The hard problem of consciousness
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駒場学部オムニバス講義2016 人間情報学VI 「意識の神経科学：「盲視」と「統合失調症」を手がかりに」 http://www.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/fas/gakusai20160323.pdf の準備中。詳しいことはこちらからどうぞ：http://pooneil.sakura.ne.jp/archives/permalink/001584.php
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Why the "hard" problem of consciousness is easy and the "easy" problem hard....
The "hard" problem of concsiousness can be shown to be a non-problem because it is formulated using a seriously defective concept (the concept of "phenomenal consciousness" defined so as to rule out cognitive functionality and causal powers).
So the hard problem is an example of a well known type of philosophical problem that needs to be dissolved (fairly easily) rather than solved. For other examples, and a brief introduction to conceptual analysis, see http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/varieties-of-atheism.html
In contrast, the so-called "easy" problem requires detailed analysis of very complex and subtle features of perceptual processes, introspective processes and other mental processes, sometimes labelled "access consciousness": these have cognitive functions, but their complexity (especially the way details change as the environment changes or the perceiver moves) is considerable and very hard to characterise.
"Access consciousness" is complex also because it takes many different forms, since what individuals are conscious of and what uses being conscious of things can be put to, can vary hugely, from simple life forms, through many other animals and human infants, to sophisticated adult humans,
Finding ways of modelling these aspects of consciousness, and explaining how they arise out of physical mechanisms, requires major advances in the science of information processing systems -- including computer science and neuroscience.
There are empirical facts about introspection that have generated theories of consciousness but some of the empirical facts go unnoticed by philosophers.
The notion of a virtual machine is introduced briefly and illustrated using Conway's "Game of life" and other examples of virtual machinery that explain how contents of consciousness can have causal powers and can have intentionality (be able to refer to other things).
The beginnings of a research program are presented, showing how more examples can be collected and how notions of virtual machinery may need to be developed to cope with all the phenomena.
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The "hard" problem of concsiousness can be shown to be a non-problem because it is formulated using a seriously defective concept (the concept of "phenomenal consciousness" defined so as to rule out cognitive functionality and causal powers).
So the hard problem is an example of a well known type of philosophical problem that needs to be dissolved (fairly easily) rather than solved. For other examples, and a brief introduction to conceptual analysis, see http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/varieties-of-atheism.html
In contrast, the so-called "easy" problem requires detailed analysis of very complex and subtle features of perceptual processes, introspective processes and other mental processes, sometimes labelled "access consciousness": these have cognitive functions, but their complexity (especially the way details change as the environment changes or the perceiver moves) is considerable and very hard to characterise.
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24 August, 2011
What MLA Format Looks Like
This page is an example of what MLA format should look like. Please note that there are 1 inch margins around the page and that the writing is double spaced. Also, please note that there is a header. The header should contain the writer’s last name and the page number. Please use the tool bar to insert the header. The header is typically located under the View or Insert menus, but it depends on the software that you’re using. Be sure that you are using a Word program, otherwise there is a good chance that you won’t be able to read or view your papers on other computers, or email them to your instructor.
Please note that the title of the paper is not bold, not italicized, not in super-large print. In fact, it is in the same font as the rest of the paper. Also, there is no extra spacing between the class information, the title, and the beginning of your paper. Please don’t add any. It makes your paper look shorter, not longer.
Another important thing to be aware of is that some of the new Word programs
automatically default to have an extra space between paragraphs. This does not follow the guidelines of MLA formatting. If you find your paper has extra spaces, please be sure to go under the spacing option and delete them. Your should have the option to “Remove Space After Paragraph.”
Paper # 1
1. READ THE ARTICLE THAT FOLLOWS THESE INSTRUCTIONS
2. THINK ABOUT IT
3. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION (USING 2 PHILOSOPHERS YOU HAVE READ OR READ ABOUT SO FAR IN THE CLASS). DOES MARY LEARN ANYTHING NEW WHEN SHE SEES RED FOR THE FIRST TIME? IF SHE DOES, THEN, WHAT IS IT? IF SHE DOES NOT, WHY NOT?
The paper should be:
· 12 font
· Times New Roman
· With a cover page
· A works cited page
· Cite all references and quotations made
· 3 pages
What Did Mary Know?
Marina Gerner on a thought experiment about consciousness.
Imagine a girl called Mary. She is a brilliant neuroscientist and a world expert on colour vision. But because she grew up entirely in a black and white room, she has never actually seen any colours. Many black and white books and TV programmes have taught her all there is to know about colour vision. Mary knows facts like the structure of our eyes and the exact wavelengths of light that stimulate our retinas when we look at a light blue sky.
One day, Mary escapes her monochrome room, and as she walks through the grey city streets, she sees a red apple for the first time.
What changes upon Mary’s encounter with the red apple? Has Mary learnt anything new about the colour red upon seeing the colour for the first time? Since Mary already knew everything about the physics and biology of colour perception, she must surely have known all there is to know about the colour red beforehand. Or is it possible that some facts escape physical explanations? (‘Physical’ in this sense refers to all the realms of physical science, ...
[John c. lilly]_programming_and_metaprogramming_in(bookos.org)
All human beings are programmed biocomputers that are programmable from birth. Over time, as the brain evolved and the cerebral cortex expanded, humans developed the ability to learn and adapt more quickly through metaprogramming, or learning to learn. Metaprogramming emerged when the cortex reached a critical size, allowing for the use of language, symbols, and models. The document discusses how humans can be viewed as existing at different levels of programming, from basic built-in programs to complex metaprograms that allow for concepts of self and supraself experiences. It explores how humans have the ability to model reality and the universe within their own minds, and how different states of consciousness can impact one's sense of self and beliefs about
Sample Scholarship Essay PDF
The document discusses introducing biometric authentication to a safe deposit business called Dynamic Safe Deposit. It will analyze how biometric authentication could be implemented, including using fingerprint or facial recognition to access safe deposit boxes. The report will consider the benefits of added security but also potential customer concerns about privacy and data storage.
Consciousness, Transcendence and Immortality
The document discusses consciousness and where it is found. It explores perspectives from scientists, doctors, and researchers. Key points include:
1. Scientists like Stephen Hawking believe consciousness is a product of the brain, while others argue consciousness can exist independently of the brain based on near-death experiences and cases where people functioned normally with minimal brain tissue.
2. Near-death experiences often involve out of body perceptions, feelings of peace, and encounters with a light - some of which have been verified. Research like the AWARE study is investigating the validity of perceptions during near-death experiences.
3. Pim van Lommel and other researchers argue consciousness is nonlocal and not limited to the brain, which instead
Assignment Our Sense of Self Required ResourcesReadreview th.docx
Assignment: Our Sense of Self
Required Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:
· Textbook: Chapter 3
· Lesson
· Minimum of 3 scholarly sources (in addition to the textbook)
Instructions
This week we explored the topics of self-concept, self-esteem and self-presentation. Take some time to reflect on your own self-concept. Who are you? How do you define yourself? How do you feel about your abilities to be successful and accomplish your goals? What image of yourself do you currently, or do you wish to moving forward present to the world. Keep that introspective reflection in mind as you move through this assignment, considering how your own understanding of these ideas has evolved over the years to your present level of development.
Now, pretend that you have been asked to speak to a group of middle school students on the topic of bullying as it relates to self-concept, self-esteem and self-presentation. Create a PowerPoint presentation that addresses the following:
· Keeping in mind your audience of 12-14 year olds, define self-concept, self-esteem and self-presentation.
· Analyze and explain the possible causes of bullying in the context of these three concepts.
· Analyze and explain the impact of bullying (on the victim and aggressor) of these three concepts.
· Provide specific actions or behaviors kids in your audience can use to stop or respond positively when they see bullying, are bullied, or are tempted to bully.
As you complete your presentation, be sure to:
· Use speaker's notes to expand upon the bullet point main ideas on your slides, making references to research and theory with citation.
· Proof your work
· Use visuals (pictures, video, narration, graphs, etc.) to compliment the text in your presentation and to reinforce your content.
· Do not just write a paper and copy chunks of it into each slide. Treat this as if you were going to give this presentation live to a group of middle school kids - be relevant, engaging, and focused.
Presentation Requirements (APA format)
· Length: 8-10 slides (not including title, introduction, and references slides)
· Font should not be smaller than size 16-point
· Parenthetical in-text citations included and formatted in APA style
· References slide (a minimum of 3 outside scholarly sources plus the textbook and/or the weekly lesson for each course outcome)
· Title and introduction slide required
Chapter 3 p54.
Can you imagine living a meaningful or coherent life without a clear sense of who you are? In The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, neurologist Oliver Sacks (1985) described such a person—a patient named William Thompson. According to Sacks, Thompson suffered from an organic brain disorder that im- pairs a person’s memory of recent events. Unable to recall anything for more than a few seconds, Thompson was always disoriented and lacked a sense of inner continuity. The effect on his behavior was startling. Trying to grasp a constantly vanishing identity, Thomps ...
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La libertad desde la ciencia
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Unit 1 history_and_approaches
This document provides an overview of the approaches and history of psychology. It discusses key figures like Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Darwin, Wundt, James, Freud, Piaget, and Skinner who helped develop the field. Some main topics covered include the emergence of psychology as a science with Wundt opening the first lab, Freud pioneering psychoanalysis, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Skinner's behavioral approach, and contemporary perspectives like cognitive, biological, and humanistic psychology. The document aims to introduce students to the broad history and approaches that contribute to modern psychology.
Paper # 11. READ THE ARTICLE THAT FOLLOWS THESE INSTRUCT.docx
Paper # 1
1. READ THE ARTICLE THAT FOLLOWS THESE INSTRUCTIONS
2. THINK ABOUT IT
3. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION (USING 2 PHILOSOPHERS YOU HAVE READ OR READ ABOUT SO FAR IN THE CLASS). DOES MARY LEARN ANYTHING NEW WHEN SHE SEES RED FOR THE FIRST TIME? IF SHE DOES, THEN, WHAT IS IT? IF SHE DOES NOT, WHY NOT?
The paper should be:
· 12 font
· Times New Roman
· With a cover page
· A works cited page
· Cite all references and quotations made
· 3 pages
What Did Mary Know?
Marina Gerner on a thought experiment about consciousness.
Imagine a girl called Mary. She is a brilliant neuroscientist and a world expert on colour vision. But because she grew up entirely in a black and white room, she has never actually seen any colours. Many black and white books and TV programmes have taught her all there is to know about colour vision. Mary knows facts like the structure of our eyes and the exact wavelengths of light that stimulate our retinas when we look at a light blue sky.
One day, Mary escapes her monochrome room, and as she walks through the grey city streets, she sees a red apple for the first time.
What changes upon Mary’s encounter with the red apple? Has Mary learnt anything new about the colour red upon seeing the colour for the first time? Since Mary already knew everything about the physics and biology of colour perception, she must surely have known all there is to know about the colour red beforehand. Or is it possible that some facts escape physical explanations? (‘Physical’ in this sense refers to all the realms of physical science, including chemistry, biology, neuroscience, etc.). If Mary has learnt something new, then we can conclude that scientific explanations cannot capture all there is to know, argues Professor Frank Jackson, who thought up this scenario in ‘Epiphenomenal Qualia’, in The Philosophical Quarterly (1982). The story of Mary is known as the ‘knowledge argument’ and it has become one of the most prominent thought experiments in the philosophy of mind.
You might say, “Hang on a minute, how was it possible that Mary grew up in a black and white room in the first place?” Never mind the first place. Some philosophers have put forth that she wore special goggles. But this issue need not concern us, because philosophical thought experiments depend on logical coherence rather than practical feasibility. Philosophers devise such narratives to think through an imagined situation, so as to learn something about the way we understand things. Thought experiments require no Bunsen burners or test tubes; they are laboratories of the mind. In thought experiments, time travel is logically possible, but no philosophy professor is expected to travel back in time to prove their point.
Reinvigorating The Debate
The reason Professor Jackson devised the thought experiment involving Mary was to challenge the physicalist school of thought. In philosophy of mind debates, proponents of physicalism argue that what really m.
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Derren Brown uses mind tricks to amaze audiences by revealing personal details about strangers. He employs cold reading techniques like making vague statements that most people would relate to, and using deductive reasoning based on subtle clues to learn details about people's lives and personalities. Psychological studies have shown that people hear what they want to hear and believe cold readings apply uniquely to them, even when the descriptions could fit many people.
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BEFORE approaching the fundamental principles upon which this lesson is founded it will be of benefit to you to keep in mind the fact that it is practical – that it brings you the discoveries of more than twenty-five years of research-that it has the approval of the leading scientific men and women of the world who have tested every principle involved.
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this covers the scientific evolution of consciousness research in terms of chemistry . #chemistry #consciousness
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The document discusses various topics related to art, science, technology, consciousness, and memory. It defines consciousness as one's state of being aware and defines memory as the mental capacity to store and recall past experiences. It also discusses dreams, artworks, scientific theories like quantum mechanics, mind-expanding drug experiments, and cultural influences between Eastern and Western thought.
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Tuesdays with Morrie: Symbolism - Free Essay Example | StudyDriver.com. Tuesdays With Morrie Summary. Free tuesdays with morrie Essays and Papers - 123helpme. The Profound Lessons of Morrie Schwartz Free Essay Example. Learning Perspective: The Memoir Genre in “Tuesdays with Morrie .... ≡Tuesdays With Morrie Essays | Summary, Analysis | Format Template .... ⇉"Tuesdays with Morrie" Book Review Essay Example | GraduateWay. Tuesdays with morrie final essay - copywriterdubai.x.fc2.com. Tuesdays With Morrie eNotes Lesson Plan - Our eNotes... - Language Arts .... An Analysis of Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom Essay Example .... Tuesdays with Morrie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... Striking Tuesdays With Morrie Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Persuasive Essay: Tuesdays with morrie essay. ️ Tuesday with morrie reaction paper. Reaction Paper for Tuesday with .... PPT - Tuesdays with Morrie Response to Literature Essay PowerPoint .... Tuesdays with Morrie Summary Free Essay Example. Tuesdays with Morrie. Tuesdays with Morrie - 1970 Words | Free Essay Example on GraduateWay.
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The document summarizes 5 major perspectives in psychology:
1) Biological approach focuses on how genetics, brain structure, and hormones influence behavior.
2) Psychodynamic approach emphasizes unconscious drives and early childhood experiences.
3) Behavioral approach believes external stimuli shape behavior through reinforcement.
4) Cognitive approach views behavior as determined by thoughts, expectations, and memory.
5) Humanistic approach sees people as inherently good and focused on self-actualization.
Who will watch the movie watchers?
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Week 4 The Problem of Suffering and God’s Existence and the Mind.docx
Week 4: The Problem of Suffering and God’s Existence and the Mind/Body Problem
Overview
A 2012 Pew survey demonstrated that 68% of Americans believe in the notion of God or a “universal spirit.” This week’s materials will provide you with a portal for examining philosophical arguments for and against God’s existence.
You will investigate one of the primary reasons for skepticism about God’s existence – the problem of suffering. Suffering is part of the human condition, and we have all experienced it in varying degrees. For many, the fact of suffering means it is impossible to believe in an all-powerful, all-good, and all-knowing God.
Richard Rubenstein, a Jewish rabbi and religious studies scholar, is an example. He famously argued that it was no longer possible to believe in God after Auschwitz, for surely an all-good and all-powerful being would have intervened in human affairs to stop the brutal suffering of millions of people (1992). But another rabbi and scholar, Eliezer Berkovits comes to the opposite conclusion. He argues that the problem of suffering, specifically the Holocaust, is not a problem for God, but a problem for human beings (Berkovits, 1973). It was human beings who perpetrated the crimes against humanity, not God. You will wrestle with problem of suffering and determine where you stand on the issue.
You will also explore the mind/body problem. This branch of philosophy raises questions about the relationship between the mind and body. Specifically, we will investigate the nature of the self. At some point in our lives, most of us have asked the question, “Who am I”? This topic will allow you to investigate modern and contemporary conceptions of the self and determine how they might help you better understand the nature of the self.
There are a number of important questions that arise when addressing this topic. Do human beings possess a soul? If so, what is a soul, and how does it differ from a body? Is the soul the essence of who we are as human beings? (In other words, is the soul the nature of the self?) Dualism, most famously popularized by Descartes, maintains that human beings possess an immaterial, rational soul housed in a physical body. Importantly, the soul is the essence of the self.
Dualism allowed Descartes to maintain his commitment to Christianity, but it has been soundly criticized for its failure to account for the interaction between the soul (or mind) and body: how does an immaterial substance like the soul (or the mind) interact with a physical body? A number of alternatives to Cartesian dualism have been proposed. These run along a continuum, ranging from the behaviorism (there is no self/soul) to physicalism (the self is reducible to brain functions). As you work through this material, ask yourself which account provides the best explanation for the nature of the self and why?
References
Berkovits, E. (1973). Faith after Auschwitz. New York, NY: KTAV Publishing House, Inc.
Most of the skeptically unaf.
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
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The hard problem of consciousness
- 1. 1-2. The hard problem of consciousness
- 2. Chalmers, David J. (1996) The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press The problem of explaining how and why we have qualia or phenomenal experiences — how sensations acquire characteristics, such as colors and tastes. The hard problem of consciousness
- 3. Philosophical zombie A philosophical zombie is a hypothetical being who is physically identical to a normal human being, but completely lacks conscious experience. David Chalmers http://consc.net/zombies.html If a philosophical zombie is possible, then conscious experience is independent of physical world.
- 4. http://www.iconspedia.com/icon/user-man-8225.html http://www.iconspedia.com/icon/user-woman-8226.html http://myds.jp/fruit/apple/b/ It is red. YOU Philosophical zombie
- 5. http://www.iconspedia.com/icon/user-man-8225.html http://www.iconspedia.com/icon/user-woman-8226.html http://myds.jp/fruit/apple/b/ It is red. YOU Philosophical zombie
- 6. http://www.iconspedia.com/icon/user-man-8225.html http://www.iconspedia.com/icon/user-woman-8226.html http://myds.jp/fruit/apple/b/ It is red. YOU 500 600 700 Philosophical zombie
- 7. http://www.iconspedia.com/icon/user-man-8225.html http://www.iconspedia.com/icon/user-woman-8226.html http://myds.jp/fruit/apple/b/ It is red. It is red. YOU 500 600 700 aphantasiaとの関連 Philosophical zombie
- 8. if the idea that a violet produced in one man's mind by his eyes were the same that a marigold produced in another man's, and vice versa Locke, J., 1825 (1690), 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding' Inverted spectrum Violet and marigold qualia. Image credit: Helen Klus/CC-NC-SA http://www.thestargarden.co.uk/Locke-and-Berkeley.html Marigold Violet
- 9. It is red. YOU 500 600 700 Inverted spectrum
- 10. It is red. YOU 500 600 700 Inverted spectrum
- 11. YOU It is red. It is green. YOU 500 600 700 500 600 700 Inverted spectrum
- 12. In his (Ned’s) class, ~2/3 of the students usually say, ‘Oh yeah, I see what you’re talking about’ and some of them even say, ‘Oh yeah, I’ve wondered about that since I was a kid.’ ~1/3 of people say, ‘I don’t know what you’re talking about.’ Susan J. Blackmore (2006). Conversations on consciousness: What the best minds think about the brain, free will, and what it means to be human. Oxford, UK; New York: Oxford University Press Inverted spectrum
- 13. Chalmers, David J. (1996) The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press Qualia or phenomenal experiences: “How sensations acquire characteristics, such as colors and tastes.” <==> Awareness: “a state wherein we have access to some information, and can use that information in the control of behavior.” “the psychological concept of mind” Two kinds of consciousness
- 14. What we are interested in here as a target of scientific investigation is a component that is reportable or behaviorally measurable. So I will use the word awareness rather than consciousness. Block, N. (1995) On a confusion about the function of consciousness. Behav. Brain Sci. 18, 227-287 Two kinds of consciousness Phenomenal consciousness (= qualia): experience; the phenomenally conscious aspect of a state is what it is like to be in that state. Access-consciousness (= awareness): functional, psychological aspect; availability for use in reasoning and rationally guiding speech and action