Bamboo forest carbon sequestration has strong development potential in coping with global climate change. The management of Moso bamboo forest can exert its own strong carbon sequestration ability and promote farmers' income, which is the fundamental point of bamboo industry development and can integrate ecological, economic, and social benefits. In this study, two Moso bamboo forests with different management modes in Lin'an and Yuhang of Zhejiang Province were used as research points. Using the system dynamic thinking method, a dynamic system model was constructed to simulate the growth process of Moso bamboo and its carbon sink supply. Then comparative analysis was made of its carbon sink supply potential. It is easy for bamboo forest managers to change management measures according to their requirements and create a dynamic balance between ecology and economics when determining the optimum management mode for the bamboo forest under the supply potential of carbon sink. According to the study results, the carbon sink supply under the intensive model is the most ideal, while the carbon sink supply under the extensive peach blossom model is the least ideal.
COMPARATIVE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEME...IAEME Publication
The main objectives of this paper to review the cost of the different municipal solid waste
management and to assess the different options using a comparative life cycle appraisal in
selected wards of Bangalore. Life cycle appraisal methodology was used for optimum
municipal solid waste management strategies in selected wards of Bangalore city. Bangalore
is the largest city and business capital of Karnataka state. The population of the city as per the
2011 census is 8,443,675 with the total number of houses 2,101,831. The total of
approximately 62.84 tons per day of waste is generated in selected wards of Bangalore.
Environmental LCA is a system analysis tool is used to analyze and to evaluate different
options that can be implemented to enable the good community solid waste management in the
present study. Collected waste to the landfill and composting (Oc I) Optimized route for waste
to landfill (OcII) vermin composting (62%) and landfill (32%) (OcIII), Entire waste
Incineration (Oc IV), were taken into consideration. An effective Community Municipal Solid
waste management system is needed in these selected wards, since the generated CMSW is
transported to the dumped yard that has no liner, no biogas capture, etc. Based on the analysis
indicates that, the Option OcI and OcIII led to the most adverse environmental impact in the
human health and ecosystem quality damage category. Option OcII (Recycling, optimized
route and landfilling) is the best option in terms of lower environmental impacts on human
health, ecosystem quality and resources and financial requirements. The results also showed
that the most eco-friendly scenario to be implemented in the future would be the combination
of incineration and landfill (OcIV), further, Oc III option had the least helpful effect on the
resources damage category. Theoverall analysis of different options implied that the scenario
Sc-1 was the worst options, and followed by OcII and OcIII among the studied options.
Remodeling a Manually Operated Bio Briquetting Machine for Bio Briquetting of...Premier Publishers
Briquetting of organic waste like wheat straw, peanut shell, coconut fibers, rice husk, maize cob and various other agricultural residues is a common practice in India and abroad. Generally briquetting process is done by application of heat and pressure through electrically driven machines. This paper accounts for developing a bio briquetting machine in horizontal orientation and a comparative study between two models of manually driven bio briquetting machine for a harmful forest bio residue of Western Himalayas named as dry and fallen pine needles. One of the authors of this paper has successfully designed and manufactured these two types of manually driven forest bio residue briquetting machine in vertical and horizontal orientation. These machines are designed to reduce the use of fossil fuels and promote clean and green energy. The uniqueness of the paper is also reflected by adopting grass not level execution strategy for addressing climate change issue and creating livelihood opportunities for the communities through converting a harmful forest bio residue into a useful resource for clean energy under social entrepreneurship skills. It is further added that such an intervention will avoid devastating forest fires which are primarily initiated by huge quantity of dry and fallen pine needles lying on the forest floors. A manually operated bio briquetting machine finds its larger acceptability for a eco fragile, fire prone, chir pine forest areas of Western Himalayas by eliminating fire hazards as well as providing direct economic benefits to the villages through the sale of bio briquettes.
The source of energy captured by plants is the sun, which will be the constant source of energy for the next few billion years. The carbon released from the burning of biofuels is continually cycled rather than being released from the ancient fixed carbon sources, as is the case for fossil petroleum and natural gas. The problem is that the cost of the production of fuels from lignocellulose and plant oils is high and this nascent industry cannot compete with the oil prices. Current progress: For the past two decades, ethanol has been synthesized primarily from cornstarch and cane sugar. Fourteen billion gallons of ethanol were synthesized in the USA from cornstarch in 2014. Approximately 40% of the current USA corn crop is availed to produce ethanol and is not likely to expand anymore, because the remainder of the crop is being availed for animal feed and human food. Ethanol is produced from cane sugar in Brazil at a level of 7.2 billion gallons in the year 2014. The renewable energy source is the major terrain to be considered (Sreeremya, 2019).
Climate Change and Forest Management: Adaptation of Geospatial Technologiesrsmahabir
eraction with the environment, has led to increased concerns about the impact of such disruption on major areas of sustainable development. This has resulted in various innovations in technology, policy and forged alliances at regional and international scales in an effort to reduce humans’ impact on climate. Forests provide a suitable option for reducing the net amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by acting as carbon sinks, thereby forming one part of a more complete solution for combating climate change. At the same time, forests are also sensitive to changes in climate, making sustainable forest management a critical component of present and future climate change strategies. This paper examines the contribution of geospatial technologies in supporting sustainable forest management, emphasizing its use in the classification of forests, estimation of their structure, detecting change and modeling of carbon stocks.
Carbon stock of woody species along Altitude gradient in Alemsaga Forest, Sou...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Purpose: Forest ecosystems play a significant role in the climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. Therefore carbon determination provide clear indications of the possibilities of promoting forest development and management for mitigating of climate change through soil and vegetation carbon sequestration. The study was carried out to quantify carbon stock potential in Alemsaga Forest, South Gondar zone. Research method: Vegetation data Collection was made using a systematic sampling method; laying six transect lines with 500 m apart and 54 quadrants of 20 m X 20 m established 200 m distant to each other along the transect lines. In these plots, abundance, DBH and heights of all woody species were recorded, and soil sample was collected 1m X1m from the four corners and center of each quadrant. General allometric model was used for estimating above and belowground biomass. The organic carbon content of the soil samples was determined in the laboratory. Finding: A total of 66 woody plant species belong to 42 families were identified, Fabaceae was the most dominant families. The total mean above and belowground carbon stock was 216.86 ton/ha and 114.71 ton/ha respectively and soil organic carbon (SOC) 103.15 ton/ha. Above and belowground carbon increased as altitude decreased, but SOC increases with increase of altitude. Originality/value: Carbon stock estimation in the forest helps to manage the forests sustainably from the ecological, economic and environmental points of view and opportunities for economic benefit through carbon trading to farmers.
COMPARATIVE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEME...IAEME Publication
The main objectives of this paper to review the cost of the different municipal solid waste
management and to assess the different options using a comparative life cycle appraisal in
selected wards of Bangalore. Life cycle appraisal methodology was used for optimum
municipal solid waste management strategies in selected wards of Bangalore city. Bangalore
is the largest city and business capital of Karnataka state. The population of the city as per the
2011 census is 8,443,675 with the total number of houses 2,101,831. The total of
approximately 62.84 tons per day of waste is generated in selected wards of Bangalore.
Environmental LCA is a system analysis tool is used to analyze and to evaluate different
options that can be implemented to enable the good community solid waste management in the
present study. Collected waste to the landfill and composting (Oc I) Optimized route for waste
to landfill (OcII) vermin composting (62%) and landfill (32%) (OcIII), Entire waste
Incineration (Oc IV), were taken into consideration. An effective Community Municipal Solid
waste management system is needed in these selected wards, since the generated CMSW is
transported to the dumped yard that has no liner, no biogas capture, etc. Based on the analysis
indicates that, the Option OcI and OcIII led to the most adverse environmental impact in the
human health and ecosystem quality damage category. Option OcII (Recycling, optimized
route and landfilling) is the best option in terms of lower environmental impacts on human
health, ecosystem quality and resources and financial requirements. The results also showed
that the most eco-friendly scenario to be implemented in the future would be the combination
of incineration and landfill (OcIV), further, Oc III option had the least helpful effect on the
resources damage category. Theoverall analysis of different options implied that the scenario
Sc-1 was the worst options, and followed by OcII and OcIII among the studied options.
Remodeling a Manually Operated Bio Briquetting Machine for Bio Briquetting of...Premier Publishers
Briquetting of organic waste like wheat straw, peanut shell, coconut fibers, rice husk, maize cob and various other agricultural residues is a common practice in India and abroad. Generally briquetting process is done by application of heat and pressure through electrically driven machines. This paper accounts for developing a bio briquetting machine in horizontal orientation and a comparative study between two models of manually driven bio briquetting machine for a harmful forest bio residue of Western Himalayas named as dry and fallen pine needles. One of the authors of this paper has successfully designed and manufactured these two types of manually driven forest bio residue briquetting machine in vertical and horizontal orientation. These machines are designed to reduce the use of fossil fuels and promote clean and green energy. The uniqueness of the paper is also reflected by adopting grass not level execution strategy for addressing climate change issue and creating livelihood opportunities for the communities through converting a harmful forest bio residue into a useful resource for clean energy under social entrepreneurship skills. It is further added that such an intervention will avoid devastating forest fires which are primarily initiated by huge quantity of dry and fallen pine needles lying on the forest floors. A manually operated bio briquetting machine finds its larger acceptability for a eco fragile, fire prone, chir pine forest areas of Western Himalayas by eliminating fire hazards as well as providing direct economic benefits to the villages through the sale of bio briquettes.
The source of energy captured by plants is the sun, which will be the constant source of energy for the next few billion years. The carbon released from the burning of biofuels is continually cycled rather than being released from the ancient fixed carbon sources, as is the case for fossil petroleum and natural gas. The problem is that the cost of the production of fuels from lignocellulose and plant oils is high and this nascent industry cannot compete with the oil prices. Current progress: For the past two decades, ethanol has been synthesized primarily from cornstarch and cane sugar. Fourteen billion gallons of ethanol were synthesized in the USA from cornstarch in 2014. Approximately 40% of the current USA corn crop is availed to produce ethanol and is not likely to expand anymore, because the remainder of the crop is being availed for animal feed and human food. Ethanol is produced from cane sugar in Brazil at a level of 7.2 billion gallons in the year 2014. The renewable energy source is the major terrain to be considered (Sreeremya, 2019).
Climate Change and Forest Management: Adaptation of Geospatial Technologiesrsmahabir
eraction with the environment, has led to increased concerns about the impact of such disruption on major areas of sustainable development. This has resulted in various innovations in technology, policy and forged alliances at regional and international scales in an effort to reduce humans’ impact on climate. Forests provide a suitable option for reducing the net amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by acting as carbon sinks, thereby forming one part of a more complete solution for combating climate change. At the same time, forests are also sensitive to changes in climate, making sustainable forest management a critical component of present and future climate change strategies. This paper examines the contribution of geospatial technologies in supporting sustainable forest management, emphasizing its use in the classification of forests, estimation of their structure, detecting change and modeling of carbon stocks.
Carbon stock of woody species along Altitude gradient in Alemsaga Forest, Sou...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Purpose: Forest ecosystems play a significant role in the climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. Therefore carbon determination provide clear indications of the possibilities of promoting forest development and management for mitigating of climate change through soil and vegetation carbon sequestration. The study was carried out to quantify carbon stock potential in Alemsaga Forest, South Gondar zone. Research method: Vegetation data Collection was made using a systematic sampling method; laying six transect lines with 500 m apart and 54 quadrants of 20 m X 20 m established 200 m distant to each other along the transect lines. In these plots, abundance, DBH and heights of all woody species were recorded, and soil sample was collected 1m X1m from the four corners and center of each quadrant. General allometric model was used for estimating above and belowground biomass. The organic carbon content of the soil samples was determined in the laboratory. Finding: A total of 66 woody plant species belong to 42 families were identified, Fabaceae was the most dominant families. The total mean above and belowground carbon stock was 216.86 ton/ha and 114.71 ton/ha respectively and soil organic carbon (SOC) 103.15 ton/ha. Above and belowground carbon increased as altitude decreased, but SOC increases with increase of altitude. Originality/value: Carbon stock estimation in the forest helps to manage the forests sustainably from the ecological, economic and environmental points of view and opportunities for economic benefit through carbon trading to farmers.
Perception of Household on Greening methods to Ameliorate Climate change in S...IJEABJ
The project investigated the perception of household on greening methods to ameliorate climate change in south- west of Oyo state. The study was carried out in Oluyole local Government of Oyo state, Nigeria. Where two areas were randomly selected (Oluyole estate and Oluyole Extension). A total number of 91 structured questionnaires were retrieved out of 130 administered. Data collected were analyzed. Descriptive was used to analyzed socio economic characteristics, sources of information on greening, perception of respondent on greening, different greening method by the respondent and constraints, cross tabulation was used to explain association between socio characteristics and greening method and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used to analyzed constraints and greening method by the respondents, relationship between the perception and greening method by the respondents. The result of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were male (65.9%),and between the ages of 31-40 (34.2%), majority also had tertiary education(58.2%) this showed that people within the study area were informed on the value of education, it was also revealed that majority of the respondent agreed that the human activities have led to climate change 3.51 mean value, Developing countries should take most of the blame for climate change (3.07) mean value and that laws governing the forestry management in Nigeria should be revisited with 2.03mean value. Respondents agreed that planting of trees, planting of tree crops, planting of flowers, planting of shrubs like Morida lucida, Moringa oleifera, Glyricidia sepium, management and development are the best method to ameliorate climate change, it was observed that deforestation, urbanization, industrialization, Lack of good policy by Federal Government are the major constraints. The use solar energy is the least that people use because majority are using generator which add carbon monoxide to the atmosphere. This study recommended that human activities should be controlled in order to modify our environment, planting of trees, planting of tree crops like mango, cashew, orange, coconut will serve as fruit for family as well as improvement on climate change, planting of flowers for beautification and planting of shrubs are the best method to ameliorate climate change. Laws should be enacted to avoid climate change based on deforestation and good policies should be put to practice by Federal Government base on industrialization in urban areas.
Presented by Dr. Ir. Bambang Supriyanto, M.Sc. (Director General of Social Forestry and Environmental Partnership - Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia) on "Signing of MoU on scientific and technical cooperation between FOERDIA, Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia and CIFOR" (26 February 2019)
A Brief Overview on Social Forestry Issues of MyanmarCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation, given at the ASFN 6th conference at Inle Lake in June 2015, provides a framework for discussion and further research for the promotion and development of social forestry on a large scale.
The participatory management plan is a technical, legal and social device that joins the objectives of biodiversity conservation and the socio-economic needs of local populations. This research work aims to evaluate the impact of Wari-Maro classified forest management plan implementation on the structure and specific diversity of vegetation types. The methodological approach followed is based on the comparison of the dendrometric parameters and plant diversity parameters before and after the management plan implementation. The phytosociological and dendrometric database before the management plan was compiled with data from the forest inventory conducted by PAMF project in 2004 and others work. The forest and phytosociological inventories were carried out on the plots (70) from the forest inventory of PAMF project (2004) following the same methodological principles. The Shannon diversity index decreased from 3.35 ± 0.57 bits in 2004 to 1.98 ± 0.73 bits in 2014. The average density of dbh trees ≥ 10 cm decreased from 740.37 ± 269 , 86 stems / ha in 2004 to 184 ± 100 stems / ha in 2014. The results of the 5% sample matched t-test reveal a non-significant difference between the Shannon Diversity Index of 2004 and of 2014. On the other hand, the results of the sample t-test matched at the 5% threshold, reveal a significant difference between the average density value of 2004 and 2014 for all vegetation types except shrub savannas, fields and fallows. Most of the plant species found before the management plan are still present despite the decreased in individuals’ density.
A MODEL TO ESTIMATE STORED CARBON IN THE UPLAND FORESTS OF THE WANGGU WATERSHEDAsramid Yasin
Abstract
Climate change coupled with deforestation has brought about an increase in greenhouse gas emissions in the
atmosphere. One way to control climate change is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by maintaining the integrity
of natural forests and increasing the density of tree populations. This research aimed to (a) identifies the density
of stand trees in the upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (b) analyze the potential carbon stocks contained in
the upstream forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (c) develop a model to estimate potential carbon stocks in the
upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed. The land cover classification in this study used the guided classification
with the Object-Based Image algorithm. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was employed as an
indicator of vegetation cover density. Field measurements were carried out by calculating the diameter of the stand
trees in 30 observation plots. Field biomass values were obtained through allometric equations. Regression analysis
was conducted to determine the correlation between NDVI densities and field biomass. The results showed that
the best equation for estimating potential carbon stocks in the Wanggu Watershed forest area was y = 3.48 (Exp.
7,435x), with an R2 of 50.2%. Potential above ground biomass carbon in the Wanggu Watershed based on NDVI
values was 414,043.26 tons in 2019, consist of protected forest areas of 279,070.15 tons and production forests of
134,973.11 tons. While total above biomass carbon based on field measurement reached 529,541.01 tons, consist
of protected forests of 419,197.82 tons and production forests of 110,343.20 tons.
Perception of Household on Greening methods to Ameliorate Climate change in S...IJEABJ
The project investigated the perception of household on greening methods to ameliorate climate change in south- west of Oyo state. The study was carried out in Oluyole local Government of Oyo state, Nigeria. Where two areas were randomly selected (Oluyole estate and Oluyole Extension). A total number of 91 structured questionnaires were retrieved out of 130 administered. Data collected were analyzed. Descriptive was used to analyzed socio economic characteristics, sources of information on greening, perception of respondent on greening, different greening method by the respondent and constraints, cross tabulation was used to explain association between socio characteristics and greening method and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used to analyzed constraints and greening method by the respondents, relationship between the perception and greening method by the respondents. The result of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were male (65.9%),and between the ages of 31-40 (34.2%), majority also had tertiary education(58.2%) this showed that people within the study area were informed on the value of education, it was also revealed that majority of the respondent agreed that the human activities have led to climate change 3.51 mean value, Developing countries should take most of the blame for climate change (3.07) mean value and that laws governing the forestry management in Nigeria should be revisited with 2.03mean value. Respondents agreed that planting of trees, planting of tree crops, planting of flowers, planting of shrubs like Morida lucida, Moringa oleifera, Glyricidia sepium, management and development are the best method to ameliorate climate change, it was observed that deforestation, urbanization, industrialization, Lack of good policy by Federal Government are the major constraints. The use solar energy is the least that people use because majority are using generator which add carbon monoxide to the atmosphere. This study recommended that human activities should be controlled in order to modify our environment, planting of trees, planting of tree crops like mango, cashew, orange, coconut will serve as fruit for family as well as improvement on climate change, planting of flowers for beautification and planting of shrubs are the best method to ameliorate climate change. Laws should be enacted to avoid climate change based on deforestation and good policies should be put to practice by Federal Government base on industrialization in urban areas.
Presented by Dr. Ir. Bambang Supriyanto, M.Sc. (Director General of Social Forestry and Environmental Partnership - Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia) on "Signing of MoU on scientific and technical cooperation between FOERDIA, Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia and CIFOR" (26 February 2019)
A Brief Overview on Social Forestry Issues of MyanmarCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation, given at the ASFN 6th conference at Inle Lake in June 2015, provides a framework for discussion and further research for the promotion and development of social forestry on a large scale.
The participatory management plan is a technical, legal and social device that joins the objectives of biodiversity conservation and the socio-economic needs of local populations. This research work aims to evaluate the impact of Wari-Maro classified forest management plan implementation on the structure and specific diversity of vegetation types. The methodological approach followed is based on the comparison of the dendrometric parameters and plant diversity parameters before and after the management plan implementation. The phytosociological and dendrometric database before the management plan was compiled with data from the forest inventory conducted by PAMF project in 2004 and others work. The forest and phytosociological inventories were carried out on the plots (70) from the forest inventory of PAMF project (2004) following the same methodological principles. The Shannon diversity index decreased from 3.35 ± 0.57 bits in 2004 to 1.98 ± 0.73 bits in 2014. The average density of dbh trees ≥ 10 cm decreased from 740.37 ± 269 , 86 stems / ha in 2004 to 184 ± 100 stems / ha in 2014. The results of the 5% sample matched t-test reveal a non-significant difference between the Shannon Diversity Index of 2004 and of 2014. On the other hand, the results of the sample t-test matched at the 5% threshold, reveal a significant difference between the average density value of 2004 and 2014 for all vegetation types except shrub savannas, fields and fallows. Most of the plant species found before the management plan are still present despite the decreased in individuals’ density.
A MODEL TO ESTIMATE STORED CARBON IN THE UPLAND FORESTS OF THE WANGGU WATERSHEDAsramid Yasin
Abstract
Climate change coupled with deforestation has brought about an increase in greenhouse gas emissions in the
atmosphere. One way to control climate change is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by maintaining the integrity
of natural forests and increasing the density of tree populations. This research aimed to (a) identifies the density
of stand trees in the upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (b) analyze the potential carbon stocks contained in
the upstream forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (c) develop a model to estimate potential carbon stocks in the
upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed. The land cover classification in this study used the guided classification
with the Object-Based Image algorithm. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was employed as an
indicator of vegetation cover density. Field measurements were carried out by calculating the diameter of the stand
trees in 30 observation plots. Field biomass values were obtained through allometric equations. Regression analysis
was conducted to determine the correlation between NDVI densities and field biomass. The results showed that
the best equation for estimating potential carbon stocks in the Wanggu Watershed forest area was y = 3.48 (Exp.
7,435x), with an R2 of 50.2%. Potential above ground biomass carbon in the Wanggu Watershed based on NDVI
values was 414,043.26 tons in 2019, consist of protected forest areas of 279,070.15 tons and production forests of
134,973.11 tons. While total above biomass carbon based on field measurement reached 529,541.01 tons, consist
of protected forests of 419,197.82 tons and production forests of 110,343.20 tons.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Application of Allometric Equation for Estimating Above-Ground Biomass and Ca...AI Publications
Urban trees play a crucial role and natural role in sequestrating carbon from the atmosphere. This study estimates the above ground biomass, carbon stock and carbon dioxide equivalent of urban trees in southern part of Benin Republic. A complete enumeration of street trees was carried out from which 1119 trees were observed and measured for total height and diameter at breast height. Above ground biomass and carbon stock of trees were estimated using allometric equation, because tree carbon stocks are generally not measured directly whenever the biomass estimation involves rare tree species or trees that are meant for protective and aesthetic purposes. The results of the analysis indicated that the total above ground biomass, carbon stock and carbon dioxide equivalent were 1306.097mt, 613.883mt and 2250.647mt respectively. All trees encountered during data collection belonged to Casuarinaceae, Combretaceae Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Sterculiaceae, Verbenaceae and Meliaceae families and they comprised eleven different tree species with Khaya senegalensis as the dominant tree species. It can be concluded from this study that the urban trees in southern part of Benin act as a reservoir of atmospheric carbon dioxide and further play important part in the global climate change mitigation.
Business to Forest 2013. The main aim of the Business to Fores project is to unite society, business and government for restoration of degraded forests and climate change mitigation.
Business to Forest 2013. The main aim of the Business to Fores project is to unite society, business and government for restoration of degraded forests and climate change mitigation.
Total Ionization Cross Sections due to Electron Impact of Ammonia from Thresh...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In the present paper, we have employed modified Khare-BEB method [Atoms, (2019)] to evaluate total ionization cross sections by the electron impact for ammonia in energy range from the ionization threshold to 10 MeV. The theoretical ionization cross sections have been compared to the available previous theoretical and experimental results. The collision parameters dipole matrix squared M_j^2 and CRP also have been calculated. The present calculations were found in remarkable agreement with the available experimental results.
A Case Study on Small Town Big Player – Enjay IT Solutions Ltd., BhiladDr. Amarjeet Singh
Adequately trained Manpower is a problem that affects the IT industry as a whole, but it is particularly acute for Enjay IT Solution. Enjay's location in a semi-urban or rural area makes it even more difficult to find a talented employee with the right skills. As the competition for skilled workers grows, it becomes more difficult to attract and keep those workers who have the requisite training and experience.
Effect of Biopesticide from the Stems of Gossypium Arboreum on Pink Bollworm ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Pink bollworm and Lepidoptera development quickly in numbers which is a typical animal group that produces around 100 youthful ones inside certain days or weeks. This assault influences the harvests broadly in the tropical and sub-tropical temperature areas. Thus, to keep up with the yield of harvests the vermin ought to be kept away by utilizing pesticides. The unnecessary measure of the purpose of pesticides influences the dirt, land, and as well as human well-being, and contaminates the climate. Thus, an ozone-accommodating biopesticide is extracted from the stems of the Gossypium arboreum. Thus, the extraction of biopesticide from the stems of Gossypium arboreum demonstrated that the quantity of pink bollworm and Lepidoptera is diminished step by step in the wake of showering the arrangement on the impacted region of the plant because of the presence of the gossypol.
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in E-Commerce: The Possibility of Exploiti...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
E-Commerce has transformed business as we know over the past few decades. The rapid increasing use of the Internet and the strong purchasing power in Saudi Arabia have had a strong impact on the evolution of E-Commerce in the country. Saudi Arabia is yet another country that will release artificial intelligence power to fuel its growth in the economic world. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) applications that can facilitate e-commerce processes have been widely used. The impact of using artificial intelligence (AI) concepts and techniques on the efficiency of e-commerce, particularly has been overlooked by many prior studies. In this paper, a literature review was conducted to explore and investigate possible applications of AI in E-Commerce that can help Saudi Arabian businesses.
Factors Influencing Ownership Pattern and its Impact on Corporate Performance...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This study on factors influencing Ownership pattern and its impact on corporate performance has used five industries data viz Automobile industry, IT industry, Banking industry, Oil & Gas industry and pharmaceutical industry for five years from 2017 to 2021. First the factors influencing ownership pattern was identified and later its impact on corporate performance was analysed. Multiple Regression, ANOVA and Correlation was used in SPSS 28. Percentage of independent directors on the board and size of the company has significant impact on Indian Promotor holding and non-institutional ownership has significant impact on corporate performance.
An Analytical Study on Ratios Influencing Profitability of Selected Indian Au...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Every country with a well-developed transportation network has a well-developed economy. The automobile industry is a critical engine of the nation's economic development. The automobile industry has significant backward and forward links with every area of the economy, as well as a strong and progressive multiplier impact. The automotive industry and the auto component industry are both included in the vehicle industry. It includes passenger waggons, light, medium, and heavy commercial vehicles, as well as multi-utility vehicles such as jeeps, three-wheelers, military vehicles, motorcycles, tractors, and auto-components such as engine parts, batteries, drive transmission parts, electrical, suspension and chassis parts, and body and other parts. In the last several years, India's automobile sector has seen incredible growth in sales, production, innovation, and exports. India's car industry has emerged as one of the best in the world, and the auto-ancillary sector is poised to assist the vehicle sector's expansion. Vehicle manufacturers and auto-parts manufacturers account for a significant component of global motorised manufacturing. Vehicle manufacturers from across the world are keeping a close eye on the Indian auto sector in order to assess future demand and establish India as a global manufacturing base. The current research focuses on three automotive behemoths: TATA Motors, MRF, and Mahindra & Mahindra.
A Study on Factors Influencing the Financial Performance Analysis Selected Pr...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The growth of a country's banking sector has a significant impact on its economic development. The banking sector plays a critical role in determining a country's economic future. A well-planned, structured, efficient, and viable banking system is an essential component of an economy's economic and social infrastructure. In modern society, a strong banking system is required because it meets the financial needs of the modern society. In a country's economy, the banking system plays a crucial role. Because it connects surplus and deficit economic agents, the bank is the most important financial intermediary in the economy. The banking system is regarded as the economy's lifeline. It meets the financial needs of commerce, industry, and agriculture. As a result, the country's development and the banking system are intertwined. They are critical in the mobilisation of savings and the distribution of credit to various sectors of the economy. India's private sector banks play a critical role in the country's economic development. So The financial performance of private sector banks must be evaluated carefully.
An Empirical Analysis of Financial Performance of Selected Oil Exploration an...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
After the United States, China, and Japan, India was the world's fourth biggest consumer of oil and petroleum products. The nation is significantly reliant on crude oil imports, the majority of which come from the Middle East. The Indian oil and gas business is one of the country's six main sectors, with important forward links to the rest of the economy. More than two-thirds of the country's overall primary energy demands are met by the oil and gas industry. The industry has played a key role in placing India on the global map. India is now the world's sixth biggest crude oil user and ninth largest crude oil importer. In addition, the country's portion of the worldwide refining market is growing. India's refining industry is now the world's sixth biggest. With plans for Reliance Petroleum Limited to commission another refinery with a capacity of 29 MTPA next 16 to its 33 MTPA refinery in Jamnagar, Gujarat, this position is projected to be enhanced. As a consequence, the Reliance refinery would be the biggest single-site refinery in the world. Based on secondary data gathered from CMIE, the current research examines the ratios influencing the profitability of selected oil exploration and production businesses in India during a 10-year period.
Since 1991, thanks to economic policy liberalization, the Indian economy has entered an era in which Indian businesses can no longer disregard global markets. Prior to the 1990s, the prices of a variety of commodities, metals, and other assets were carefully regulated. Others, which were not rolled, were primarily dependant on regulated input costs. As a result, there was no uncertainty and, as a result, no price fluctuations. However, in 1991, when the process of deregulation began, the prices of most items were deregulated. It has also resulted in the exchange being partially deregulated, easing trade restrictions, lowering interest rates, and making significant advancements in foreign institutional investors' access to the capital markets, as well as establishing market-based government securities pricing, among other things. Furthermore, portfolio and securities price volatility and instability were influenced by market-determined exchange rates and interest rates. As a result, hedging strategies employing a variety of derivatives were exposed to a variety of risks. The Indian capital market will be examined in this study, with a focus on derivatives.
Theoretical Estimation of CO2 Compression and Transport Costs for an hypothet...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
SEI S.p.a. presented a project to build a 1320 MW coal-fired power plant in Saline Joniche, on the Southern tip of Calabria Region, Italy, in 2008. A gross early evaluation about the possibility to add CCS (CO2 Capture & Storage) was performed too. The project generated widespread opposition among environmental associations, citizens and local institutions in that period, against the coal use to produce energy, as a consequence of its GHG clima-alterating impact. Moreover the CCS (also named Carbon Capture & Storage or more recently CCUS: Carbon Capture-Usage-Storage) technology was at that time still an unknown and “mysterious” solution for the GHG avoiding to the atmosphere. The present study concerns the sizing of the compression and transportation system of the CCS section, included in the project presented at the time by SEI Spa; the sizing of the compression station and the pipeline connecting the plant to the possible Fosca01 offshore injection site previously studied as a possible storage solution, as part of a coarse screening of CO2 storage sites in the Calabria Region. This study takes into account the costs of construction, operation and maintenance (O&M) of both the compression plant and the sound pipeline, considering the gross static storage capacity of the Fosca01 reservoir as a whole as previously evaluated.
Analytical Mechanics of Magnetic Particles Suspended in Magnetorheological FluidDr. Amarjeet Singh
In this paper, the behavior of MR particles has been systematically investigated within the scope of analytical mechanics. . A magnetorheological fluid belongs to a class of smart materials. In magnetorheological fluids, the motion of magnetic particles is controlled by the action of internal and external forces. This paper presents analytical mechanics for the interaction of system of particles in MR fluid. In this paper, basic principles of Analytical Mechanics are utilized for the construction of equations.
Techno-Economic Aspects of Solid Food Wastes into Bio-ManureDr. Amarjeet Singh
Solid waste is health hazard and cause damage to the environment due to improper handling. Solid waste comprises of Industrial Waste (IW), Hazardous Waste (HW), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Electronic waste (E-waste), Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) which depend on their supply & characteristics. Food waste or Bio-waste composting and its role in sustainable development is explained in food waste is a growing area of concern with many costs to our community in terms of waste collection, disposal and greenhouse gases. When rotting food ends up in landfill it turns into methane, a greenhouse gas that is particularly damaging to the environment. Composting is biochemical process in which organic materials are biologically degraded, resulting in the production of organic by products and energy in the form of heat. Heat is trapped within the composting mass, leading to the phenomenon of self-heating. This overall process provide us Bio-Manure.
Crypto-Currencies: Can Investors Rely on them as Investment Avenue?Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The purpose of this study is to examine investors’ perceptions about investing in crypto-currencies. We think that investors trust in crypto-currencies is largely driven by crypto-currency comprehension, trust in government, and transaction speed. This is the first study to examine crypto-currencies from the investor’s perspective. Following that, we discover important antecedents of crypto-currency confidence. Second, we look at the government's role in crypto-currencies. The importance of this study is: first, crypto-currencies have the potential to disrupt the current economic system as the debate is all about impact of decentralization of transactions; thus, further research into how it affects investors trust is essential; and second, access to crypto-currencies. Finally, if Fin-Tech companies or banks want to enter the bitcoin industry may not attract huge advertising costs as well as marketing to soothe clients' concerns about investing in various digital currencies The research sheds light on indecisiveness in the context of marketing aspects adopted by demonstrating investors are aware about the crypto.
Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) among Student of the Catanduanes S...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The Island Province of Catanduanes is prone to all types of natural hazards that includes torrential and heavy rains, strong winds and surge, flooding and landslide or slope failures as a result of its geographical location and topography. RA 10121 mandates local DRRM bodies to “encourage community, specifically the youth, participation in disaster risk reduction and management activities, such as organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone areas, as well as the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management programs as part of youth programs and projects. The study aims to determine the awareness to disaster of the student of the Catanduanes State University. The disaster-based questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 636 students selected randomly from different Colleges and Laboratory Schools in the University
The Catanduanes State University students understood some disaster-related concepts and ideas, but uncertain on issues on preparedness, adaptation, and awareness on the risks inflicted by these natural hazards. Low perception on disaster risks are evidently observed among students. The responses of the students could be based on the efficiency and impact of the integration of DRR education in the senior high school curriculum. Specifically, integration of the concepts about the hazards, hazard maps, disaster preparedness, awareness, mitigation, prevention, adaptation, and resiliency in the science curriculum possibly affect the knowledge and understanding of students on DRR. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM.
The study further recommends that teachers and instructor must also be capacitated in handling disaster as they are the prime movers in the implementation of the DRRM in education. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM. Core subjects in Earth Sciences must be reinforced with geologic hazards. Learning competencies must also be focused on hazard identification and mapping, and coping with different geologic disaster.
The 1857 war was a watershed moment in the history of the Indian subcontinent. The battle has sparked academic debate among historians and sociologists all around the world. Despite the fact that it has been more than 150 years, this battle continues to pique the interest of historians. The war's causes and events that occurred throughout the conflict, persons who backed the British and anti-British fighters, and the results and ramifications, are all aspects of this conflict. In terms of outcomes, many academics believe that the war was a failure for those who started it. It is often assumed that the Indians who battled the British in this conflict were unable to achieve their goals. Many gains accrued to Indians as a result of the conflict, but these achievements are overshadowed by the dispute over the war's failure. This research effort focuses on the war's achievements for India, and the significance of those achievements.
Haryana's Honour Killings: A Social and Legal Point of ViewDr. Amarjeet Singh
Life is unpredictably unpredictable. Nobody knows what will happen in the next minute of their lives. In this circumstance, every human being has the right and desire to conduct their lives according to their own desires. No one should be forced to live a life solely for the benefit and reputation of others. Honour killing is defined as the assassination of a person, whether male or female, who refuses to accept the family's arranged marriage or decides to move her or his marital life according to her or his wishes solely because it jeopardizes the family's honour. The family's supreme authority looks after the family's name but neglects to consider the love and affection shared among family members. I have discussed honour killing in India in my research work. This sort of murder occurs as a result of particular triggers, which are also examined in relation to the role of the law in honour killing. No one can be released free if they break the law, and in this case, it is a felony that violates various regulations designed to safeguard citizens. This crime is similar to many others, but it is distinct enough to be differentiated in the report. When the husband is of low social standing, it lowers the position and caste of the female family, prompting the male family members to murder the girl. But they forget that the girl is their kid and that while rank may be attained, a girl's life can never be replaced, and that caste is less valuable than the girl's life and love spent with them.
Optimization of Digital-Based MSME E-Commerce: Challenges and Opportunities i...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The impact caused by the Covid-19 Pandemic on Micro and Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) was so severe and fatal
that not a few went out of business. The heavy burden is borne by MSME actors due to social restrictions imposed by the
government, the declining purchasing power of the people, a product that continues to decline until capital runs out. Plus
inadequate knowledge in carrying out marketing strategies and product innovations are the main trigger for the lack of
enthusiasm for MSME actors as well as bankruptcy. MSME digitalization-based e-commerce is an opportunity and the right
solution in dealing with the obstacles caused by the impact of Covid-19, as well as a challenge for MSME actors to design old
ways in new ways through digital business.
Modal Space Controller for Hydraulically Driven Six Degree of Freedom Paralle...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper presents the Modal space decoupled control for a hydraulically driven parallel mechanism has been presented. The approach is based on singular values decomposition to the properties of joint-space inverse mass matrix, and mapping of the control and feedback variables from the joint space to the decoupling modal space. The method transformed highly coupled six-input six-output dynamics into six independent single-input single-output (SISO) 1 DOF hydraulically driven mechanical systems. The novelty in this method is that the signals including control errors, control outputs and pressure feedbacks are transformed into decoupled modal space and also the proportional gains and dynamic pressure feedback are tuned in modal space. The results indicate that the conventional controller can only attenuate the resonance peaks of the lower eigenfrequencies of six rigid modes properly, and the peaking points of other relative higher eigenfrequencies are over damped, The further results show that it is very effective to design and tune the system in modal space and that the bandwidth increased substantially except surge (x) and sway (y) motions, each degree of freedom can be almost tuned independently and their bandwidths can be increased near to the undamped eigenfrequencies.
It is a known fact that a large number of Steel Industry Expansion projects in India have been delayed due to regulatory clearances, environmental issues and problems pertaining to land acquisition. Also, there are challenges in the tendering phase that affect viability of projects thus delaying implementation, construction phase is beset with over-runs and disputes and last but not the least; provider skills are weak all across the value chain. Given the critical role of Steel Sector in ensuring a sustained growth trajectory for India, it is imperative that we identify the core issues affecting completion of infrastructure projects in India and chalk out initiatives that need to be acted upon in short term as well as long term.
A blockchain is a decentralised database that is shared across computer network nodes. A blockchain acts as a database, storing information in a digital format. The study primarily aims to explore how in the future, block chain technology will alter several areas of the Indian economy. The current study aims to obtain a deeper understanding of blockchain technology's idea and implementation in India, as well as the technology's potential as a disruptive financial technological innovation.
Secondary sources such as reports, journals, papers, and websites were used to compile all the data. Current and relevant information were utilised to help understand the research goals. All the information is rationally organised to fulfil the objectives. The current research focuses on recommendations for enhancing India's Blockchain ecosystem so that it may become one of the best in the world at utilising this new technology.
Comparing Stability and Sustainability in Agile SystemsRob Healy
Copy of the presentation given at XP2024 based on a research paper.
In this paper we explain wat overwork is and the physical and mental health risks associated with it.
We then explore how overwork relates to system stability and inventory.
Finally there is a call to action for Team Leads / Scrum Masters / Managers to measure and monitor excess work for individual teams.
Senior Project and Engineering Leader Jim Smith.pdfJim Smith
I am a Project and Engineering Leader with extensive experience as a Business Operations Leader, Technical Project Manager, Engineering Manager and Operations Experience for Domestic and International companies such as Electrolux, Carrier, and Deutz. I have developed new products using Stage Gate development/MS Project/JIRA, for the pro-duction of Medical Equipment, Large Commercial Refrigeration Systems, Appliances, HVAC, and Diesel engines.
My experience includes:
Managed customized engineered refrigeration system projects with high voltage power panels from quote to ship, coordinating actions between electrical engineering, mechanical design and application engineering, purchasing, production, test, quality assurance and field installation. Managed projects $25k to $1M per project; 4-8 per month. (Hussmann refrigeration)
Successfully developed the $15-20M yearly corporate capital strategy for manufacturing, with the Executive Team and key stakeholders. Created project scope and specifications, business case, ROI, managed project plans with key personnel for nine consumer product manufacturing and distribution sites; to support the company’s strategic sales plan.
Over 15 years of experience managing and developing cost improvement projects with key Stakeholders, site Manufacturing Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, Maintenance, and facility support personnel to optimize pro-duction operations, safety, EHS, and new product development. (BioLab, Deutz, Caire)
Experience working as a Technical Manager developing new products with chemical engineers and packaging engineers to enhance and reduce the cost of retail products. I have led the activities of multiple engineering groups with diverse backgrounds.
Great experience managing the product development of products which utilize complex electrical controls, high voltage power panels, product testing, and commissioning.
Created project scope, business case, ROI for multiple capital projects to support electrotechnical assembly and CPG goods. Identified project cost, risk, success criteria, and performed equipment qualifications. (Carrier, Electrolux, Biolab, Price, Hussmann)
Created detailed projects plans using MS Project, Gant charts in excel, and updated new product development in Jira for stakeholders and project team members including critical path.
Great knowledge of ISO9001, NFPA, OSHA regulations.
User level knowledge of MRP/SAP, MS Project, Powerpoint, Visio, Mastercontrol, JIRA, Power BI and Tableau.
I appreciate your consideration, and look forward to discussing this role with you, and how I can lead your company’s growth and profitability. I can be contacted via LinkedIn via phone or E Mail.
Jim Smith
678-993-7195
jimsmith30024@gmail.com
Integrity in leadership builds trust by ensuring consistency between words an...Ram V Chary
Integrity in leadership builds trust by ensuring consistency between words and actions, making leaders reliable and credible. It also ensures ethical decision-making, which fosters a positive organizational culture and promotes long-term success. #RamVChary
The Team Member and Guest Experience - Lead and Take Care of your restaurant team. They are the people closest to and delivering Hospitality to your paying Guests!
Make the call, and we can assist you.
408-784-7371
Foodservice Consulting + Design
Public Speaking Tips to Help You Be A Strong Leader.pdfPinta Partners
In the realm of effective leadership, a multitude of skills come into play, but one stands out as both crucial and challenging: public speaking.
Public speaking transcends mere eloquence; it serves as the medium through which leaders articulate their vision, inspire action, and foster engagement. For leaders, refining public speaking skills is essential, elevating their ability to influence, persuade, and lead with resolute conviction. Here are some key tips to consider: https://joellandau.com/the-public-speaking-tips-to-help-you-be-a-stronger-leader/
The case study discusses the potential of drone delivery and the challenges that need to be addressed before it becomes widespread.
Key takeaways:
Drone delivery is in its early stages: Amazon's trial in the UK demonstrates the potential for faster deliveries, but it's still limited by regulations and technology.
Regulations are a major hurdle: Safety concerns around drone collisions with airplanes and people have led to restrictions on flight height and location.
Other challenges exist: Who will use drone delivery the most? Is it cost-effective compared to traditional delivery trucks?
Discussion questions:
Managerial challenges: Integrating drones requires planning for new infrastructure, training staff, and navigating regulations. There are also marketing and recruitment considerations specific to this technology.
External forces vary by country: Regulations, consumer acceptance, and infrastructure all differ between countries.
Demographics matter: Younger generations might be more receptive to drone delivery, while older populations might have concerns.
Stakeholders for Amazon: Customers, regulators, aviation authorities, and competitors are all stakeholders. Regulators likely hold the greatest influence as they determine the feasibility of drone delivery.
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational CorporationsRoopaTemkar
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational Corporations
Strategic decision making within MNCs constrained or determined by the implementation of laws and codes of practice and by pressure from political actors. Managers in MNCs have to make choices that are shaped by gvmt. intervention and the local economy.
Specific ServPoints should be tailored for restaurants in all food service segments. Your ServPoints should be the centerpiece of brand delivery training (guest service) and align with your brand position and marketing initiatives, especially in high-labor-cost conditions.
408-784-7371
Foodservice Consulting + Design
Org Design is a core skill to be mastered by management for any successful org change.
Org Topologies™ in its essence is a two-dimensional space with 16 distinctive boxes - atomic organizational archetypes. That space helps you to plot your current operating model by positioning individuals, departments, and teams on the map. This will give a profound understanding of the performance of your value-creating organizational ecosystem.
The Influence of Different Management Modes on the Potential of Moso Bamboo Carbon Sink Based on Survey Data of Yuhang and Lin’an
1. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume-11, Issue-4 (August 2021)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.11.4.12
90 This Work is under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The Influence of Different Management Modes on the Potential of Moso
Bamboo Carbon Sink Based on Survey Data of Yuhang and Lin’an
Shiyun Zhang1
, Irfan Mir Chohan2
and Ye Deng3
1
Postgraduate Student, College of Economics and Management, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou,
311300, CHINA
2
School of Management, Jaingsu University, Zhenjiang, 212031, CHINA
3
Yueyang Branch of Agricultural Bank of China, Yueyang, 414000, CHINA
1
Corresponding Author: susiezsy@126.com
ABSTRACT
Bamboo forest carbon sequestration has strong
development potential in coping with global climate
change. The management of Moso bamboo forest can exert
its own strong carbon sequestration ability and promote
farmers' income, which is the fundamental point of bamboo
industry development and can integrate ecological,
economic, and social benefits. In this study, two Moso
bamboo forests with different management modes in
Lin'an and Yuhang of Zhejiang Province were used as
research points. Using the system dynamic thinking
method, a dynamic system model was constructed to
simulate the growth process of Moso bamboo and its
carbon sink supply. Then comparative analysis was made
of its carbon sink supply potential. It is easy for bamboo
forest managers to change management measures
according to their requirements and create a dynamic
balance between ecology and economics when determining
the optimum management mode for the bamboo forest
under the supply potential of carbon sink. According to the
study results, the carbon sink supply under the intensive
model is the most ideal, while the carbon sink supply under
the extensive peach blossom model is the least ideal.
Keywords-- Phyllostachyssinensis Forest, Bamboo
Forest Carbon Sink, Carbon Sink Supply, Management
Mode, System Dynamic Model
I. INTRODUCTION
With the development of industrialization,
global climate change, mainly characterized by the
greenhouse effect, is severe. It is urgent to reduce the
concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In
contrast to the potential economic slowdown associated
with industrial Emissions reduction, forest carbon sinks
absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and fix it in
vegetation or soil, effectively lowering the atmospheric
carbon dioxide concentration, which is viewed as a
beneficial attempt to address climate change.
Phyllostachymosa has become the focus of attempts
among all forest resources due to its fast growth rate,
early timbers, and strong carbon sequestration ability
(Dai Jingsheng, Tan Sanqing, Chen Chunxi, 2009).
Furthermore, in the context of the global forest resources
decreased significantly, the distribution of bamboo forest
area has continued to grow at a rate of 3%. Among them,
the area of bamboo forests in China is nearly 5.381
million hm2, which provides a solid foundation for
studying the carbon sink of bamboo (Xia Enlong , Jiang
Zehui, Li Zhiyong, 2014).
With the development of economy and the
change of environment, the management types of Moso
bamboo forest include timber forest, bamboo shoot
forest and bamboo shoot forest, and Moso bamboo
carbon sequestration forest with the primary objective of
ecological benefit. Therefore, further scientific research
is needed. However, the growth of the bamboo forest is a
complex and comprehensive system, which is affected
by natural growth, human management, and the
economy at the same time. Therefore, we need to
comprehensively consider the mutual influence among
various factors and think about it systematically and
dynamically.
II. OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
Located in the south of the Yangtze River,
Hangzhou is a subtropical monsoon area with four
distinct seasons and abundant rainfall. Superior natural
climate conditions have become a traditional bamboo
planting, planting a long history, planting a wide area.
According to the inventory report of Hangzhou Forestry
and Water Resources Bureau, in 2016, there was a total
bamboo forest area of 164,100 hm2 in Hangzhou,
including 112,400 hm2 of bamboo forest.
In 2007, initiated by the International Bamboo
and Rand Organization, the world's first bamboo carbon
sequestration forest base was set up in Yanjia Village,
Lin’an, in cooperation with China Green Carbon Fund,
China National Petroleum Corporation and Zhejiang
Agriculture and Forestry University. The base covers
about 800 mu and is located at the southern foot of
Tianmu Mountain with an average altitude of about 300
meters. It is a high mountain and hilly terrain with a
general trend of inclination from northwest to southeast.
There are many stones on the ground and the soil is
poor. Before the planting of bamboo, it was a secondary
forest dominated by Chinese fir. Lin'an Fudebao
Agriculture and Forestry Development Co., Ltd will
conduct initial afforestation and daily management and
2. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume-11, Issue-4 (August 2021)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.11.4.12
91 This Work is under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
maintenance of the base. The management style of
"peach blossom cultivation" (Chen Xin’an, 2010) is
used. Bamboo shoots are generated year but not
excavated; old bamboo is allowed to decay on the
mountain after being chopped down; weeding is done
manually every other year.
In 2013, the research group investigated the
growth status and carbon sink supply of
Phyllostachyspubescara in the base and compared the
growth status and carbon sink supply of
Phyllostachyspubescara in the ordinary operating
households Cibi village of Yuhang. The bamboo forest
in Cibi Village of Yuhang is a traditional timber forest.
The bamboo forest here adopts the management mode of
"big and small years" (ZouGuanhui, 2013), that is, in the
big year, bamboo shoots are kept to raise bamboo, while
in the small year, bamboo shoots are dug and cut down.
It was found that the carbon sink supply of
bamboo was affected by many factors. From the
biological point of view, the natural climate, soil, and
topography all had different effects on the carbon
storage of bamboo. From the economic point of view,
the carbon sink supply of bamboo is also significantly
affected by the price of bamboo, the price of carbon sink
and the management mode. The peach blossom pattern
adopted in the base was lower in bamboo number,
biomass and carbon sequestration supply potential than
that adopted in Yuhang. Because carbon sequestration
forest was still a new bamboo forest in 2013, the
research team conducted a follow-up survey in Yanjia
Village and Cibi Village in November 2016 and April
2018, respectively, to further investigate the difference
in carbon sequestration potential between carbon
sequestration base and common bamboo forest and to
ascertain the impact of management mode.
II. RESEARCH METHODS AND
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1System Dynamics and Model Design
Systems thinking, also known as system
dynamics (SD), is a system simulation method that
builds mathematical or logical relationships between
variables based on the interrelationships between system
behavior and internal mechanisms. This way of thinking
about the nature of the overall operation is to integrate
structural methods, functional methods, and historical
methods into A whole and seek ways to improve the
system's behavior from the whole (Isagiy, Torii A,
1998).
Model including flow rate, the essential
elements and auxiliary variables, is not based on abstract
assume but grasps "every system and structure, the
system structure of decision system" the system of
scientific thought, on the premise of reality, on the basis
of social system dynamic behavior, careful
considerations the interaction relationship between all
the factors, build a simulation model of the system
simulations to predict the future behavior, Form a
negative feedback chain of information to provide
suggestions for development decisions.
Bamboo forest growth is a system in which
natural growth process, human management process and
economic process interact. The price of bamboo in
bamboo market will affect the management enthusiasm
and management level of bamboo forest managers. For
example, water and fertilizer will affect bamboo shoot
emergence rate, average DBH, biomass, and carbon
sequestration. The cutting rate will affect bamboo stand
number. Finally, these stand structures will affect
bamboo stand biomass and carbon storage. Bamboo
supply and carbon sink supply regulate bamboo market
and carbon sink market, respectively. A comprehensive
system of interactions is thus formed, as shown in Figure
2.1:
Figure 2.1: Influence mechanism of management mode on carbon sink supply
management model bamboo growth
bamboo price bamboo supply
Price of carbon sequestration Carbon sequestration supply
3. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume-11, Issue-4 (August 2021)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.11.4.12
92 This Work is under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The software Stella 9.1.3 was used to build the
model. The growth system of bamboo forest was taken
as the core, and under the influence of management
mode, the bamboo market and carbon sink market were
synergistic connected. As shown in Figure 2.2:
Figure 2.2: Bamboo Forest growth system
The growth system of bamboo forest was
established based on the biological characteristics of
Phyllostachyspudostachys, and the flow consisted of
inflow and outflow, namely, the number of one-year
bamboo shoots and the number of eight-year old bamboo
shoots. The stock is the number of trees in each age
group, and the rate is the bamboo shoot cutting rate and
bamboo timber cutting rate. The natural growth cycle of
Phyllostachyspubescens is eight years, and the number
of bamboo shoots at one year is based on the number of
bamboo shoots at two, three and four years. The natural
survival rate is set to 80%, and it is affected by the
density of bamboo stands. More than four years of
bamboo can begin cutting, cutting is equal to the age of
bamboo amount multiplied by cutting rate.
Phyllostachyspuescens dies naturally in the eighth year
and its growth chain terminates. Considering the actual
situation, the natural loss rate of bamboo was set as 2%.
The total biomass of bamboo forest was calculated based
on the bamboo age and DBH according to the research
of scholars such as Zhou Guomao. The carbon sink is
obtained by multiplying the biomass by the carbon sink
coefficient.
The bamboo market takes the price of bamboo
as the center, influences the growth of bamboo forest by
controlling the cutting and cost input of bamboo, and
then establishes the connection with the growth system
of bamboo forest. Since Ci Bi Village is a timber forest
and Yanjia Village leaves bamboo shoots every year, the
income of bamboo forest operation refers to the income
of bamboo, which is equal to the amount of bamboo cut
multiplied by the price of bamboo. Profit is sales minus
costs, which mainly include management costs and
cutting costs. Management cost is the sum of fertilizer,
herbicide and daily maintenance cost, while cutting cost
is the sum of labor cost and transportation cost.
Therefore, the management of bamboo stands is
affected by the price, and there are different intensive
management inputs, which then affect the stand structure
of bamboo stands. On the one hand, stand structure
affects the growth rate of annual bamboo shoots. High
bamboo stand density will limit the growth space of
bamboo shoots. The other affects the overall biomass of
the bamboo forest and ultimately affects the amount of
carbon sink supply of the bamboo forest. The supply of
carbon sink is also affected by the price of bamboo and
carbon sink .
2.2 Bamboo Biomass and Carbon Sink calculation
Method
There are different calculation methods for the
relationship between stand structure factors and biomass.
At present, the most accurate is the binary biomass
model for a single plant established by Zhou Guomao et
al in 2010, as shown below:
management
model
cutting
percent
amount of
cutting
bamboo
market
carbon-sink
market
totalbiomass
amount carbon
sequestration
grow in
one year
grow in
two year
grow in
three year
grow in
four year
grow in
five year
grow in
six year
grow in
seven year
4. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume-11, Issue-4 (August 2021)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.11.4.12
93 This Work is under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
3.772
+
A
0.028
0.148A
747.787D
)
,
(
5.555
2.771
A
D
f
Where, f (D, A) is the calculated biomass of A
single plant (kg), D is the DBH (cm) of A single plant, A
is the age of A single plant, and the total biomass is
obtained according to the sum of the biomass of all
single plants (Fan Yeqing, Zhou Guomao, Shi Yongjun,
2012).
Meanwhile, the study showed that the carbon sink
supply of Phyllostachymosa was determined by the
biomass of Phyllostachymosa, which was obtained by
the biomass multiplied by the carbon content coefficient
0.504 (Zhou Guomao, Jiang Peikun, Xu Qiufang, 2010).
2.3 The Influence Mechanism of Different
Management Modes on the Supply Potential of Carbon
Sinks
Different management modes of bamboo
forests adopt different management measures. Through
fertilization, weeding and cutting, combined with the
differences in management level, the non-spatial
structure of bamboo stands can be directly or indirectly
affected, which is mainly reflected in the bamboo stand
number, average DBH, bamboo height, bamboo age and
other factors (ZhengZerui, 2016). However, stand factors
will affect the biomass of bamboo stand, and then affect
the carbon sink, forming the chain of "management
model-stand structure-biomass -carbon sink".
But at the same time, the supply of carbon sinks
in turn affects management patterns. By regulating
carbon sink price through supply, the management
enthusiasm of bamboo forest managers will be affected,
resulting in different management mode and
management input. In this way, a complex system with
loop and negative feedback chain is formed.
III. DATA COLLECTION METHOD
AND SURVEY RESULTS
3.1 Data Collection Method
In this paper, two moso bamboo forests in Cibi
Village of Yuhang and Yanjia Village of Lin'an were
selected as the research points. Field measurements and
questionnaire interviews were carried out, and the
obtained data were simulated and compared. The two
research sites are also located in Hangzhou City,
Zhejiang Province, with similar geographical locations
and nearly the same natural climate conditions. Under
this premise, the effects of different bamboo forest
management patterns on carbon sink supply potential are
more comparable。
3.1.1 Field Survey
Through field survey to understand the growth
status of bamboo forests, two sample plots with similar
size and range were designated in two bamboo forests.
Under the guidance of local experienced villagers, the
area and slope were measured, the bamboo shoots and
the number of bamboo trees were counted, the bamboo
age of each bamboo was determined and the diameter at
breast height was measured. The diameter of the breast
was measured with a soft ruler at a distance of 1.3
meters from the root, and the value was accurate to
millimeters. After the measurement was completed, the
original data were recorded and simple processing was
done to show the basic growth condition of the bamboo
forest.
3.1.2 Interview with Key Informants
Through the information interview of the
bamboo forest operators, the development background of
each bamboo forest and the input and output under
different management modes were understood in detail.
The background includes the origin of bamboo forest
and the specific management and protection measures of
bamboo forest. The investment mainly includes the cost
of fertilizer, herbicide, pest control, bamboo cutting and
handling, manual management and maintenance,
transportation, capital interest, etc. The income includes
the sales income of bamboo shoots, sales income of
bamboo materials, carbon sequestration transaction
income and government subsidies, etc. In addition, the
operators are asked questions about the knowledge of
carbon sink, so as to understand their cognition of
carbon sink and reflect the prevalence of carbon sink in
China.
3.2 Growth Status of Moso Bamboo Forest
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Table 3: Growth Status of Phyllostachyspuescens Forest (Unit: DBH cm)
place year
Area
m2
Bamboo Age
(Year)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Yan
village
2013 379.2
Number of plants 38 36 51 12 0 0 0
Total
:137
Mean diameter at
breast height
6.2 5.8 4.1 2.8 0 0 0
Mean
:5.02
2016 330
Number of plants 20 41 51 41 14 8 0
Total
:176
Mean diameter at
breast height
9.33 9.07 8.02 7.23 6.59 7.10 0
Mean
:8.03
Cibi
Village
2013 603.5
Number of plants 158 0 80 0 105 0 18
Total
:366
Mean diameter at
breast height
- 0 8.19 0 8.51 0
9.2
1
Mean
:8.45
2018 639.6
Number of plants 138* 86 0 69 0 0 0
Total
:294
Mean diameter at
breast height
- 8.63 0 8.79 0 0 0
Mean
:8.70
Source: Field measurement and counting.
* Since bamboo shoots had been cut down during the survey in Cibi Village in 2018, the data was estimated with the
assistance of the householders.
As shown in Table 3.1, the measured areas
selected in Yanjia Village of Lin'an in 2013 and 2016 are
roughly similar, respectively 380m2 and 330m2, and the
total number of bamboo stands counted is 137 and 176,
respectively. In three years, the average DBH on the site
increased from 5.02cm to 8.03cm, but this was due more
to the natural growth of the new bamboo forest. Among
them, in the survey of moso bamboo forest in Yanjia
Village, Lin'an in 2013, because the project base newly
made moso bamboo in 2008, there were only four years
old or less bamboo. After four years of operation and
management, without cutting down bamboo and digging
bamboo shoots, the number of plants has not increased
significantly, which reflects the extensive management .
The measured area of Yuhang Cibi village is
similar, but the total number of standing trees is
obviously reduced. The mean DBH did not change much
and remained about 8.5cm. In addition, the moso
bamboo forest was in the "big year" when the survey
was conducted in 2013, and in the "small year" in 2018.
In the big year, bamboo shoots were kept to raise
bamboo, while bamboo shoots were dug and cut in the
small year. So, in both measurements, the bamboos 'ages
were staggered. In 2013, annual bamboo shoots, three-
year bamboo and five-year bamboo were added, while in
2018, biennial bamboo and quadrennial bamboo were
added. Among them, the number of 1-year-old bamboo
stands in 2018 was 138, which the operator estimated as
the number of bamboo shoots removed.
3.3 Price and Input
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Table3.2: Bamboo price, carbon sink price and bamboo forest management input (unit: yuan/mu. Year, yuan/ton)
place year fertilizer
pesticid
e
transpo
rt
artificia
l money
Bamboo
prices
Price of
carbon
sequestr
ation
Yan
village
2013 0 0 0 240 17 1000 20
2016 0 0 0 209 10 400 30
Cibi
Villag
e
2013 500 20 0 280 0 1000 20
2018 0 0 0 93 0 400 35
Source: Key person information interview, the above data are calculated at current prices.
It can be seen from Table 3.2 that the management
modes of the two bamboo forestlands are different. In
terms of fertilizer and pesticide input, Yanjia Village in
Lin'an has always been 0 yuan. This is because carbon
sink afforestation is for environmental protection, and
the project contract requires that no chemical fertilizer,
pesticide, and herbicide be used, and no mechanical
operation should be allowed. The only way to do this is
by weeding the grass by hand, so all this labor will be
transferred to the labor cost. In 2013, YuhangCibi
Village spent 500 yuan/mu on fertilizer and 20 yuan/mu
on pesticide, which is a fine management of bamboo
forest. However, in 2018, chemical fertilizers and
pesticides were stopped due to the low price of bamboo,
which led to a decrease in management enthusiasm.
In terms of labor costs, Yanjia Village in Lin'an
is about 150,000 yuan a year, mainly used for weeding
and chopping old bamboo for many years. The weeds
are left on the mountain and used as fertilizer for
bamboo groves. The labor cost of Cibi Village in
Yuhang was 280 yuan/mu in 2013, but decreased to 93
yuan/mu in 2018, because the latter had a low
willingness to invest in bamboo forest management,
relatively extensive management, and the labor cost was
only used for splitting the mountains.
In terms of transportation cost, both places are 0
yuan, but the reasons are different. At the early stage of
Yanjia Village in Lin'an, there was no demand for
transportation because of the newly built bamboo forest
and no bamboo to cut down. Later, because the price of
bamboo is down, operators are reluctant to cut bamboo
sales. Therefore, no bamboo has been sold in the project
so far, so there is no corresponding transportation cost
expenditure. Although YuhangCibi village is at a higher
altitude, the buyer is "door-to-door acquisition". The
operator only needs to transport the cut bamboo to the
intersection, and the transportation cost is almost zero.
It is worth noting that Yanjia Village in Lin'an
is a carbon sink afforestation with a large initial
investment cost, which is apportioned according to the
20-year operating period and the interest on the capital is
calculated at 5%. In 2013, the capital interest was 17
yuan/mu, and in 2016, it was 10 yuan/mu, indicating that
the investment is decreasing relatively.
According to the interview, the bamboo market
has changed greatly in recent years, especially the
bamboo price has plummeted from 1000 yuan/ton in
2013 to 400 yuan/ton in 2016 and 2018, which has a
great impact on the bamboo sales. On the carbon
exchange market, the carbon sink price has been
hovering at a low level, and the price has not been able
to rise to 100 yuan/ton as expected by experts.
3.4 Confirmation of Corresponding Management Mode
Table3.3: Determination of the management model of the moso bamboo forest
place year management model
Yan village
2013 Semi-intensive peach blossom1
2016 Extensive peach blossom
Cibi Village
2013 Intensive large and small years
2018 Extensive Year
Source: Field trip
1
peach blossom:Bamboo forest shoots and grows every year, but the amount of growth in adjacent years is similar.
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It can be seen from the field investigation that
in 2013, the bamboo forest in Cibi Village of Yuhang
was carefully managed and maintained, and the bamboo
forest grew very well. The bamboo forest was solid and
robust due to the significant average investment per mu,
and it was a typical intensive management model for the
big and small years. However, in 2018, due to the low
price of bamboo market and the depressed market,
operators were unwilling to invest. The management was
relatively extensive, and the The number of established
trees was relatively reduced. In addition, cutting bamboo
and digging bamboo shoots in the junior year had a
sense of sparsity, which was the extensive management
mode of the big and small years.
In 2013, the bamboo base in Yanjia Village of
Lin'an was not long after the new bamboo forest was
built, so there were few weeds in the bamboo forest and
no lodging of bamboo. Due to the restriction of carbon
sink forest management, not fertilizer, pesticide, not
mechanized operation, its own management measures,
relatively large and small years more extensive, is a
semi-intensive peach blossom management mode. In
2016, weeds were overgrown in the bamboo forest, and
most bamboos were malnourished with more lodging.
And the old bamboo no felling, let its natural decay,
visible on weekdays basically no management. This
situation is far from the fine management degree in
afforestation. Relatively speaking, the management level
is obviously reduced and the management intensity is
low, which is the extensive management mode of peach
blossom.
IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Using the model to run the derived data, the
curve difference of carbon sink supply of bamboo forest
under different management modes was compared and
analyzed. Due to the difference in the total area of the
two bamboo forests, the carbon sequestration per hectare
was selected as the index to achieve effective
comparison. The simulation time of the system was set
as 20 years, and the trend of carbon sink supply from
2013 to 2033 was observed. At the same time, starting
from 2013, 2016 and 2018, the differences in simulation
results were compared. Finally, the degree of
intensification is taken as the influencing factor to
simulate the curve of carbon sink supply under different
intensification degrees.
4.1 Comparison between Peach Blossom and Chinese
New Year
Figure 4.1: Different carbon sink supply under different models
According to the survey in 2013, the carbon
sink supply potential of semi-intensive peach blossom
plantation was lower than that of intensive big and small
years, but the carbon sink forest in 2013 was newly
created bamboo forest. In order to eliminate the
influence of new and old bamboo forests on the contrast,
the peach blossom plantation after 2016 was compared
with that of big and small years in 2018. From Figure
4.1, we can see that the bamboo forest carbon sink
supply is more ideal under the management mode of the
big and small years. This is due to the more sophisticated
management model itself, the use of chemical fertilizers,
pesticides, reduce pests and diseases, provide sufficient
nutrients. It is beneficial to make better use of natural
conditions and site space by cutting bamboo regularly
and spacing mature bamboo ages reasonably. But the
peach blossom does not cut bamboo, bamboo for
nutrient absorption is competitive, too much bamboo
will not only affect the shoot growth rate, but also lead
to the development of bamboo, small DBH affects the
biomass accumulation, thus affecting the supply of
carbon sequestration. But paradoxically, the application
of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the early and
early years has a greater negative impact on the
environment, which is environmental pollution to a
certain extent, and runs counter to the original intention
of carbon sink.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
Carbon
sink
per
hectare
(t/ha)
year
Extensive peach blossom Intensive large and small years
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Figure 4.2: Different carbon sink supply
Figure 4.3: Different carbon sink supply under the model of under peach blossom cropping modebig and small years
4.2 Comparison of Peach Blossoms with Different Intensification Degrees
Figure 4.2
Fig. 4.2 shows that the carbon sink supply of
semi-intensive and extensive peach blossom is not high,
and the carbon sink supply per hectare will fluctuate
between 0.75 to 1.5 tons around 2024. This value is very
different from the 5.26-6.51 tons of carbon sequestration
per hectare proposed by MengHaiyue, Liu Qiang et al in
2014. It shows that under the management mode of
peach blossom, the benefit of woodland is not high. The
reason why the two are similar is that the management of
peach blossom itself is relatively extensive.
However, the carbon sink supply of extensive
peach blossom plantation was higher than that of semi-
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
Carbon
sink
per
hectare(t/ha)
year
Semi-intensive peach blossom Extensive peach blossom
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intensive peach blossom plantation, which did not
indicate that extensive peach blossom plantation was
more powerful in carbon sink supply. The reason was
that in 2013, the carbon sink forest base was at the initial
stage of afforestation, and there were only four years old
and less bamboo, which affected the carbon sink supply.
4.3 Comparison of Old and Young Years with Different
Intensification Degrees
Figure 4.3
As shown in Fig. 4.3, the carbon sink supply in
intensive years is obviously better than that in extensive
years, and the overall supply in extensive years
decreases greatly. It shows that the difference in
management input greatly influences the carbon sink
supply under the big year and small year model. The
carbon sink supply of intensive years is very large,
because under this management mode, bamboo forest
investment is very large, through pesticide, chemical
fertilizer and reasonable cutting fine management, so
that the forest bamboo growth is good, increase the
carbon sink supply.
The above comparison shows that intensive
operation is more conducive to carbon sink supply under
the same management model. In order to further
determine the impact of intensification degree on the
supply potential of carbon sink, the simulation
comparison is made as follows.
4.4 Comparison and Simulation of Different Intensities
Assume that the intensification degree is 0.2,
0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 respectively, and simulate the carbon
sink supply amount under the peach blossom planting
and the big and small year model, and the results are
shown in the figure below.
Figure 4.4: Influence of intensification degree on the degree on carbon sink
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
Carbon
sink
per
hectare(t/ha)
year
Intensive large and small years extensivelarge and small years
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Figure 4.5: Influence of intensification supply of carbon sink in the Large-Small Year Modelsupply of peach blossom
cropping mode
4.4.1 Large and Small Year Model
Figure 4.4
As shown in Figure 4.4, the degree of
intensification has a certain influence on the carbon sink
supply of bamboo forest under the Big and Small Year
model. When the degree of intensification is 1, the
maximum carbon sink supply reaches 8t/ha. Even if the
degree of intensification is 0.2, the highest is nearly
6.5t/ha. Taking the degree of intensification as 0.6 and
0.8, the calculated elastic coefficient is 0.1. It indicated
that the more the management input, the more ideal the
carbon sink supply of bamboo forest. However, the
degree of intensification has an influence on the
management model in the first and second years, and the
subsequent influence is not obvious, indicating that the
degree of intensification has an upper limit.
4.4.2 Peach Blossom Cropping Mode
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Carbon
sink
per
hectare(t/ha)
year
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
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Figure 4.5
As shown in Fig. 4.5, there was also a positive
correlation between the degree of intensification and the
carbon sink supply of the bamboo forest under the
annual pattern of peach blossom. The higher the degree
of intensification, the more the carbon sink supply.
Taking the degree of intensification as 0.6 and 0.8, the
calculated elastic coefficient is 0.23. The increase of
management input will have a positive impact on the
supply of carbon sink. Moreover, the effect of
intensification degree on the pattern of peach blossom
lasted for more than 20 years.
By comparing Figure 4.4 and Figure 4.5, it can
be seen that the degree of intensification has an influence
on both the big and small years model and the peach
blossom planting model, but the influence on the peach
blossom planting model is more significant. The reason
is that peach blossom itself is relatively more extensive,
after the change of management input, the impact degree
is relatively large. The model itself is more finely
managed and the impact of management input is smaller.
V. CONCLUSION
The difference of carbon sink supply potential
among different management modes is mainly due to the
degree of intensification, ie the amount of management
input. The carbon sink supply is expected to reach 35t/ha
in the highly intensive degree, and only 1-2t/ ha in the
extensive mode. Compared with the two, there is a big
gap. Intensive management is more ideal than extensive
management, which is beneficial to increase the number
of bamboo trees per unit area, so as to increase the
carbon sink supply and carbon sink. The management
mode of Daxian is better than that of Peach Blossoms. In
terms of management input, it is more refined than that
of Peach Blossoms. From the biological point of view,
the big and small years more in line with the biological
characteristics of bamboo forest. In conclusion, intensive
management of the DaXiaNian mode is the most ideal
carbon sink supply, extensive management of peach
blossom mode is the least ideal carbon sink supply.
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
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2027
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Carbon
sink
per
hectare(t/ha)
year
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2