IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A study on the performance of circular footing embedded in geogrid reinforced...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation of cbr using geosynthetics in soil layerseSAT Journals
Abstract In urban areas, the service life of pavement on weaker soil subgrade affected severely due to their high compressibility and plasticity behaviour. These soils possess less strength, CBR value and have high affinity to moisture content. Also the seasonal changes affects the soil properties adversely. Stabilization techniques using geo-synthetic materials for improving properties of these types of soft subgrades. To increase the sub grade soil strength and to reduce the thickness of flexible pavement, Geo-synthetics are increasingly used in wide variety of civil engineering applications. Geo- synthetics are the cost-effective ground modification materials which acts as a reinforcement and also increases the stability and bearing capacity of soil. Many researchers recommends the use of geo-synthetic material performs good results in soil stabilization. From this view, Evaluation has been made on poorly graded sand with the inclusion of go-grid, geo-textile and geo-composite materials between soil layers in different proportions. The CBR and shear parameters are determined for different combinations of subgrade thickness. The geo-engineering properties such as Atterberg limits, grain size distribution, compaction characteristics, and CBR value of poorly graded sand were evaluated and reported. To get the maximum California bearing ratio (CBR), the present study is put forward to understand the strength change in the soil with the addition of geo-synthetic materials. Such a study would be helpful in material selection based on site condition and strength gain along with economy. Keywords: Geo-synthetics, CBR, Strength, Economy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A study on the performance of circular footing embedded in geogrid reinforced...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation of cbr using geosynthetics in soil layerseSAT Journals
Abstract In urban areas, the service life of pavement on weaker soil subgrade affected severely due to their high compressibility and plasticity behaviour. These soils possess less strength, CBR value and have high affinity to moisture content. Also the seasonal changes affects the soil properties adversely. Stabilization techniques using geo-synthetic materials for improving properties of these types of soft subgrades. To increase the sub grade soil strength and to reduce the thickness of flexible pavement, Geo-synthetics are increasingly used in wide variety of civil engineering applications. Geo- synthetics are the cost-effective ground modification materials which acts as a reinforcement and also increases the stability and bearing capacity of soil. Many researchers recommends the use of geo-synthetic material performs good results in soil stabilization. From this view, Evaluation has been made on poorly graded sand with the inclusion of go-grid, geo-textile and geo-composite materials between soil layers in different proportions. The CBR and shear parameters are determined for different combinations of subgrade thickness. The geo-engineering properties such as Atterberg limits, grain size distribution, compaction characteristics, and CBR value of poorly graded sand were evaluated and reported. To get the maximum California bearing ratio (CBR), the present study is put forward to understand the strength change in the soil with the addition of geo-synthetic materials. Such a study would be helpful in material selection based on site condition and strength gain along with economy. Keywords: Geo-synthetics, CBR, Strength, Economy.
To Study the Behaviour of use Bituminous Pavement Wastes in Cement Concreteijtsrd
Generally, aggregate prepare 60 to 75 of total concrete amount, therefore the aggregate choice is crucial, and additionally they regulate concrete qualities. Aggregate offer wear resistance as well as strength. So, the aggregate selection, as well as proportioning, must need more attention. The aggregate is usually crushed rocks for example limestone, coarse gravel, maybe granite as well as good aggregate like sand or maybe stone dust. Aggregate formed Bulk pavement structure. This research paper represents a review on the utilization of bituminous pavement wastes. This can assist in obtaining economic climate in construction of road along with preserving environment friendly degradation in term of decreased amount of pollution as well as mining. Gulshan | Nitin Thakur "To Study the Behaviour of use Bituminous Pavement Wastes in Cement Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28042.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/28042/to-study-the-behaviour-of-use-bituminous-pavement-wastes-in-cement-concrete/gulshan
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental studies on laterite soil stabilized with cement and aggregateeSAT Journals
Abstract The subgrade must be able to support loads transmitted from pavement structure without excessive deformation under adverse climatic and traffic conditions to increase the life of the pavement. It is a well known fact that, all soils do not possess all the desirable qualities for using it as good quality pavement material. When such soils cannot be replaced, its subgrade performance should be increased by several modification techniques. The place where ground water table is high, the strength of subgrade is adversely affected by moisture infiltration to subgrade and base due to capillary action. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the use of low contents of cement and aggregate in the modification of a lateritic soil properties concerning the behavior of mixtures to use in the base construction. In the present study an effort is made to obtain the optimum dosage of cement for stabilization of locally available lateritic soil. The study incorporates investigations on basic properties of soil. Then the investigations are carried out to study the effect of addition of 10 mm down aggregates to the soil properties added in addition to the obtained optimum cement content to evaluate the extent of modification on MDD, OMC and CBR of the soil. The experimental investigations shown that there is a tremendous increase in the CBR value of the soil treated with cement-aggregate modification. After conducting all the tests see whether it’s strength is suitable for base coarse. In addition, the field cost analysis is also made to compare the cost of construction for various modifications used. Keywords: lateritic soil 1, Cement 2, Aggregates3, Stabilization4 and CBR5
Performance evaluation of cold recycling experimental stretch constructed wit...eSAT Journals
Abstract The bituminous pavement rehabilitation alternatives are mainly overlaying, recycling and reconstruction. In the recycling process the material from deteriorated pavement, known as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), is partially or fully reused and it is a valuable approach for technical, economical, and environmental reasons. Full Depth Reclamation (FDR) is one of the cold methods of recycling the bituminous pavements. In this study an experimental stretch is selected for FDR in which the full flexible pavement section and a predetermined portion of the underlying materials are milled and remixed with about 10 % of 10 mm down size aggregate and 30 % stone dust to match the Bituminous Concrete (BC) Grade-I mix limits and known quantity of RBI 81 stabilizer. Stabilization of RAP material with RBI grade 81 reduces the requirement of new materials, time of construction and increases the strength of the road. This report consist of a case study of road constructed at Jnanabharathi campus, Banglore University, which include assessment of existing pavement condition and the preparation of pavement surface for the construction of stabilized layer and construction aspects of pavement using RAP material stabilized with RBI grade 81. The report also presents results of some short term functional and structural condition studies on the study stretch. From the limited studies carried out it is concluded the RAP material can be used effectively by the stabilization with RBI grade 81. From the field studies it is concluded that the strength of the pavement increases with increase in RBI grade 81 dosages. Keywords: Stabilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), RBI Grade 81, Full Depth Reclamation, Cold in Place Recycling (CIR).
Review Paper on Study of Black Cotton Soil to Enhancing the Properties of Sub...ijtsrd
Soil is basic and important element in Civil Engineering field. Stability of every structure depends on the type and characteristics of foundation which in turn depends on the type of soil. Many problems irrupt if expansive soil, Natural soil is to be used in foundation, because of its shrinkage and swelling properties. There are many methods to make natural soil stable for various constructions. Natural soil is comfortable for road work, compared to other types of soil. Abhishek Kumar Thakur | Prof. Nitesh Kushwaha "Review Paper on Study of Black Cotton Soil to Enhancing the Properties of Sub Grade & Base Layer of Pavement" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29536.pdf
https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29536/review-paper-on-study-of-black-cotton-soil-to-enhancing-the-properties-of-sub-grade-and-base-layer-of-pavement/abhishek-kumar-thakur
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Strengthening Of Subgrade by Using RBI Grade-81 A Case StudyIOSR Journals
Road infrastructure in India is developing at a very fast pace. A good pavement is needed for the
safe, comfortable and economical movement of traffic. If the in situ soil has no adequate strength, either soil
from other sites are to be used or the available soil has to be stabilized so that it attains sufficient strength to
carry the traffic load. Soil can be stabilized with RBI grade 81 and then can be used in Sub grade and also as
Sub base and base Layers. The whole Pavement can be constructed by using RBI grade 81 thus reducing energy
consumed and placing of unbound granular material (WBM/WMM) without compromising on Strength and
durability. Various samples have been made by taking soil with 0% RBI Grade-81 content; 2% RBI Grade-81
content; 4% RBI Grade-81 content; 6% RBI Grade-81 content; 8% RBI Grade-81. The CBR sample is prepared
by 7 days curing and 4 days soaked period. The comparison of the strength results with or without RBI Grade 81 has been done. It has been found that RBI Grade 81 is a unique and innovative material which results in
saving the extra cost of the pavement
Using rbi grade 81 a comparative study of black cotton soil and lateritic soileSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An effective attack preventing routing approach in speed network in manetseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Control of inverters to support bidirectional power flow in grid connected sy...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
To Study the Behaviour of use Bituminous Pavement Wastes in Cement Concreteijtsrd
Generally, aggregate prepare 60 to 75 of total concrete amount, therefore the aggregate choice is crucial, and additionally they regulate concrete qualities. Aggregate offer wear resistance as well as strength. So, the aggregate selection, as well as proportioning, must need more attention. The aggregate is usually crushed rocks for example limestone, coarse gravel, maybe granite as well as good aggregate like sand or maybe stone dust. Aggregate formed Bulk pavement structure. This research paper represents a review on the utilization of bituminous pavement wastes. This can assist in obtaining economic climate in construction of road along with preserving environment friendly degradation in term of decreased amount of pollution as well as mining. Gulshan | Nitin Thakur "To Study the Behaviour of use Bituminous Pavement Wastes in Cement Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28042.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/28042/to-study-the-behaviour-of-use-bituminous-pavement-wastes-in-cement-concrete/gulshan
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental studies on laterite soil stabilized with cement and aggregateeSAT Journals
Abstract The subgrade must be able to support loads transmitted from pavement structure without excessive deformation under adverse climatic and traffic conditions to increase the life of the pavement. It is a well known fact that, all soils do not possess all the desirable qualities for using it as good quality pavement material. When such soils cannot be replaced, its subgrade performance should be increased by several modification techniques. The place where ground water table is high, the strength of subgrade is adversely affected by moisture infiltration to subgrade and base due to capillary action. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the use of low contents of cement and aggregate in the modification of a lateritic soil properties concerning the behavior of mixtures to use in the base construction. In the present study an effort is made to obtain the optimum dosage of cement for stabilization of locally available lateritic soil. The study incorporates investigations on basic properties of soil. Then the investigations are carried out to study the effect of addition of 10 mm down aggregates to the soil properties added in addition to the obtained optimum cement content to evaluate the extent of modification on MDD, OMC and CBR of the soil. The experimental investigations shown that there is a tremendous increase in the CBR value of the soil treated with cement-aggregate modification. After conducting all the tests see whether it’s strength is suitable for base coarse. In addition, the field cost analysis is also made to compare the cost of construction for various modifications used. Keywords: lateritic soil 1, Cement 2, Aggregates3, Stabilization4 and CBR5
Performance evaluation of cold recycling experimental stretch constructed wit...eSAT Journals
Abstract The bituminous pavement rehabilitation alternatives are mainly overlaying, recycling and reconstruction. In the recycling process the material from deteriorated pavement, known as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), is partially or fully reused and it is a valuable approach for technical, economical, and environmental reasons. Full Depth Reclamation (FDR) is one of the cold methods of recycling the bituminous pavements. In this study an experimental stretch is selected for FDR in which the full flexible pavement section and a predetermined portion of the underlying materials are milled and remixed with about 10 % of 10 mm down size aggregate and 30 % stone dust to match the Bituminous Concrete (BC) Grade-I mix limits and known quantity of RBI 81 stabilizer. Stabilization of RAP material with RBI grade 81 reduces the requirement of new materials, time of construction and increases the strength of the road. This report consist of a case study of road constructed at Jnanabharathi campus, Banglore University, which include assessment of existing pavement condition and the preparation of pavement surface for the construction of stabilized layer and construction aspects of pavement using RAP material stabilized with RBI grade 81. The report also presents results of some short term functional and structural condition studies on the study stretch. From the limited studies carried out it is concluded the RAP material can be used effectively by the stabilization with RBI grade 81. From the field studies it is concluded that the strength of the pavement increases with increase in RBI grade 81 dosages. Keywords: Stabilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), RBI Grade 81, Full Depth Reclamation, Cold in Place Recycling (CIR).
Review Paper on Study of Black Cotton Soil to Enhancing the Properties of Sub...ijtsrd
Soil is basic and important element in Civil Engineering field. Stability of every structure depends on the type and characteristics of foundation which in turn depends on the type of soil. Many problems irrupt if expansive soil, Natural soil is to be used in foundation, because of its shrinkage and swelling properties. There are many methods to make natural soil stable for various constructions. Natural soil is comfortable for road work, compared to other types of soil. Abhishek Kumar Thakur | Prof. Nitesh Kushwaha "Review Paper on Study of Black Cotton Soil to Enhancing the Properties of Sub Grade & Base Layer of Pavement" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29536.pdf
https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29536/review-paper-on-study-of-black-cotton-soil-to-enhancing-the-properties-of-sub-grade-and-base-layer-of-pavement/abhishek-kumar-thakur
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Strengthening Of Subgrade by Using RBI Grade-81 A Case StudyIOSR Journals
Road infrastructure in India is developing at a very fast pace. A good pavement is needed for the
safe, comfortable and economical movement of traffic. If the in situ soil has no adequate strength, either soil
from other sites are to be used or the available soil has to be stabilized so that it attains sufficient strength to
carry the traffic load. Soil can be stabilized with RBI grade 81 and then can be used in Sub grade and also as
Sub base and base Layers. The whole Pavement can be constructed by using RBI grade 81 thus reducing energy
consumed and placing of unbound granular material (WBM/WMM) without compromising on Strength and
durability. Various samples have been made by taking soil with 0% RBI Grade-81 content; 2% RBI Grade-81
content; 4% RBI Grade-81 content; 6% RBI Grade-81 content; 8% RBI Grade-81. The CBR sample is prepared
by 7 days curing and 4 days soaked period. The comparison of the strength results with or without RBI Grade 81 has been done. It has been found that RBI Grade 81 is a unique and innovative material which results in
saving the extra cost of the pavement
Using rbi grade 81 a comparative study of black cotton soil and lateritic soileSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An effective attack preventing routing approach in speed network in manetseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Control of inverters to support bidirectional power flow in grid connected sy...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Computational analysis of effect of stacking orientation on low velocity impa...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A review on implementation of algorithms for detection of diabetic retinopathyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Wear behaviour of si c reinforced al6061 alloy metal matrix composites by usi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Microstructure analysis of steel 85 & al 7050 for cold expanded holeseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Bit error rate analysis of miso system in rayleigh fading channeleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Adaptive transmit diversity selection (atds) based on stbc and sfbc fir 2 x1 ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Keywords: RBI- 81, UCS, CBR.
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
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Index and engineering properties of spent wash blended soils a comparative s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Index and engineering properties of spent wash blended soils a comparative s...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present era of rapid industrialization and development of infrastructure projects, the natural resources are becoming scarce and hence their cost is increasing alarmingly. For an infrastructural project the soil consumption is very high and also specific soil is to be used for the requirements of its strength, durability etc. Locally available soil is the best option for these projects, if the suitable soil is not nearby it has a stringent effect on overall cost of project. Due to increase of demand for land in urban areas, soils which are weak and not suitable for foundations are to be effectively modified for construction of industries. Hence, there is a need to carryout research for an alternate material which is available in plenty and also gives desired strength upon modifications. There is a growing awareness allover the world about the extensive damage caused by the accumulated industrial wastes at various plants. This paper highlights various issues and scope for utilization of spent wash in engineering practice. This paper presents the results of index and engineering properties of blended soils. Studies are carried out by varying soil gradation, spent wash content under different curing time periods. For study two types of soils are taken and their properties are studied up on addition of 25% spent wash maintaining different curing periods of 2, 4 and 6 weeks. It was observed that spent wash is effective in reducing plasticity characteristics and increasing engineering properties namely, dry density and the unconfined strength of soil and reducing Optimum moisture content Index Terms: Effluent, Tropical, spentwash, blended
Effect of geopolymer on the strength of black cotton soileSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents in the improvement of problematic soils in a environmental friendly method. The present paper geopolymer to stabilize a soft soil. Geopolymer is an alkali activated solution prepared by combining sodium hydroxide(NaOH) with the sodium silicate solution(Na2SiO3). The sodium hydroxide solution is prepared to 12M concentration and Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 2.5. The geopolymer increases the strength of the black cotton soil by geopolymerisation. The geopolymerisation process involves three separate but interrelated stages. During initial mixing the alkaline solution dissolves silicon and aluminium ions from the amorphous phases of the feedstock. In this solution, neighboring silicon or aluminium hydroxide molecules then undergo a condensation reaction, where adjacent hydroxyl ions from these near neighbors condense to form an oxygen bond linking the molecules and a free molecule of water. The application of mild heat causes these “monomers” and other silicon and aluminium hydroxide molecules to poly-condense or polymerise, to form rigid chains or nets of oxygen bonded tetrahedra. In the present study geopolymer is treated with the black cotton soil. The effect of geopolymer on strength characteristic of Black cotton soil have been studied for a curing period of 7days 15days and 28days. The compressive strength of black cotton soil increases with geopolymer dosage and curing.. The density of black cotton soil also increases with the increase in geopolymer. The test result indicates that geopolymer is very effective in stabilizing the soft soil. An attempt has been made to study the properties of soil treated with geopolymer Key words : Geopolymer, Black cotton soil, polycondensation reaction.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Stabilization of pavement subgrade by using fly ash reinforced with geotextileeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An experimental study on mud concrete using soil as a fine aggrgate and ld sl...eSAT Journals
Abstract Aggregates are important ingredients of concrete. Sand is used abundantly after air and water. The extensive use of these natural resources is exploiting the environment every day. many alternative materials are being used, viz., slag sand, manufactured sand, quarry dust etc., as fine aggregates; Materials such as steel slag, blast furnace slag are being used as replacement for coarse aggregates. This paper reports the result of different mixes obtained by partial replacement of Natural coarse aggregates (NCA) and complete replacement of fine aggregates (FA) by alternative material such as LD slag and Natural soil respectively. This paper reports the result of different mixes obtained by partial replacement of natural coarse aggregates (CA) and complete replacement of fine aggregates (FA) by alternative material such as LD slag and Natural soil respectively. The wet compressive strength ranged from 16MPa to 20MPa for cubes made of Natural Sand and Natural Coarse Aggregates MIX-D. The wet compressive strength ranged from 18-26MPa for MIX-A; The value obtained for MIX-A was found to be 20% more compared to MIX-D. The split tensile strength ranged from 1.16-1.51MPa for MIX-A, it was concluded that, the mud concrete mix prepared with soil and LD slag gave the satisfactory result which was intended to achieve by normal conventional concrete mix MIX-D. The flexural strength ranged from 3.04-3.41MPa for MIX-A and 2.84-3.45MPa for M4, , it was concluded that, the mud concrete mix prepared with soil and LD slag gave the satisfactory result which was intended to achieve by normal conventional concrete mix. The mud concrete with Soil and LD slag cut down the cost of mix up to 43% when compared with normal conventional concrete of equivalent grade. Keywords: MUD Concrete, LD Slag, NCA, Alternative Materials, Wet Compressive Strength.
Experimental Study to Correlate the Test Results of PBT, UCS, and CBR with Li...CSCJournals
The development of new roads, enhancement of existing roads and new runways are part of infrastructure boom in India as well as in Gujarat. Need of strength parameters of subgrade soils is very important in monitoring and evaluation of roads and runways subgrade quality. Laboratory determination of California Bearing Ratio useful for flexible pavement design, Coefficient of subgrade reaction K-Value needed for rigid pavement, raft footing and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) is required for determination of shear strength parameter of subgrade are time consuming and demand significant effort but mandatory. Dynamic Cone Penetration test can be a faster and easier way to evaluate subgrade strength. In present study an investigation has been carried out on strength parameters for the soil from various locations of Gujarat, In-situ condition has been created in laboratory using bigger testing mould and various tests like Liquid Limit, Plastic limit as well as CBR, PBT, UCS and DCP were carried out on repetitive samples of Maximum Dry Densities achieved through modified proctor effect in soaked condition. The empirical correlations have been established among test results using linear regression procedure. The formulations are validated using other sets of tests data. The developed empirical correlations may be useful to estimate time consuming strength parameters as well as physical properties at numerous locations within area under consideration using simple and rapid DCP test. Keywords: Key Words— Subgrade, CBR, DCP, UCS, PBT.
Flexural behaviour of rc beams using foundry sand as partial replacement of f...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The main objective of the study of this work is to re-use the used foundry sand (produced at foundry industries) as a partial replacement to fine aggregate in different percentages (15 to 50%) that can be adopted in concrete along with normal river sand designed to meet the requirements of concrete of grade M50, using foundry sand with OPC have been considered in the study. Though, the main investigation is to be carried out is on the flexural behavior of reinforced foundry sand concrete beams, to facilitate proportioning of foundry sand concrete, compressive strength studies are also carried out. The tests to be carried out on around (18) singly reinforced beams of size 150 mm x 250 mm & overall length 2000 mm, simply supported over effective span 1800 mm under pure bending. The beams will be provided with adequate shear reinforcement so that the failure of the beams may due to pure flexure. The grade of concrete M50 generally with three foundry sand replacement levels (FSL) in each grade i,e, 15%, 25%, & 35% FSL are considered.
Flexural behaviour of rc beams using foundry sand as partial replacement of f...eSAT Journals
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The main objective of the study of this work is to re-use the used foundry sand (produced at foundry industries) as a partial replacement to fine aggregate in different percentages (15 to 50%) that can be adopted in concrete along with normal river sand designed to meet the requirements of concrete of grade M50, using foundry sand with OPC have been considered in the study. Though, the main investigation is to be carried out is on the flexural behavior of reinforced foundry sand concrete beams, to facilitate proportioning of foundry sand concrete, compressive strength studies are also carried out. The tests to be carried out on around (18) singly reinforced beams of size 150 mm x 250 mm & overall length 2000 mm, simply supported over effective span 1800 mm under pure bending. The beams will be provided with adequate shear reinforcement so that the failure of the beams may due to pure flexure. The grade of concrete M50 generally with three foundry sand replacement levels (FSL) in each grade i,e, 15%, 25%, & 35% FSL are considered.
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Study on strength characteristics of soil using soil stabiliser rbi – 81
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 201
STUDY ON STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL USING SOIL
STABILISER RBI – 81
Manisha Gunturi1
, P.T.Ravichandran2
, R.Annadurai3
, Divya Krishnan.K4
1
PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
3
Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
4
PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
Abstract
Stabilization of soil is the moderation of one or more soil properties, by chemical or mechanical means, to create an improved geo
material possessing the required engineering properties. Soils may be stabilized to increase strength and durability or to prevent
erosion and dust generation. The present paper describes a study carried out to check the improvements in the properties of expansive
soil with RBI grade 81 in varying percentages and different curing periods. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests, XRF and
SEM analysis were carried out on untreated and treated soils for different curing periods of 3 days, 14 days and 28 days. An
increasing trend in UCS was observed with the increase in the percentage of chemical and curing period.
Keywords: UCS, RBI-81, SEM, XRF
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1. INTRODUCTION
Engineering structures on expansive soils is a challenging task
for the geotechnical engineers due to the peculiar swell –
shrink behaviour of the soil. Due to the change in the moisture
content in the soil, such soils tend to swell or shrink causing
severe distress to the structures founded on them. Such soil
needs to be stabilized in order to reduce the damaging
potential to the structures founded on them and to increase the
strength of such soil.
In recent years, researchers have attempted to solve the
problems posed by expansive soils with various degree of
success. Amer Ali Al-Rawas et al., [1] conducted a study on
stabilization of soils with lime. With addition of 6% lime, both
the swell pressure and swell percent reduced to zero.
Stabilisation of expansive soils using various additives
including cement, steel fibers, gasoline fuel and injection by
cement grout revealed better improvement [2]. Strength
development and microstructure relation was shown by the
addition of lime and cement stabilized clays. Cementation and
strengths of both stabilized clays increase with curing time and
admixture contents [3]. In another study, stabilization of
expansive soil was carried out by waste limestone dust and
waste dolomitic marble dust, by-products of marble
industry[4]. The test revealed that the swelling percentage
decreased and rate of swell increased with increasing stabilizer
percentage. In this paper, the influence of RBI grade 81 on the
strength and microstructure of the soil has been studied.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two soil samples G1 and G2 used in this study were collected
at a depth of 0.3 – 0.5 m below the ground surface and RBI
grade 81 chemical additive was used as stabilizer. Grains size
analysis, specific gravity, Atterbergs limits and standard
proctor compaction tests were conducted on both the soil
samples and UCC, SEM and XRF tests were conducted on the
treated and untreated soil samples in accordance with the
Indian standards.
The results of the geotechnical tests carried out on the virgin
soil samples G1 and G2 are given in Table - 1. Based on the
test results both the soils can be classified as high
compressible clays (CH) as per IS soil classification system.
Table - 1: Properties of Soil
Description Sample G1 Sample G2
Free Swell Index (FSI), % 110 105
Specific gravity 2.36 2.65
Liquid limit (%) 75 72
Plastic limit (%) 38 39
Plasticity Index, % 37 33
Shrinkage limit (%) 7 6
Shrinkage index (SI), % 31 33
IS soil classification CH CH
Compaction Characteristics
MDD (g/cc) 1.6 1.54
OMC (%) 20 24.5
UCS (kPa) 138 122
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 202
Based on the test result, the soil can be categorized as an
expansive soil of high to very high degree of expansion based
on Holtz and Gibbs(1956) and IS:1498 classification
system(Table - 2 and 3).
Table - 2: Degree of Expansion Characteristics of Soil (Holtz
and Gibbs (1956)[5])
Degree of
expansion
Plasticity Index Shrinkage Limit
Low <18 >13
Medium 15-28 8-18
High 25-41 6-12
Very high >35 <10
Table - 3: Degree of Expansion Characteristics of Soil (IS:
1498- 1970)
Degree of
expansion
Liquid
limit
Plasticity
Index
FSI SI
Low 20-35 <12 <50 <15
Medium 35-50 12-23 50-100 15-30
High 50-70 23-32 100-200 30-60
Very high 70-90 >32 >200 >60
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The test results of UCS, chemical analysis, SEM and XRF on
virgin and soil treated with various percentages of RBI are
discussed in the following sections.
3.1 Unconfined Compression Test
Unconfined Compression test was conducted in accordance
with IS:2720 (Part-10) with various percentages of RBI grade
81 using static compaction. The samples placed in air-tight
polythene covers were cured by placing them over wetted rice
husk base and covering them with wet gunny bags in order to
maintain constant temperature and prevent moisture loss.
These samples were tested on UCC testing machine at a
constant strain rate of 1.2mm/min at the end of specified
curing periods of 3 days, 14 days and 28 days. The results of
UCC tests on soils G1 and G2 stabilized with 0, 2, 4 and 6%
are presented in Table - 4. Figure 1 and 2 shows the stress –
strain characteristics of virgin soil and soil treated with various
percentages of stabilizer at various curing periods. The test
result shows that, the increase in percentage of RBI on both
the soils increases the UCS value of the soils irrespective of
curing periods.
3.2 Microstructural Analysis for Stabilization
Mechanism
A micro level study was carried out on the treated as well as
untreated samples in order to understand the mechanism of
stabilization. XRF and SEM analysis were conducted on all
the raw soils, raw additive and 28-day cured stabilized soil
specimens to study the influence of stabilization on
microstructure and mineralogical characteristics.
Table – 4: Unconfined Compressive Strength for the
untreated and treated soil
Fig - 1: Stress – Strain Characteristics of Soil G1 with and
Without Stabiliser
Fig – 2: Stress - Strain Characteristics of Soil G2 with and
without Stabiliser.
RBI (%) UCS Value (kPa)
Sample G1 Sample G2
3Day 14Day 28Day 3Day 14Day 28Day
0 138 122
2 209 303 327 188 218 234
4 366 540 605 341 435 496
6 742 888 1201 461 571 749
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 203
3.2.1 SEM
SEM analysis was carried out on samples for all the raw soils,
raw additive and 28-day cured stabilized soil specimens. The
SEM micrographs confirm the formation of cementitious
material for the treated soil samples. Reduction in pore spaces
can also be observed indicating the change in microstructure
of the soil on addition of stabilizer (Fig.3).
a. Virgin soil G1
b. Virgin soil G2
c. Soil stabilizer
d. Treated soil G1 with 6% RBI (28 days)
Fig – 3 SEM micrographs of soils, stabiliser and treated soil
3.2.2 XRF
The X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis was conducted on
the stabiliser, untreated and treated soil samples to identify the
concentration of different compounds after the treatment in
order to determine the extent of formation of cementitious
compounds in soil on reaction with chemical admixture. The
XRF results for the untreated and treated samples with
stabiliser are shown in Table 5.
Table - 5: XRF results for soil, stabiliser, treated soil with 6%
stabiliser (RBI-81)
.
Compound
(cps)
RBI Untreated Treated (28
Day)
G1 G2 G1 G2
Na 38 26 30 23 20
Mg 14 10 7 14 7
Al 162 337 426 377 540
Si 1619 4031 3729 4306 3788
S 5600 107 312 464 722
K 735 727 1466 639 2229
Ca 60526 4859 3376 9702 6570
Fe 3560 23699 27032 21663 27323
The concentration of Calcium (which imparts the strength) is
less in untreated soil which is supplemented by the stabiliser.
Hence in case of the treated soil the concentration of calcium
increases with percentage of stabiliser. The increase in
calcium concentration provides free Ca+ ions for the chemical
reaction with silica and alumina present in the clay leading to
the formation of cementitious compounds calcium silicate
hydrate (C-S-H) and calcium aluminate hydrate (C-A-H).
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 204
The chemical equation for the formation of C-S-H and C-A-H
can be written as:
Ca (OH) 2+ H4SiO4→ Ca2+
+ H2SiO4
2-
+ 2 H2O → CaH2SiO4 2
H2O (C-S-H)
Ca (OH) 2+ Al (OH)4 →C4AH13, C3AH6 (C-A-H)
4. CONCLUSIONS
1. Unconfined compressive strengths of both the soil
samples give satisfactory results after the treatment
with RBI in terms of percentage of chemical as well as
curing period.
2. The minimum increase of UCS value with 6% of RBI
additions on soil G1 and G2 is 4.37 times and 2.77
times respectively at the end of 3days curing period.
3. Failure pattern of the treated sample shows the
alteration in the property of soil into a brittle material.
4. XRF results indicate the formation of cemetitious
compounds C-A-H and C-S-H.
5. SEM micrographs reveal the change in microstructure
of the treated soil sample by the formation of
cementitious material.
REFERENCES
[1] Al-Rawas, Amer Ali; Hago, A.W.; Al-Sarmi, Hilal,
(2005), “Effect of lime, cement and Sarooj (artificial
pozzolan) on the swelling potential of an expansive soil
from Oman”, Building and Environment, Vol. 40, Issue
5, pp. 681-687.
[2] Mohammed Y. Fattah, Firas A. Salman and Bestun J.
Nareeman,(2010), “A treatment of expansive soil using
different additives” , Int. Jl. of Acta Montanistica
Slovaca, PP 290-297.
[3] Katsutada ONITSUKA, Chirdchanin MODMOLTIN
and Masakazu KOUNO,(2001), “Investigation on
microstructure and strength of lime and cement
stabilized ariake clay”, Reports of the Faculty of
Science and Engineering, Saga University, Vol. 30,
No.1.
[4] Onur Baser, (2009), “Stabilisation of expansive soils
using waste marble dust”, MS Thesis submitted to
Middle East Technical University.
[5] Holtz W. G. and Gibbs H. J. (1956), “Engineering
properties of expansive clays”, Transactions of ASCE,
121, pp. 641-663.
[6] Pansu, Marc, Gautheyrou, Jacques (2011), “Hand book
of soil analysis”, Springer Publications.
[7] IS: 1498 (1970), “Classification and identification of
soils for general Engineering purposes”, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[8] IS: 2720 - Part I (1983), “Methods of Test for Soil -
Preparation of Dry Soil Sample for Various Tests”,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[9] IS: 2720 - Part III (1987), “Methods of Tests for Soil -
Determination of Specific Gravity”, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
[10] IS: 2720 - Part V (1985), “Methods of Tests for Soil:
Determination of liquid limit and plastic limit”, Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[11] IS: 2720 - Part VI (1972), “Methods of Tests for Soil:
Determination of shrinkage factors”, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
[12] IS: 2720 - Part VII (1987), “Methods of Tests for Soil -
Determination of Water Content-Dry Density relation
using Light compaction”, Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
[13] IS: 2720 - Part X (1973), “Methods of Tests for Soil –
Determination of Unconfined Compressive Strength”,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[14] IS: 2720 - Part XL (1977), “Methods of Tests for Soil –
Determination of Free Swell Index of Soils”, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.