The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had widespread effects. People moved from farms to cities due to new factory jobs. Urbanization increased as populations consolidated in urban areas. The first mass-produced commodity was cotton textiles. Innovations like the steam engine and steel production processes drove down costs and accelerated industrialization. Pasteurization and inventions by Edison and others improved everyday life. The arts also flourished in this era of change.