected and tested to evaluate their geotechnical properties according to British standards. The results showed that the soils have low to medium plasticity, with clay content ranging from 42-82%. Maximum dry densities ranged from 1.46-1.96 g/cm3 under standard Proctor compaction and 1.57-2.09 g/cm3 under modified Proctor compaction. Permeability values were all below 2.99 x 10-9 m/s, meeting regulatory standards. Therefore, the soils were found to be suitable for use as landfill liners based on their geotechnical properties
This study assessed the effect of combining wood ash and lime on the engineering properties of expansive soil from Awgu, Nigeria. Natural soil samples had high plasticity and shrink-swell potential. Addition of wood ash alone improved soil properties up to an optimum of 78% soil and 18% wood ash. Further addition of lime up to an optimum of 78% soil, 18% wood ash and 4% lime further reduced plasticity, shrinkage, and swell potential while improving compaction and strength. Curing treated soil samples for 28 days led to further strength gains. The study concluded that combining wood ash and lime can successfully stabilize expansive soils to improve their use in construction while providing an environmentally-friendly use for wood ash
An experiment to determine the prospect of using cocoa pod husk ash as stabil...Alexander Decker
The document describes a study that tested the use of cocoa pod husk ash (CPHA) as a stabilizer for weak lateritic soils used in road construction. Natural lateritic soil samples were collected and tested for engineering properties. The soil was then mixed with varying percentages of CPHA (0.5-10%) and re-tested. While CPHA lowered maximum dry density, it did not significantly affect other properties like CBR, OMC, plastic limit or plasticity index. This suggests CPHA is not an effective soil stabilizer. The document provides background on soil stabilization techniques and research on using other agricultural wastes. Test results on the natural soil and CPHA mixtures are presented.
This document discusses a study that aimed to determine the percentage of fly ash that should be added to sandy soil to maximize its stability when used in construction. Sieve analysis, compaction testing, and unconfined compressive strength testing were performed on sandy soil samples with varying percentages of fly ash additive. The tests found that adding 40% fly ash produced the highest compressive strength increase in the sandy soil, making it the most suitable proportion for soil stabilization. The study recommends using a 40% fly ash mixture for sandy soil in construction projects to achieve maximum stability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
This document summarizes a study on the effect of adding steel slag to laterite soil. The study aims to examine how steel slag addition affects the load bearing capacity of laterite soil. Laterite soil samples will be mixed with 10%, 20%, and 30% steel slag by weight and tested to determine consistency limits and California Bearing Ratio. Previous research found that adding steel slag can improve engineering properties of soils like density and strength. The results of this study will help show if steel slag is suitable for stabilizing laterite soil.
The document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the correlation between soil properties (pH and resistivity) and corrosion growth rate of carbon steel samples buried in four different soil types within the Niger Delta region of Nigeria over 2352 hours. The steel samples were buried in plastic containers with the soil samples and retrieved every 168 hours to measure weight loss via the corrosion growth rate. Results showed that both soil pH and resistivity influenced corrosion, but resistivity had a greater influence. A mathematical model was also developed using multiple regression analysis to predict corrosion growth rate based on soil pH and resistivity.
Sub-Soil Investigation of a Proposed Construction Site at Kyami District, Abu...iosrjce
Sub-soil investigation of a proposed construction site located at Kyami district of the Federal Capital
Territory (F.C.T.) Abuja, Nigeria, was carried out to determine the suitability of the soil to host civil
engineering structures. The investigation involved excavation of trial pits and obtaining both disturbed and
undisturbed samples for laboratory analysis. Classification tests carried out showed that about half of the soil
samples analysed is composed mainly of clayey sand (SC), with the remaining half composed of silty sand (SM)
and non-plastic sand respectively; each occurring inalmost equal proportion. Analysis showed that the soil has
low plasticity characteristics. This implies that the potential for swelling and shrinking when wet and dry that
could have negative impact on the stability of structures placed on them is low.The soils therefore have fair to
good engineering characteristics necessary for construction work and with a mean allowable bearing capacity
of 137.8KPa the soils have moderate strength capable of carrying normal civil engineering structures.
This document describes a study that investigated stabilizing residual soils from Orukim, Nigeria using river sand and cement. River sand content was varied from 10-70% and cement content was varied from 2-10% to mix with the residual soils. Laboratory tests like modified proctor compaction and CBR tests were conducted on the mixtures. Cement stabilization produced higher CBR values ranging from 70-127% compared to river sand stabilization which ranged from 66-90%. Models were developed to predict CBR values of the stabilized residual soils at different levels of stabilization. The hydration products of cement were found to increase bonding between soil particles, reducing plasticity and improving strength.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes a study that investigated stabilizing clay soil with lime and melon husk ash. Key findings include:
1) The natural clay soil was classified as highly plastic (CH) and had low strength, making it unsuitable for construction without treatment.
2) Chemical analysis found the melon husk ash met requirements to be a pozzolanic material, with high concentrations of aluminum, iron, and silicon oxides.
3) Testing showed that adding both lime and melon husk ash to the clay soil increased its unconfined compressive strength and decreased its permeability compared to the untreated soil. The highest strength was achieved with 6% melon husk ash and 8% lime
Stabilization of Natural Soil with Sand and CementIJSRD
In western Madhya Pradesh generally black cotton soil is found, Black cotton soil is exceptionally feeble and does not have enough steadiness for a development work. On pavement, subgrade layer is the base most layer basic the base form or surface form. To prepare the subgrade soil stable, by enhancing its building properties is extremely rudimentary. In the present study, an adjustment of subgrade soil by using sand and cement i.e. varying the rate of sand and consistent rate of cement by weight of soil is applied to improve the strength of subgrade soil. The grounds for this field is to determine the ideal measurement of the stabilizer, which heightens the effectiveness of soil. Which will be suited for pavement construction. To assess the strength of soil, different test has been performed on the soil. It has been noticed that sand and cement increases the effectiveness of the land.
Properties of concrete have been reported to depend mainly on cement and coarse aggregates. Coarse aggregates, in turn, depend on the type of the parent rock from which aggregates has been obtained as well as the methods of aggregates production. Suitability of coarse aggregates obtained from three different methods of production namely; machined crushed stone from the quarry (MCSQ), manually crushed stone by application of fire (MCSF) and manually crushed stone with hammer after blasting (MCSH) was investigated. A total number of 216 concrete cubes were cast, in order to determine the compressive strength of the various concrete made with MCSQ, MCSF and MCSH; with varied mix ratios of 1: 1½: 3, 1: 2: 4 and 1: 3: 6. The results of aggregate crushing value (ACV) and aggregate impact value (AIV) for MCSH are 28.4 % and 15.06 % respectively, for MCSF are 30.7 % and 19.5 % respectively, and for MCSQ are 29.8 % and 18.07 % respectively. Furthermore, the compressive strength of concrete cubes obtained from MCSQ, MCSF and MCSH respectively at the end of 28 days were: 22.07 N/mm2, 19.04 N/mm2 and 28.15 N/mm2 respectively for the mix 1: 11/2: 3; 22.00 N/mm2, 20.96 N/mm2 and 23.33 N/mm2 respectively for the mix 1: 2: 4 and 17.04 N/mm2, 12.52 N/mm2 and 17.48 N/mm2 respectively for the mix 1: 3: 6. . The compressive strength values obtained for the various mixes and aggregates fall within 15 to 30 N/mm2 as specified in BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 except the concrete obtained from MCSF for the mix 1:3:6 at 28 days curing. The statistical analysis was done and reported for the various results.
Soil Stabilization using Industrial Waste (Wheat Husk and Sugarcane Straw Ash)IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study that investigated using wheat husk ash (WHA) and sugarcane straw ash (SCSA) to improve the properties of expansive black cotton soil. Tests were conducted on soil samples with varying additions of WHA and SCSA, including Atterberg limit tests, unconfined compressive strength tests, and California bearing ratio tests. The results showed that adding WHA and SCSA increased the shear strength and decreased the compressibility of the treated soil samples compared to untreated soil. The study concluded that WHA and SCSA have potential for use as stabilizing materials to enhance the engineering properties of expansive soils.
Study on Compressed Stabilized Earth BlockIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on compressed stabilized earth blocks. It begins with an abstract that outlines the objectives of analyzing different soils and stabilizers to determine their suitability for producing compressed stabilized earth blocks with improved strength, durability and water absorption properties.
The introduction provides background on earth construction and discusses compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEBs). Black cotton soil, lime, fly ash, coir and chemicals are selected as materials to produce CSEBs using a hydraulic compression machine.
The document outlines the plan to collect literature, select materials, collect and mix materials in varying proportions, cast and dry the blocks, then test them to analyze compressive strength. Mixing and casting procedures are described for different material combinations.
Effect of pH and Curing Time Behaviour on Strength Properties of SoilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of pH and curing time on the strength properties of soils. Laboratory experiments were conducted on clay soils from Telangana, India, mixing the soils with varying percentages of lime (1-7%) and allowing curing times of 7-45 days. The results showed that maximum dry density decreased and optimum moisture content increased with higher lime content and longer curing times. Unconfined compressive strength and elastic modulus increased significantly with 7% lime and a 30 day curing time. Additional tests examined the effect of pH variations (3-9) of pore fluids on shear strength, finding that untreated and lime-treated soils exhibited higher cohesion and friction angles at pH levels of 3
The document is a project proposal that aims to characterize black cotton soil mixed with sand for use in civil engineering works. It outlines the objectives to determine specific gravity, swell potential, particle size distribution, and Atterberg limits of soil mixtures. The methodology will involve collecting black cotton soil samples from Gombe State and mixing them with sand from Bauchi State. Tests like sieve analysis, CBR, compaction, and Atterberg limits will be performed on the mixtures to classify the soils and determine their strength properties. The study aims to prescribe alternatives for stabilizing black cotton soil for use as sub-base materials in construction.
Strength Improvement of Mud Houses Through Stabilization of the Lateritic Mat...theijes
This paper reports an experimental investigation of the compressive strength of laterite stabilized with cement (CSL), lime (LSL) and rice straw (RSL) respectively. The laterites were collected from borrow pit used by locals in Bauchi, Nigeria to build mud houses. Unfortunately the mud houses experienced massive failures by through wall collapses over the years during the flooding cycles of the rainy seasons. An attempt is made to stabilize the lateritic soil materials used for the mud house walls in order to strengthen them against rains and flood erosions. Briefly discussed are factors that affect performance and strength, this include mix proportions, compaction, characteristics of the lateritic soil, mix procedure and curing. The results showed that the lateritic soils in the investigated area were relatively high on sand and lower on clay thereby promoting cement as the best stabilizer for strength. It increased the compressive strength by 661% from 0.61 N/mm2 at zero stabilization (ZSL) to 4.64 N/mm2 at 8% cement content after 28 days of curing. LSL and RSL at the same contents had strengths of 1.21 N/mm2 (98.4% increase) and 0.71 N/mm2 (16.4% increase) respectively. At 6% contents strength values were 4.33 N/mm2 , 1.16 N/mm2 and 0.66 N/mm2 respectively. The values reduced at 4% contents reporting 3.14N/mm2 , 0.82N/mm2 and 0.44N/mm2 respectively. While CSL increased non-linearly in density with increase in cement content, LSL and RSL decreased with increase of the respective contents. The results show that with cement as the stabilizer, mud house walls constructed with CSL bricks will resist collapse failures due to the perennial flooding in the area. Moreover by their relatively high compressive strengths they can be used for load bearing walls as much as sandcrete blocks
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This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
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This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
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This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
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This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
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Effects of steel mill scale on the strength characteristics of expansive clay soils
1. Civil and Environmental Research
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol.3, No.12, 2013
www.iiste.org
Effects of Steel Mill Scale on the strength characteristics of
Expansive Clay Soils(Black Cotton Clay soil)
A.O.OGUNDALU1,*, G.L. OYEKAN1, E.A.MESHIDA2,
1.
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Lagos, Nigeria
2. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Afe Babalola University,
Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
*Email of the corresponding author: waleogundalu2002@yahoo.com, waleogundalu2008@gmail.com,
Abstract: The results of laboratory investigations on the influence of Steel Mill Scale on the strength
characteristics of tropical black cotton clay soils are presented. Tropical Black Cotton clay soils were mixed with
Steel Mill Scale at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% Steel Mill Scale content (by dry weight of soil) in order to
establish the soil stabilizing potentials. Steel Mill Scale increased the Maximum Dry Density, MDD, of the soil
by about 19% and reduced the Optimum Moisture Content, OMC, by about 28%. Soaked CBR increased with
increase in Steel Mill Scale while Un-Soaked CBR decreased with increase in Steel Mill Scale content. Steel
Mill scale increased the Un-soaked CBR by about 19% and reduced the Soaked CBR by about 75%. Swelling
potential reduced by about 60% with the addition of Steel Mill Scale. Steel Mill Scale increased the unconfined
compressive strength of black cotton soils by about 53% at 5% Steel Mill Scale content. The results indicate that
there is a potential in the use of Steel Mill Scale to strengthen Black cotton soils.
Keywords: Expansive soils, Black cotton clay soil, Steel Mill Scale, Strength Characteristics
1.
Introduction
Black Cotton Soils (BCS) are dark colored expansive clays found between 50° N and 45° S of the equator. Major
areas of occurrence include Eastern Australia, India, Sudan, Cameroon, Ghana, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Chad. BCS
are also found in USA (Southern Texas, California, Montana, Hawaii, and Mississippi): South America (Mexico,
Uruguay and East Argentina): Eastern China, Russia and Ukraine. Black cotton soils (BCS) are found
predominantly in the North-Eastern part of Nigeria, lying within the Chad Basin and partly within the Benue
trough (Ola, 1981; NIBBRI, 1983; Osinubi et al, 2009).
Black Cotton Soils have been identified as very problematic engineering soils for structural foundations and
earthworks (ASCE 2012; Sabat 2012; Osinubi 2009). When dry, BCS appear very hard with high bearing
capacity to sustain imposed loads from building foundations and road pavements. But when wet, BCS absorb
large volumes of water, rapidly
swell, soften and loosen their high bearing capacity thereby leading to excessive settlement, differential
settlement, failure of building structures, road pavements and destruction of structures built on them. These
geotechnical characteristics make BCS highly problematic as foundation for buildings and road pavements.
Various efforts are being made to stabilize Black cotton soils with cement, lime, admixtures and waste products
to make the soils meet the requirements for construction works (Ali and Korranne 2011; Osinubi 2009; Ola
1983; Balogun 1991a, b). However, these have achieved limited success. Cement has been useful in stabilizing
expansive clays but is expensive and requires huge foreign exchange which is scarce in developing countries. In
addition, there is a tendency for the formation of cracks in the soil-cement mixture. Hence researches have
focused on potentially cost effective materials, admixtures and waste products like fly ash, rice husk ash and
marble dust that can improve the properties of black cotton soil, (Osinubi 2006; Sabat 2012; Sabat and Nanda
2011; Patil et al 2011).
Steel Mill Scale is a metal industry waste which is produced in large tons. It is mainly iron oxide formed in the
surface of steel during casting, hot rolling and reheating of steel. Mill scale poses grave disposal problems;
therefore the dumping of mill scale in landfills may create serious environmental issues. Murthy (2012) reported
that mill scale increases the CBR and permeability of black cotton soil while lowering the plasticity, but did not
investigate the effect on other strength properties. The Steel Mill Scale contains oxides of Aluminium and Iron
which can be available for cation exchange with clay soils. The possible use of Steel Mill Scale will reduce the
importation of cement and associated foreign exchange difficulties. The use of Steel Mill Scale in soil
stabilization is therefore of much economic and environmental benefit. The Steel Mill Scale was ground into
powder and mixed with black cotton soil in various proportions.
52
2. Civil and Environmental Research
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol.3, No.12, 2013
www.iiste.org
1.1
Location and Geology of the study area
Disturbed soil samples used for this investigation were collected along the Dikwa-Gamboru Road, Borno State,
North-East Nigeria. It is part of the area extensively covered by the Black Cotton Soil of North-Eastern Nigeria.
The study area falls within the Chad Basin which is part of the lacustrine and fluviatile clays and sands of the
Pleistocene age laid down during the late Tertiary and Quaternary periods (Ola 1983). Black Cotton Soils are
expansive clay soils.
2.
Materials and Methods
2.1
Tropical Black Cotton Clay Soil
Tropical black cotton clay soils were collected along the Dikwa-Gamboru Rd, Borno State, Nigeria. The soils
used in the study are dark grey clay soils classified as A-7-6 in the AASHTO Soil Classification System
(AASHTO 1986) and CL in the United Soil Classification System (ASTM 1992)
2.2
Steel Mill Scale (SMS)
The steel mill scale used in this investigation was sourced from a major steel rolling mill in Ikeja Area of Lagos
State, Nigeria. The chemical analysis was done at the Chemistry Department, University of Lagos. Chemical
composition is shown on Tables 1 and 2.
2.3
Methodology
Tests involving moisture-density relationship, CBR and Unconfined compression were carried out using air
dried samples ground into powder. The samples were then mixed with Steel mill scale in various proportions
before each test.
2.4
Soil Index Properties
Fresh soil samples collected and tested within 3 months were used in order to prevent alteration of the properties
of the residual soil. All the samples were air-dried for 1-day before testing in order to simulate field conditions as
suggested by Peck (1971). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out on the soil samples to aid the
identification of the clay mineral present. The predominant clay mineral present in the soil samples was found to
be montmorillonite. The results are in agreement with those obtained by Ola (1983) and Osinubi (2006) for soils
from the study area. A summary of the oxide and metallic composition of the clay soil and Steel Mill Scale
(SMS) is presented in Tables 1 and 2. A summary of the soil index properties is presented in Table 3.
Laboratory tests were performed on the samples in accordance with British Standard, BS 1377 (1990) for the
natural soil and BS 1924 (1990) for the treated soil. California Bearing ratio (CBR) tests were done in
accordance with the Nigerian General Specifications (1997) which stipulates that specimens are to be cured in
the dry for 6 days and then soaked for 24 hours before testing. The soil was characterized and classified by the
following tests: Atterberg limits, compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive
strength (UCS).
2.5
Compaction Tests
Tests involving the compaction tests and strength tests of CBR and Unconfined compressive strength were
carried out using the West African Standard (WAS) energy levels. If the BS (Proctor) compaction mould is used,
the compactive effort for the WAS consists of the energy derived from a 4.5kg rammer falling through 45cm
onto five layers, each receiving 10 blows. When the CBR mould is used, the WAS compactive effort is also
derived from a 4.5kg receiving 25 blows (Osinubi 1998a, b). WAS compaction is commonly used in West Africa
region.
2.6
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Tests
Two tests of CBR tests were conducted on each soil sample, one at the Optimum Moisture content, compacted to
the Maximum Dry Density (as per the West African Standard of Compaction) and the other test on a similarly
compacted under soaked conditions. A four-day soaking period was adopted. During soaking of the sample, the
amount of swelling was also measured. The test was repeated using the Standard Proctor Compaction for the
natural soil.
However, Nigeria Building and Road Research Institute (NIBRI 1983) reported that from observations on
subgrade data collected from old roads, subgrade moisture tends to attain equilibrium conditions after
undergoing significant changes with seasonal variations from year to year. After these equilibrium conditions are
attained, the subgrade moisture does not undergo any significant change. Hence, the practice of soaking for 4days before determining the CBR value may only be appropriate only in a few cases where the ground water
table is high or areas with high rainfall and other soil drainage conditions. These areas may warrant 4-days
soaking of sample.
53
3. Civil and Environmental Research
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol.3, No.12, 2013
www.iiste.org
2.7
Admixture Stabilization Mechanism
Stabilization mechanisms usually depend on the chemical reaction between the admixture and soil particles and
compaction. Test results of the oxide composition of the steel mill scale show a high percentage of Aluminium
Oxide (21.2%). Hence, the mechanism of stabilization expected is a cation exchange reaction between the soil
particles and the Aluminium Oxide.
3.
Results and Discussion
3.1
Mineral Composition
The result of the chemical analysis is presented in Tables 1 and 2. The main oxides present in the soil sample are
Silicon Oxide (SIO2) and Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3). The main oxide present in the Ground Polyvinyl Waste is
Calcium Oxide; hence the mechanism of stabilization will be similar to that of lime which depends on a cation
exchange with Calcium Oxide. The main metals present in the soil sample are Copper, Manganese and Iron,
Table 2.
3.2
Mineralogical Characterization of Soil samples
The mineralogical characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction techniques. The XRD spectrum is shown
in Fig.1. Seven (7) peaks were identified in the XRD spectrum. The main minerals found are identified in Table
3 below with corresponding International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD), Joint Committee on Power
Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) Card No:
3.3
Index Property of Soils
The Index properties of the soil sample are summarised in Table 4. Classification test indicates that the
underlying soil lies above the A-line (Fig.2) and can be classified as A-7-6 soil under the AASHTO Soil
Classification System (1986) or CH in the United Soil Classification System. The soil is clayey.
3.4
Effect of Steel Mill Scale on the Compaction Characteristics
The effect of steel mill scale content on the maximum dry density (MDD) and the optimum moisture content
(OMC) of the soil for the West Africa Standard compactive efforts, WAS, are shown in Fig.3. The MDD of the
stabilized soil increased with increase in steel mill scale content, Fig.4, while the OMC decreased with increase
in steel mill scale content, Fig.5. The results show that steel mill scale increased the compaction and strength of
the BCS while reducing the optimum moisture content, OMC. This trend is opposite that obtained with the effect
of lime on clayey soils. Lime usually reduces the MDD and increases the OMC of clayey soils at a given
compactive effort, Osinubi (2006). The result may be due to the presence of high quantity of Aluminium oxide
and low Calcium oxide in the Steel Mill Scale, Table 1. The steel mill scale increased the MDD of the soil
samples by about 19%. The MDD obtained at 10% steel mill scale content and above is within the range of 1720
to 1920kg/m3 which is considered satisfactory to excellent. The OMC of the natural soil was reduced by about
28%.
3.5
Effect on the Strength Characteristics
3.5.1
Effect on California Bearing Ratio
The CBR test was carried out using the results of the West African Standard (WAS) compaction test. It should
be noted that the Soaked CBR of the natural soil appear higher than other expansive clays, two significant factors
greatly affect CBR values. These are the density to which the soil is compacted and the moisture content of the
sample at the time of testing (NIBRI 1993). The moisture content is also affected by the amount of water
contained in the natural soil samples. Natural black cotton soil of CBR value of 11% using the WAS compaction
has been reported (Osinubi 2006).
The test results shown in Figs.6 and 7 indicate that there is appreciable increase in strength with the addition of
steel mill scale to stabilize the tropical black cotton clay soil. Fig.6 shows that the Unsoaked CBR of the natural
soil increased with increase in steel mill scale content. Fig.7 shows that the Soaked CBR of the natural soil
reduced with the addition of steel mill scale. The Soaked CBR initially decreased from 24% to about 2% at 5%
steel mill scale content, further increase in steel mill scale content led to a gradual increase in soaked CBR. The
Soaked CBR increased with increase in steel mill content up to a value of 6% at a steel mill scale content of
30%, with no tendency to come down. The Un-soaked CBR increased by about 16% while the Soaked CBR
decreased by about 75%. The soaked CBR at 30% fell below the minimum CBR requirement of 40% for subbase. The Soaked CBR of the natural soil was greatly reduced by the steel mill scale thereby indicating a
significant disintegration of the stabilized mixture in the presence of water. However, based on the results, there
is evidence that the Un-soaked CBR increased with the addition of steel mill scale. Therefore, if the mixture is
protected from water, the CBR will be within the requirement. The swelling potential decreased with increase in
steel mill scale content. The swelling potential reduced by about 60% with the addition of steel mill scale, Fig.8.
54
4. Civil and Environmental Research
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol.3, No.12, 2013
www.iiste.org
3.5.2
Effect on the Unconfined Compressive Strength
The variation of UCS with Steel Mill Scale content for the stabilized soil mixture is shown in Fig.9. The
variation of the Cohesion with Steel Mill Scale content for the stabilized soil mixture is shown in Fig.10. The
Unconfined compressive strength of the Black cotton soil increased from 31.8% to 48.6% at 5% Steel Mill Scale
content. Further addition of Steel Mill Scale above 5% led to a decrease in the unconfined compressive strength.
The reduction in the unconfined compressive strength may be attributed to non-alignment of the filler particle
interface with the matrix of the soil particles thereby creating a line of weakness and subsequent loss of strength.
This is also reflected in the loss of cohesion as indicated in Fig. 10. Composite strength and toughness are
strongly affected by particle/matrix adhesion as strength depends on effective stress transfer between filler and
matrix while toughness/brittleness is controlled by adhesion
(Fu et al, 2008). The better the mixing, the better the dispersion and diffusion and consequently the stabilization
process (Locat et al, 1990).
4.
Conclusion
From the results of the investigations conducted, the following conclusions can be made:
i. Steel Mill Scale (SMS) increased the MDD of black cotton soils by about 19%. The increase is within
the range of 1720 to 1920kg/m3 which is considered satisfactory to excellent.
ii.
Steel Mill Scale reduced the OMC of black cotton soils by about 28%.
iii.
The strength characteristics of the soil-steel mill scale mixtures improved as the swelling potential was
reduced by about 60%. Steel mill scale also increased the Un-soaked CBR of black cotton soils by
about 16%. The increase in strength shows a potential for future usage. The addition of steel mill scale
reduced the Soaked CBR of black cotton soils by about 75%.
iv.
Steel Mill Scale increased the unconfined compressive strength of black cotton soils by about 53% at
5% Steel Mill Scale content.
v.
Suggested future works include investigating the influence of lime on Steel mill scale-soil mixture.
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www.iiste.org
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of Nigeria in engineering practise, S.A. Ola, ed., Balkema, Rotterdam, 85-101
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Admixture.’ Advanced Materials Research, Volumes 62 - 64, pp.3-10. In: Advances in Materials and Systems
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Shamrani, M.A., Mutaz, E., Puppala, A.J and Dafalla, M.A .(2010). Characterization of Problematic Expansive
Soils
from
Mineralogical
and
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Studies.
ASCE Conf. Proc. 365, 78.
A.O.Ogundalu, is a PhD (Geotechnical Engineering) student at the Civil Engineering Department, University of
Lagos, Nigeria. E-mail: waleogundalu2002@yahoo.com, waleogundalu2008@gmail.com
G.L.Oyekan PhD is a Professor of Civil Engineering at the Civil & Environmental Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Lagos. E-mail: gloyekan@yahoo.com, gloyekan@unilag.edu.ng
E.A. Meshida PhD is a Professor of Geology at the Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Afe
Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. E-mail: terageo@yahoo.co.uk
Table 1: Oxide Composition of Samples
Mineral (%)
Soil sample
SIO2
39.61
Al2O3
30.87
Fe2O3
0.43
CaO
0.39
MgO
0.36
Na2O
0.09
K 2O
0.52
SO3
0.13
Table 2: Metallic Composition of Samples (mg/kg)
Mineral (%)
Cadmium
Copper
Manganese
Nickel, Nl
Lead, Pb
Iron, Fe
Zinc, Zn
Steel Mill Scale
62.5
21.20
4.30
0.20
0.14
0.15
0.52
0.12
Soil sample
Not detected
0.00000313
0.00000135
0.00000004
Not detected
0.00000234
0.0000007
Steel Mill Scale
Not Detected
0.00000248
0.00000496
Not detected
0.00000004
0.0002644
0.00000045
56
6. Civil and Environmental Research
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
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Table 3: Mineralogical Characterization of Soil samples
Peak
2
Corresponding to
Peak 1
24.03
Peak 2
Peak 4
Peak 5
26.64
31.61
32.85
Peak 6
Peak 7
64.74
66.02
Hydrogen Aluminium
Silicate
Aluminium Oxide
Silicon Oxide
Hydrogen Aluminium
Silicate
Silicon Oxide
Aluminium Silicate
JCPDS
Card No
42-0024
(h, k, l)
Structure
Colour
5, 2, 0
Monoclinic
Not given
46-1131
40-1498
42-0024
0, 1, 5
3, 2, 1
3, 6, 2
Tetragonal
Tetragonal
Monoclinic
Not given
Not given
Not given
40-1498
11-0046
0, 5, 17
-5, 1, 1
Tetragonal
Triclinic
Not given
Blue
Other minerals present are Calcium Silicate Hydroxide, Iron oxide
Table 4: Index properties of Natural soil sample
Property
Liquid limit, %
Plastic limit, %
Plasticity Index, %
Shrinkage limit, %
Free Swell, %
Optimum moisture content, %
Maximum Dry Density, MDD (Mg/m3)
Unsoaked CBR (%)
Soaked CBR (%)
UCS
Swell potential
Free Swell
Compressibility
Soil sample
(Standard Proctor)
66.0
24.5
41.5
9.4
70
20.45
1.484
24
15
32.7
High
High
High
57
Soil sample
(West Africa Standard)
66.0
24.5
41.5
9.4
70
20.48
1.639
31
24
32.7
High
High
High
7. Civil and Environmental Research
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol.3, No.12, 2013
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Fig.1: XRD Spectrum for Soil sample
Fig.2: Plasticity Chart for soil classification
58
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Fig.3: Moisture-Dry density relationship for the soil sample with varying Steel Mill Scale content
Fig.4: Variation of Maximum Dry Density with Steel Mill Scale content for the soil samples
59
9. Civil and Environmental Research
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Fig.5: Variation of Optimum Moisture Content with Steel Mill Scale content for the soil samples
Fig.6: Variation of Un-soaked CBR with Steel Mill Scale content for the soil samples
60
10. Civil and Environmental Research
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
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Fig.7: Variation of Soaked CBR with Steel Mill Scale content for the soil samples
Fig.8: Variation of swelling potential with Ground Polyvinyl waste content for the soil samples
61
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Fig.9: Variation of Unconfined Compressive Strength with Steel Mill Scale content for the soil samples
Fig.10: Variation of Cohesion with Steel Mill Scale content for the soil samples
62
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