Last name 1
Your Name
Professor Ferreira
English 60
24 August, 2011
What MLA Format Looks Like
This page is an example of what MLA format should look like. Please note that there are 1 inch margins around the page and that the writing is double spaced. Also, please note that there is a header. The header should contain the writer’s last name and the page number. Please use the tool bar to insert the header. The header is typically located under the View or Insert menus, but it depends on the software that you’re using. Be sure that you are using a Word program, otherwise there is a good chance that you won’t be able to read or view your papers on other computers, or email them to your instructor.
Please note that the title of the paper is not bold, not italicized, not in super-large print. In fact, it is in the same font as the rest of the paper. Also, there is no extra spacing between the class information, the title, and the beginning of your paper. Please don’t add any. It makes your paper look shorter, not longer.
Another important thing to be aware of is that some of the new Word programs
automatically default to have an extra space between paragraphs. This does not follow the guidelines of MLA formatting. If you find your paper has extra spaces, please be sure to go under the spacing option and delete them. Your should have the option to “Remove Space After Paragraph.”
Paper # 1
1. READ THE ARTICLE THAT FOLLOWS THESE INSTRUCTIONS
2. THINK ABOUT IT
3. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION (USING 2 PHILOSOPHERS YOU HAVE READ OR READ ABOUT SO FAR IN THE CLASS). DOES MARY LEARN ANYTHING NEW WHEN SHE SEES RED FOR THE FIRST TIME? IF SHE DOES, THEN, WHAT IS IT? IF SHE DOES NOT, WHY NOT?
The paper should be:
· 12 font
· Times New Roman
· With a cover page
· A works cited page
· Cite all references and quotations made
· 3 pages
What Did Mary Know?
Marina Gerner on a thought experiment about consciousness.
Imagine a girl called Mary. She is a brilliant neuroscientist and a world expert on colour vision. But because she grew up entirely in a black and white room, she has never actually seen any colours. Many black and white books and TV programmes have taught her all there is to know about colour vision. Mary knows facts like the structure of our eyes and the exact wavelengths of light that stimulate our retinas when we look at a light blue sky.
One day, Mary escapes her monochrome room, and as she walks through the grey city streets, she sees a red apple for the first time.
What changes upon Mary’s encounter with the red apple? Has Mary learnt anything new about the colour red upon seeing the colour for the first time? Since Mary already knew everything about the physics and biology of colour perception, she must surely have known all there is to know about the colour red beforehand. Or is it possible that some facts escape physical explanations? (‘Physical’ in this sense refers to all the realms of physical science, ...
Paper # 11. READ THE ARTICLE THAT FOLLOWS THESE INSTRUCT.docxalfred4lewis58146
Paper # 1
1. READ THE ARTICLE THAT FOLLOWS THESE INSTRUCTIONS
2. THINK ABOUT IT
3. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION (USING 2 PHILOSOPHERS YOU HAVE READ OR READ ABOUT SO FAR IN THE CLASS). DOES MARY LEARN ANYTHING NEW WHEN SHE SEES RED FOR THE FIRST TIME? IF SHE DOES, THEN, WHAT IS IT? IF SHE DOES NOT, WHY NOT?
The paper should be:
· 12 font
· Times New Roman
· With a cover page
· A works cited page
· Cite all references and quotations made
· 3 pages
What Did Mary Know?
Marina Gerner on a thought experiment about consciousness.
Imagine a girl called Mary. She is a brilliant neuroscientist and a world expert on colour vision. But because she grew up entirely in a black and white room, she has never actually seen any colours. Many black and white books and TV programmes have taught her all there is to know about colour vision. Mary knows facts like the structure of our eyes and the exact wavelengths of light that stimulate our retinas when we look at a light blue sky.
One day, Mary escapes her monochrome room, and as she walks through the grey city streets, she sees a red apple for the first time.
What changes upon Mary’s encounter with the red apple? Has Mary learnt anything new about the colour red upon seeing the colour for the first time? Since Mary already knew everything about the physics and biology of colour perception, she must surely have known all there is to know about the colour red beforehand. Or is it possible that some facts escape physical explanations? (‘Physical’ in this sense refers to all the realms of physical science, including chemistry, biology, neuroscience, etc.). If Mary has learnt something new, then we can conclude that scientific explanations cannot capture all there is to know, argues Professor Frank Jackson, who thought up this scenario in ‘Epiphenomenal Qualia’, in The Philosophical Quarterly (1982). The story of Mary is known as the ‘knowledge argument’ and it has become one of the most prominent thought experiments in the philosophy of mind.
You might say, “Hang on a minute, how was it possible that Mary grew up in a black and white room in the first place?” Never mind the first place. Some philosophers have put forth that she wore special goggles. But this issue need not concern us, because philosophical thought experiments depend on logical coherence rather than practical feasibility. Philosophers devise such narratives to think through an imagined situation, so as to learn something about the way we understand things. Thought experiments require no Bunsen burners or test tubes; they are laboratories of the mind. In thought experiments, time travel is logically possible, but no philosophy professor is expected to travel back in time to prove their point.
Reinvigorating The Debate
The reason Professor Jackson devised the thought experiment involving Mary was to challenge the physicalist school of thought. In philosophy of mind debates, proponents of physicalism argue that what really m.
Paper # 11. READ THE ARTICLE THAT FOLLOWS THESE INSTRUCT.docxalfred4lewis58146
Paper # 1
1. READ THE ARTICLE THAT FOLLOWS THESE INSTRUCTIONS
2. THINK ABOUT IT
3. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION (USING 2 PHILOSOPHERS YOU HAVE READ OR READ ABOUT SO FAR IN THE CLASS). DOES MARY LEARN ANYTHING NEW WHEN SHE SEES RED FOR THE FIRST TIME? IF SHE DOES, THEN, WHAT IS IT? IF SHE DOES NOT, WHY NOT?
The paper should be:
· 12 font
· Times New Roman
· With a cover page
· A works cited page
· Cite all references and quotations made
· 3 pages
What Did Mary Know?
Marina Gerner on a thought experiment about consciousness.
Imagine a girl called Mary. She is a brilliant neuroscientist and a world expert on colour vision. But because she grew up entirely in a black and white room, she has never actually seen any colours. Many black and white books and TV programmes have taught her all there is to know about colour vision. Mary knows facts like the structure of our eyes and the exact wavelengths of light that stimulate our retinas when we look at a light blue sky.
One day, Mary escapes her monochrome room, and as she walks through the grey city streets, she sees a red apple for the first time.
What changes upon Mary’s encounter with the red apple? Has Mary learnt anything new about the colour red upon seeing the colour for the first time? Since Mary already knew everything about the physics and biology of colour perception, she must surely have known all there is to know about the colour red beforehand. Or is it possible that some facts escape physical explanations? (‘Physical’ in this sense refers to all the realms of physical science, including chemistry, biology, neuroscience, etc.). If Mary has learnt something new, then we can conclude that scientific explanations cannot capture all there is to know, argues Professor Frank Jackson, who thought up this scenario in ‘Epiphenomenal Qualia’, in The Philosophical Quarterly (1982). The story of Mary is known as the ‘knowledge argument’ and it has become one of the most prominent thought experiments in the philosophy of mind.
You might say, “Hang on a minute, how was it possible that Mary grew up in a black and white room in the first place?” Never mind the first place. Some philosophers have put forth that she wore special goggles. But this issue need not concern us, because philosophical thought experiments depend on logical coherence rather than practical feasibility. Philosophers devise such narratives to think through an imagined situation, so as to learn something about the way we understand things. Thought experiments require no Bunsen burners or test tubes; they are laboratories of the mind. In thought experiments, time travel is logically possible, but no philosophy professor is expected to travel back in time to prove their point.
Reinvigorating The Debate
The reason Professor Jackson devised the thought experiment involving Mary was to challenge the physicalist school of thought. In philosophy of mind debates, proponents of physicalism argue that what really m.
For most of the twentieth century a “brain-first” approach dominated the philosophy of consciousness. The idea was that the brain is the thing we really understand, through neuroscience, and the task of the philosopher is try to understand how that thing “gives rise” to subjective experience: to the inner world of colours, smells and sounds that each of us knows in our own case. This philosophical project has not gone all that well–nobody has provided even the beginnings of a satisfying solution to what David Chalmers called “the hard problem” of consciousness.
2 Divided Minds and the Nature of Persons Derek Parf.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
2
Divided Minds and the Nature of
Persons
Derek Parfit
Derek Parfit, who was born in 1942, has been a philosopher at All Souls
Coilege, Oxjord for many years. He has also taught frequently in the United
States. The main subjeas on which he has worked have been rationality,
morality, personal identity, and juture generations. These are the subjeas of
his book Reasons and Persons, publis hed by Oxford University Press in
1984.
It was the split-brain cases which drew me into philosophy. Our
knowledge of these cases depends on the rcsults of various psychological
tests, as described by Donald MacKay.! These tests made use of two
facts. We control each of our arms, and see what is in each half of our
visual fields, with only one of Ollr hemispheres. When someone's
hemispheres have been disconnected, psychologists can thus present to
this person two different written questions in the two halves of his visual
field, and can receive two different answers written by this person's two
hands.
Here is a simplified imaginary version of the kind of evidence that such
tests provide. One of these people looks fixedly at the centre of a wide
screen, whose left half is red and right half is blue. On each half in a
darker shade arc the words, 'How many colours can you see?' With both
hands the person writes, 'Only one'. The words are now changed to read,
'Which is the only colour that you can see?' With one of his hands the
person writes 'Red', with the other he writes 'Blue'.
If this is how such a person responds, I would conclude that he is
having two visual sensations - that he does, as he claims, see both red and
blue. But in seeing each colour he is not aware of seeing the other. He has
two streams of consciousness, in each of which he can see only one
colour. In one stream he sees red, and at the same time, in his other
stream, he sees blue. More generally, he could be having at the same time
two series of thoughts and sensations, in having each of which he is
unaware of having the other.
This conclusion has been questioned. It has been claimed by some that
there are not two streams of consciousness, on the ground that the sub-
dominant hemisphere is a part of the brain whose functioning involves no
The Daibutsu (Great Buddha) at Kamakura, Japan, construded in 1252, Derek Parfit s denial of
the concept of a person is remarkably similar to a central tenet of Buddhist philosophy (photograph by
Colin Blakemore),
20 Persons
consciousness. If this were true, these cases would lose most of their
interest. I believe that it is not true, chiefly because, if a person's
dominant hemisphere is destroyed, this person is able to react in the way
in which, in the split-brain cases, the sub-dominant hemisphere reacts,
and we do not believe that such a person is just an automaton, without
consciousness. The sub-dominant hemisphere is, of course, much less
developed in certain ways, typically having the linguistic ...
Physics and Indian Spiritual Tradition - Giulio Prisco.pdfGiulio Prisco
Transcript of my talk titled "Physics and the Indian Spiritual Tradition" at the Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture (RMIC), Kolkata, India, February 2018.
please write a short essay to address the following questions. Lengt.docxDIPESH30
please write a short essay to address the following questions. Length: 500 word count to the minimum.
“Blogs, Twitter, Facebook, and a host of other news and social-media sites have allowed average citizens to become newsmakers. Is this a good or bad thing? Is the increase in citizen journalism leading to inaccuracies in reporting? Or can we trust that Americans will “consider the source” and verify any questionable information they read on a blog?”
Requirements:
1.Word count: 500.
2.Submissions must be in Word format (doc, docx) or Rich Text format (rtf). Attached file sent to my email will not be graded.
3.VeriCite has been activated to prevent plagiarism and no credit will be issued if Similarity Index points to 20% or higher.
.
please write a diary entry from the perspective of a French Revoluti.docxDIPESH30
please write a diary entry from the perspective of a French Revolutionary of the Third Estate (bourgeoisie, worker, or peasant), a member of the First Estate (clergy) or a member of the Second Estate (nobles). Your entry should have a well established mood, or writing that evokes certain feelings or emotions in readers through words and descriptions. Some examples of mood through setting, diction, and tone can be found
HERE
.
In addition, your journal should incorporate at least
THREE
of the following vocabulary terms:
Louis XVI
Estates-General
National Assembly
Tennis Court Oath
estate (First, Second, Third)
The Enlightenment
Great Fear
.
Please write the definition for these words and provide .docxDIPESH30
Please write the definition for these words and
provide two
examples
for each one
The definition should relate to “linguistic form“ / grammar
See attached file. you have
three hours and an half
to do the assignemnt
.
Please view the filmThomas A. Edison Father of Invention, A .docxDIPESH30
Please view the film:
Thomas A. Edison: Father of Invention
, A & E Television (New York, NY: A & E Television Networks, 1996); Available on the Hagerty Library catalogue at: http://records.library.drexel.edu/record=b2133926~S9
And discuss:
Edison is portrayed rather herocially in this film, what would you do to present a more balanced view of Edison the man and inventor? Based on my lecture, discuss why or why not Edison should be considered the creator of the light bulb?
.
Please watch the clip from the movie The Break Up. Then reflect w.docxDIPESH30
Please watch the clip from the movie "The Break Up." Then reflect who you think is most at fault and why.
Then I would you like to think about a conflict you have had and think about what could have been done differently to resolve it.
Write a one page paper (double spaced)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bqhVqTuFO4
.
please write a report on Social Media and ERP SystemReport should.docxDIPESH30
please write a report on Social Media and ERP System:
Report should be a detail study on social media, effects of social media on business.Use of ERP Systems in social media and its benefits.During presentatio the students should present the use of ERP Systems in the social media aspect.
pages: 15
font size: 11
spaces: 1.5
please see attached file
due date tomorrow, within 24 hour
.
Please write 200 wordsHow has the healthcare delivery system chang.docxDIPESH30
Please write 200 words
How has the healthcare delivery system changed?
For what types of patients and what types of care does each of the systems deliver? Would a patient have a need for more than one system? When (give examples and explain)?
What are the regulations related to the medical staff? What purpose do these regulations serve?
.
Please view the documentary on Typhoid Mary at httpswww..docxDIPESH30
Please view the documentary on Typhoid Mary at:
https
://
www
.
youtube
.com/watch?v=
Mc
8O9
EnAuLo
And read:
- Priscilla Wald, “Cultures and Carriers: "Typhoid Mary" and the Science of Social Control,”
Social Text
, No. 52/53,
Queer
Transexions
of Race, Nation, and Gender
(Autumn - Winter, 1997), pp. 181-214; Available in the Readings Folder and on JSTOR at:
http
://
www
.
jstor
.
org
/stable/466739
Then discuss:
Wald discusses how the concept of "social control" relates or is exemplified by the Mary
Mallon
ca
se
. Choose one of the aspects of Wald's argument and discuss how it relates to the Typhoid Mary documentary. Do these help us understand the significance the 'Typhoid Mary' case has for the history of medicine, or for the treatment of epidemics today?
.
Please use the two attachments posted to complete work. Detailed in.docxDIPESH30
Please use the two attachments posted to complete work. Detailed instructions, notes / additional information, links and some resources are listed therein.
#1. Discussion due Thursday 12/11/14 Noon
#2. Paper due Saturday 12/13/14 Noon
******12/11/14 Edit to add additional research sources for you if need for part2 of assignment.
Davidson, W. H. (1979). FACTOR ENDOWMENT, INNOVATION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY.
Kyklos
,
32
(4), 764.
Handlin, A. H. (2011).
Government Grief : How to Help Your Small Business Survive Mindless Regulation, Political Corruption and Red Tape
. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger.
Warren, R. C. (2003). The evolution of business legitimacy.
European Business Review,
15
(3), 153. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/225421529?accountid=8289
.
Please use the sources in the outline (see photos)The research.docxDIPESH30
Please use the sources in the outline (see photos)
The research essay is to be 12 pages, typed, double-spaced. 10-12 sources are to be used. It is to be on a social policy area and may focus on Canada, or Canada in comparative perspective.
1.
Discuss the National Child Benefit, introduced in 1997. Has this measure been effective in reducing child poverty? Can this measure be seen as the further extension of neoliberalism, or as a new form of state-provided social investment?
Please make a clear and wordy thesis (highlight this in red) use notions of this thesis throughout the paper please. Clear and concise english as this is a university level paper.
Please include your own ideas as well as recommendations.
if a point is made please provide proof with the sources or readings
Please use APA FORMAT.
Please ensure that the paper follows the format suggested in the outline.
.
Please submit a minimum of five (5) detailed and discussion-provokin.docxDIPESH30
Please submit a minimum of five (5) detailed and discussion-provoking questions based on the recent reading assignments, video clips and the other websites assigned.
Only complete questions will earn credit. Therefore, it is important for you to think carefully about formulating the kinds of questions intended to stimulate conversations. Ask detailed and specific, rather than broad, general questions. Do not ask, for example, ‘When was the first Mission established in California?’ Instead, ask something like ‘What is the ideological agenda behind maintaining figures like Father Junipero Serra as heroic in California textbooks?’
Other examples include:
Does recent news media coverage of the “riots” in Baltimore, Ferguson and other cities promote a message that is pro-police? If not, how does it engender understanding of the root causes of many of the frustrations of local residents?
In the film “Banned in Arizona,” why does Superintendent Tom Horne argue in favor of “individualism” and why does he say that the Mexican American Studies program encourages radical thinking? What, if anything, is radical about the way those courses teach students in Tucson, Arizona?
If the U.S. reinstated a Vietnam War era-like military draft instead of relying upon the current all-volunteer force, would current public support for war change at all? If so, how?
Please consider these guidelines in composing your questions:
1. Make certain to ask at least one question from each source.
2. Ask questions about things that interest you.
3. Write your questions as though you were asking them to the entire class.
4. Be sure to make specific reference to the readings in each question. Many good questions require at least two sentences.
5. Try and use the questions to critique the author's opinion.
6. These homework questions should attempt to raise larger issues and---when possible---to relate the readings to issues in our current world.
"This week, I want us to think about the concept of
bias
, and its application in the places we consume information. This is tricky territory because even the very presentation of this unit is fraught with bias—my personal bias, or frame of reference. I’m going to ask you to read a collection of articles that I think are important, but they all clearly have a perspective and an agenda that comes from a particular worldview. So let’s get that out in the open. Maybe nothing in your liberal arts education is free from bias, but that does not mean we shy away from considering the information, ideas, arguments and critiques.
What is bias? For the purposes of our consideration, bias is really just about a set of values that can color or distort fair judgment. We can sometimes recognize obvious bias in others, especially when people use overtly discriminatory or offensive language, or have a clear political or ideological perspective that makes everything they present go through that lens. But more than anything else, I want us to think a.
Please think about the various learning activities you engaged in du.docxDIPESH30
Please think about the various learning activities you engaged in during this unit.
write one page summarizing the following:
Multiculturalism plays an important role in many schools today.
How can this be incorporated into everyday lessons related to health, safety, and nutrition?
How has your school (or your children’s school) incorporated multiculturalism into their lesson?
.
Please type out the question and answer it underneath. Each question.docxDIPESH30
Please type out the question and answer it underneath. Each question should be about a page long DOUBLE SPACED and cited.
Please use the articles that I PROVIDE!
Due date is this Sunday the 14th.
First two articles answer the questions 1 & 2 , the last article answers question 3
PLEASE FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS
.
More Related Content
Similar to Last name 1Your NameProfessor FerreiraEnglish 6024 A.docx
For most of the twentieth century a “brain-first” approach dominated the philosophy of consciousness. The idea was that the brain is the thing we really understand, through neuroscience, and the task of the philosopher is try to understand how that thing “gives rise” to subjective experience: to the inner world of colours, smells and sounds that each of us knows in our own case. This philosophical project has not gone all that well–nobody has provided even the beginnings of a satisfying solution to what David Chalmers called “the hard problem” of consciousness.
2 Divided Minds and the Nature of Persons Derek Parf.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
2
Divided Minds and the Nature of
Persons
Derek Parfit
Derek Parfit, who was born in 1942, has been a philosopher at All Souls
Coilege, Oxjord for many years. He has also taught frequently in the United
States. The main subjeas on which he has worked have been rationality,
morality, personal identity, and juture generations. These are the subjeas of
his book Reasons and Persons, publis hed by Oxford University Press in
1984.
It was the split-brain cases which drew me into philosophy. Our
knowledge of these cases depends on the rcsults of various psychological
tests, as described by Donald MacKay.! These tests made use of two
facts. We control each of our arms, and see what is in each half of our
visual fields, with only one of Ollr hemispheres. When someone's
hemispheres have been disconnected, psychologists can thus present to
this person two different written questions in the two halves of his visual
field, and can receive two different answers written by this person's two
hands.
Here is a simplified imaginary version of the kind of evidence that such
tests provide. One of these people looks fixedly at the centre of a wide
screen, whose left half is red and right half is blue. On each half in a
darker shade arc the words, 'How many colours can you see?' With both
hands the person writes, 'Only one'. The words are now changed to read,
'Which is the only colour that you can see?' With one of his hands the
person writes 'Red', with the other he writes 'Blue'.
If this is how such a person responds, I would conclude that he is
having two visual sensations - that he does, as he claims, see both red and
blue. But in seeing each colour he is not aware of seeing the other. He has
two streams of consciousness, in each of which he can see only one
colour. In one stream he sees red, and at the same time, in his other
stream, he sees blue. More generally, he could be having at the same time
two series of thoughts and sensations, in having each of which he is
unaware of having the other.
This conclusion has been questioned. It has been claimed by some that
there are not two streams of consciousness, on the ground that the sub-
dominant hemisphere is a part of the brain whose functioning involves no
The Daibutsu (Great Buddha) at Kamakura, Japan, construded in 1252, Derek Parfit s denial of
the concept of a person is remarkably similar to a central tenet of Buddhist philosophy (photograph by
Colin Blakemore),
20 Persons
consciousness. If this were true, these cases would lose most of their
interest. I believe that it is not true, chiefly because, if a person's
dominant hemisphere is destroyed, this person is able to react in the way
in which, in the split-brain cases, the sub-dominant hemisphere reacts,
and we do not believe that such a person is just an automaton, without
consciousness. The sub-dominant hemisphere is, of course, much less
developed in certain ways, typically having the linguistic ...
Physics and Indian Spiritual Tradition - Giulio Prisco.pdfGiulio Prisco
Transcript of my talk titled "Physics and the Indian Spiritual Tradition" at the Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture (RMIC), Kolkata, India, February 2018.
Similar to Last name 1Your NameProfessor FerreiraEnglish 6024 A.docx (9)
please write a short essay to address the following questions. Lengt.docxDIPESH30
please write a short essay to address the following questions. Length: 500 word count to the minimum.
“Blogs, Twitter, Facebook, and a host of other news and social-media sites have allowed average citizens to become newsmakers. Is this a good or bad thing? Is the increase in citizen journalism leading to inaccuracies in reporting? Or can we trust that Americans will “consider the source” and verify any questionable information they read on a blog?”
Requirements:
1.Word count: 500.
2.Submissions must be in Word format (doc, docx) or Rich Text format (rtf). Attached file sent to my email will not be graded.
3.VeriCite has been activated to prevent plagiarism and no credit will be issued if Similarity Index points to 20% or higher.
.
please write a diary entry from the perspective of a French Revoluti.docxDIPESH30
please write a diary entry from the perspective of a French Revolutionary of the Third Estate (bourgeoisie, worker, or peasant), a member of the First Estate (clergy) or a member of the Second Estate (nobles). Your entry should have a well established mood, or writing that evokes certain feelings or emotions in readers through words and descriptions. Some examples of mood through setting, diction, and tone can be found
HERE
.
In addition, your journal should incorporate at least
THREE
of the following vocabulary terms:
Louis XVI
Estates-General
National Assembly
Tennis Court Oath
estate (First, Second, Third)
The Enlightenment
Great Fear
.
Please write the definition for these words and provide .docxDIPESH30
Please write the definition for these words and
provide two
examples
for each one
The definition should relate to “linguistic form“ / grammar
See attached file. you have
three hours and an half
to do the assignemnt
.
Please view the filmThomas A. Edison Father of Invention, A .docxDIPESH30
Please view the film:
Thomas A. Edison: Father of Invention
, A & E Television (New York, NY: A & E Television Networks, 1996); Available on the Hagerty Library catalogue at: http://records.library.drexel.edu/record=b2133926~S9
And discuss:
Edison is portrayed rather herocially in this film, what would you do to present a more balanced view of Edison the man and inventor? Based on my lecture, discuss why or why not Edison should be considered the creator of the light bulb?
.
Please watch the clip from the movie The Break Up. Then reflect w.docxDIPESH30
Please watch the clip from the movie "The Break Up." Then reflect who you think is most at fault and why.
Then I would you like to think about a conflict you have had and think about what could have been done differently to resolve it.
Write a one page paper (double spaced)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bqhVqTuFO4
.
please write a report on Social Media and ERP SystemReport should.docxDIPESH30
please write a report on Social Media and ERP System:
Report should be a detail study on social media, effects of social media on business.Use of ERP Systems in social media and its benefits.During presentatio the students should present the use of ERP Systems in the social media aspect.
pages: 15
font size: 11
spaces: 1.5
please see attached file
due date tomorrow, within 24 hour
.
Please write 200 wordsHow has the healthcare delivery system chang.docxDIPESH30
Please write 200 words
How has the healthcare delivery system changed?
For what types of patients and what types of care does each of the systems deliver? Would a patient have a need for more than one system? When (give examples and explain)?
What are the regulations related to the medical staff? What purpose do these regulations serve?
.
Please view the documentary on Typhoid Mary at httpswww..docxDIPESH30
Please view the documentary on Typhoid Mary at:
https
://
www
.
youtube
.com/watch?v=
Mc
8O9
EnAuLo
And read:
- Priscilla Wald, “Cultures and Carriers: "Typhoid Mary" and the Science of Social Control,”
Social Text
, No. 52/53,
Queer
Transexions
of Race, Nation, and Gender
(Autumn - Winter, 1997), pp. 181-214; Available in the Readings Folder and on JSTOR at:
http
://
www
.
jstor
.
org
/stable/466739
Then discuss:
Wald discusses how the concept of "social control" relates or is exemplified by the Mary
Mallon
ca
se
. Choose one of the aspects of Wald's argument and discuss how it relates to the Typhoid Mary documentary. Do these help us understand the significance the 'Typhoid Mary' case has for the history of medicine, or for the treatment of epidemics today?
.
Please use the two attachments posted to complete work. Detailed in.docxDIPESH30
Please use the two attachments posted to complete work. Detailed instructions, notes / additional information, links and some resources are listed therein.
#1. Discussion due Thursday 12/11/14 Noon
#2. Paper due Saturday 12/13/14 Noon
******12/11/14 Edit to add additional research sources for you if need for part2 of assignment.
Davidson, W. H. (1979). FACTOR ENDOWMENT, INNOVATION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY.
Kyklos
,
32
(4), 764.
Handlin, A. H. (2011).
Government Grief : How to Help Your Small Business Survive Mindless Regulation, Political Corruption and Red Tape
. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger.
Warren, R. C. (2003). The evolution of business legitimacy.
European Business Review,
15
(3), 153. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/225421529?accountid=8289
.
Please use the sources in the outline (see photos)The research.docxDIPESH30
Please use the sources in the outline (see photos)
The research essay is to be 12 pages, typed, double-spaced. 10-12 sources are to be used. It is to be on a social policy area and may focus on Canada, or Canada in comparative perspective.
1.
Discuss the National Child Benefit, introduced in 1997. Has this measure been effective in reducing child poverty? Can this measure be seen as the further extension of neoliberalism, or as a new form of state-provided social investment?
Please make a clear and wordy thesis (highlight this in red) use notions of this thesis throughout the paper please. Clear and concise english as this is a university level paper.
Please include your own ideas as well as recommendations.
if a point is made please provide proof with the sources or readings
Please use APA FORMAT.
Please ensure that the paper follows the format suggested in the outline.
.
Please submit a minimum of five (5) detailed and discussion-provokin.docxDIPESH30
Please submit a minimum of five (5) detailed and discussion-provoking questions based on the recent reading assignments, video clips and the other websites assigned.
Only complete questions will earn credit. Therefore, it is important for you to think carefully about formulating the kinds of questions intended to stimulate conversations. Ask detailed and specific, rather than broad, general questions. Do not ask, for example, ‘When was the first Mission established in California?’ Instead, ask something like ‘What is the ideological agenda behind maintaining figures like Father Junipero Serra as heroic in California textbooks?’
Other examples include:
Does recent news media coverage of the “riots” in Baltimore, Ferguson and other cities promote a message that is pro-police? If not, how does it engender understanding of the root causes of many of the frustrations of local residents?
In the film “Banned in Arizona,” why does Superintendent Tom Horne argue in favor of “individualism” and why does he say that the Mexican American Studies program encourages radical thinking? What, if anything, is radical about the way those courses teach students in Tucson, Arizona?
If the U.S. reinstated a Vietnam War era-like military draft instead of relying upon the current all-volunteer force, would current public support for war change at all? If so, how?
Please consider these guidelines in composing your questions:
1. Make certain to ask at least one question from each source.
2. Ask questions about things that interest you.
3. Write your questions as though you were asking them to the entire class.
4. Be sure to make specific reference to the readings in each question. Many good questions require at least two sentences.
5. Try and use the questions to critique the author's opinion.
6. These homework questions should attempt to raise larger issues and---when possible---to relate the readings to issues in our current world.
"This week, I want us to think about the concept of
bias
, and its application in the places we consume information. This is tricky territory because even the very presentation of this unit is fraught with bias—my personal bias, or frame of reference. I’m going to ask you to read a collection of articles that I think are important, but they all clearly have a perspective and an agenda that comes from a particular worldview. So let’s get that out in the open. Maybe nothing in your liberal arts education is free from bias, but that does not mean we shy away from considering the information, ideas, arguments and critiques.
What is bias? For the purposes of our consideration, bias is really just about a set of values that can color or distort fair judgment. We can sometimes recognize obvious bias in others, especially when people use overtly discriminatory or offensive language, or have a clear political or ideological perspective that makes everything they present go through that lens. But more than anything else, I want us to think a.
Please think about the various learning activities you engaged in du.docxDIPESH30
Please think about the various learning activities you engaged in during this unit.
write one page summarizing the following:
Multiculturalism plays an important role in many schools today.
How can this be incorporated into everyday lessons related to health, safety, and nutrition?
How has your school (or your children’s school) incorporated multiculturalism into their lesson?
.
Please type out the question and answer it underneath. Each question.docxDIPESH30
Please type out the question and answer it underneath. Each question should be about a page long DOUBLE SPACED and cited.
Please use the articles that I PROVIDE!
Due date is this Sunday the 14th.
First two articles answer the questions 1 & 2 , the last article answers question 3
PLEASE FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS
.
Please use the following technique-Outline the legal issues t.docxDIPESH30
Please use the following technique:
-
Outline the legal issues that you are going to discuss in your answer
-
Define the legal rules that are relevant to the question
-
Apply the legal rules to the facts of the question
-
Formulate a decision of which party should be successful
The use of headings for each relationship discussed is suggested.
Application of legal principles to the facts is the most important and often the hardest step. I am more interested in how you arrived at your answer, than the actual conclusions that you draw. Having said that, the “kitchen sink approach” is not suggested – i.e. spilling all of your knowledge that is vaguely related to the issue raised into your answer.
Please do not simply say, “Andrew is liable for negligence.” You must go through the analysis for why or why not a particular tort claim will be successful.
Use the language of the question.
Be as comprehensive and thorough as possible when responding to each issue – canvas all possible answers. If you have considered the application of a particular contractual concept, but after analysis, you have decided that it is not applicable, please go through your analysis.
If any possible remedies are available to either party, please identify with supporting reasons.
Assume for each relationship that the matter is being litigated in court,
not
through alternative dispute resolution.
DUE: TUESDAY MARCH 24
th
, 2015 at beginning of class
No midterms will be accepted after this date.
Tort Law Problem
Andrew Black is the owner of Confederation Mall (“Mall”) located in New Minas, Nova Scotia. Mr. Black leases out many retail spaces in the Mall to a wide range of businesses. He prides himself as a local success story. The people of New Minas truly admire his entrepreneurial success.
George Orange, owner of Guppy World, a pet fish store, has been a long-time tenant of Confederation Mall. Colin and Darren work for Mr. Orange. Colin was repairing a ceiling fan when he asked Darren to toss him a screwdriver, as Colin was up on a step-ladder at the time. Darren, standing 15 feet away, underhand tosses the screwdriver to Colin. Darren overshoots the toss and the screwdriver shatters a glass fish tank containing a piranha fish. At the same time a customer, Sally, was walking towards the check-out to purchase fish food, when she slipped on the water from the broken tank, fell to the floor and fractured her wrist. She is also bitten on the ankle by the piranha. When Mr. Orange tried to assist Sally, he smelled a strong smell of alcoholic beverage coming from her mouth. Colin noted that Sally appeared to be staggering slightly before falling.
Sally was transported to the hospital by paramedics. The doctor determines that Sally’s foot needs to be amputated due to the piranha bite and she needs to wear a cast on her wrist for 6-8 weeks due to the fracture.
Word of the piranha bite spreads like wild fire throughout the Mall. Evelyn, who suff.
Please use from these stratagies This homework will be to copyies .docxDIPESH30
Please use from these stratagies
This homework will be to copyies with different stratgies !!11
Rubrics
Revising Reading
RAFT
Quick write
Learning loge
KAMAL
Gallery walks
Data charts
All about book
Cubing Clusters Authors chair
Words Walks
.
PLEASE THOROUGHLY ANSWER THE FOLLOWING FIVE QUESTIONS BELOW IN.docxDIPESH30
PLEASE THOROUGHLY ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
FIVE
QUESTIONS BELOW IN A 500 Word Count Discussion
Contrast the dynamics between dominant cultures and subcultures either in a work setting or in society.
Explain why it is important to understand the impact of culture.
Give an example where you demonstrated your awareness and or openness to understanding a cultural difference.
Explain how these differences underscore the need for understanding diversity.
From the information given, develop guidelines for embracing diversity.
YOU MUST USE ONE CITED SCHOLARLY SOURCE. PROPERLY CITED IN APA FORM WITH AN REFERENCE PAGE ON THE BOTTOM. DO NOT USE WIKIPEDIA, THESAURUS, OR ENCYCLOPEDIA (THESE ARE NOT CITED SCHOLARLY SOURCES)
DO NOT TURN IN A PLAGIARIZED PAPER, WE WILL REPORT YOU.....
THIS PAPER IS DUE TODAY 12/11/2014.... 8 HOURS FROM NOW MAX NO LATER....SERIOUS INQUIRIES ONLY...DO NOT TAKE THIS PAPER IF YOU DO NOT KNOW THE TOPIC.....
.
Please share your thoughts about how well your employer, military .docxDIPESH30
Please share your thoughts about how well your employer, military base, or home responds to environmental concerns. Provide examples of some types.
1.
Issue 4
-
Re-Wilding
a. Explain what re-wilding is and how it became an issue.
b. Outline and discuss three main areas of disagreement between Josh Donlan and Rubenstein et al.
c. Which side do you agree with? Explain your answer.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length. All sources used, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Put citation under each answer please
1.
Issue 5
-
Military Training and the Environment
a. Explain the history of military training and the environment.
b. Outline and discuss three main areas of disagreement between Benedict Cohen and Jamie Clark.
c. Which side do you agree with? Explain your answer.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
All sources used, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Put citation under each answer please
1.
Issue 6
-
Carbon Emission Restrictions
a. Explain the history of carbon emissions and why the debate over carbon emissions exists.
b. Outline and discuss three main areas of disagreement between Paul Cicio and Eileen Claussen.
c. Which side do you agree with? Explain your answer.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length. All sources used, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Put citation under each answer please
1.
Explain in your own words the Section 2017 initiative which Jamie Clark describes on. Then describe how you think Benedict Cohen would respond to Jamie Clark's presentation of Section 2017. Your response should be at least 200 words in length. as source material for your response. All sources used, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Put citation under each answer please
Explain carbon trading, carbon offsets, and cap and trade. How are each similar? How are each different? Your response should be at least 200 words in length. as source material for your response. All sources used, , must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Put citation under each answer please
.
Please select and answer one of the following topics in a well-org.docxDIPESH30
Please select and answer one of the following topics in a well-organized and thoughtful paper (a minimum of 10 pages in
length). Your paper must contain at least five references in addition to the text. CSU requires that students use the APA
style for papers and projects. Therefore, the APA rules for formatting, quoting, paraphrasing, citing, and listing of sources
are to be followed.
1. If your employer's EMS is registered to ISO 14000, review the registration process. What were the most
difficult implementation activities? How long did it take? How easy was it to get worker buy-in and
participation? Cost? Others.
.
Please see the attachment for the actual work that is require. This.docxDIPESH30
Please see the attachment for the actual work that is require. This will be due on Sunday Nov 9, 2014.
THIS ISTHE CASE STUDY ATTACHED IS THE DIRECTIONS ON OW TO COMPLETE THE TASK.
Case Study Analysis
When it comes to planning events how many of us take the proper steps and put in the time and how many of us wait till the last minute to plan our event? What's the outcome of an event that has had the proper planning? Usually, a properly planned event is a huge success, and people leave-taking away information that will help them either improve, grow as a person or be successful at their job. People who try to plan events without taking the proper steps find themselves running into many problems along the way. Before they know it, they are out of time to fix any issues or problems that arise. Running out of time can lead to frustration, panic, and eventually the thought of “what am I going to do". Even though the steps to planning an event can be time-consuming, proper planning can ease frustration and anxiety, and lead to a successful event. Proper planning can eliminate the “What am I going to do” question.
Background
In the case study, Carl Robins did not plan for his event very well. He hired 15 new trainees and wanted to schedule a new hire orientation on June 15
th
. His goal was to have the new hires working by July. Carl had only been at his job for six months, and this was his first recruitment effort, so it is crucial for this event to work in Carl’s favor. Carl was contacted by Monica Carrolls, the soon to be Supervisor of the new hires, on May 15
th
. Monica was following up with Carl on how the planning for his orientation was going. She asked him about physicals, drug tests, the training schedule, orientation, manuals, and policy booklets. Carl told Monica that everything would be fine and ready to go in time for orientation. After Memorial Day, Carl finally decided to start planning for his event. Unfortunately; because Carl did not do any planning after hiring the fifteen new trainees and waited till the last minute to plan his event, he ran into multiple problems. When Carl finally decided to start planning for his event, he found that the training room where he was going to hold his orientation was booked for the whole month of June by a fellow associate named Joe. Joe was from technology services and needed the room for computer terminals. When he went to finalize the paperwork for his event, he found that some of the new hire trainees did not have completed transcripts or applications on file; nor had they gone to the clinic for their physicals and mandatory drug screenings. He then checked the orientation manuals and found that there were only three and that those three had missing pages. By now, Carl is very concerned, his anxiety is at a level high, and he is so frustrated that he sits with his head on his desk with the thought of “What am I going to do”.
Alternatives
At this point, Carl can .
Please see the attachment and look over the LOOK HERE FIRST file b.docxDIPESH30
Please see the attachment and look over the "LOOK HERE FIRST" file before handshaking to make sure you're committed to the assignment. Everything you need is within the zip folder attached. Thanks in advance. I had someone working on this and then they stopped answering me. Please don't be that person.
.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Last name 1Your NameProfessor FerreiraEnglish 6024 A.docx
1. Last name 1
Your Name
Professor Ferreira
English 60
24 August, 2011
What MLA Format Looks Like
This page is an example of what MLA format should look like.
Please note that there are 1 inch margins around the page and
that the writing is double spaced. Also, please note that there is
a header. The header should contain the writer’s last name and
the page number. Please use the tool bar to insert the header.
The header is typically located under the View or Insert menus,
but it depends on the software that you’re using. Be sure that
you are using a Word program, otherwise there is a good chance
that you won’t be able to read or view your papers on other
computers, or email them to your instructor.
Please note that the title of the paper is not bold, not italicized,
not in super-large print. In fact, it is in the same font as the rest
of the paper. Also, there is no extra spacing between the class
information, the title, and the beginning of your paper. Please
don’t add any. It makes your paper look shorter, not longer.
Another important thing to be aware of is that some of the new
Word programs
automatically default to have an extra space between
paragraphs. This does not follow the guidelines of MLA
formatting. If you find your paper has extra spaces, please be
sure to go under the spacing option and delete them. Your
2. should have the option to “Remove Space After Paragraph.”
Paper # 1
1. READ THE ARTICLE THAT FOLLOWS THESE
INSTRUCTIONS
2. THINK ABOUT IT
3. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION (USING 2
PHILOSOPHERS YOU HAVE READ OR READ ABOUT SO
FAR IN THE CLASS). DOES MARY LEARN ANYTHING
NEW WHEN SHE SEES RED FOR THE FIRST TIME? IF SHE
DOES, THEN, WHAT IS IT? IF SHE DOES NOT, WHY NOT?
The paper should be:
· 12 font
· Times New Roman
· With a cover page
· A works cited page
· Cite all references and quotations made
· 3 pages
3. What Did Mary Know?
Marina Gerner on a thought experiment about consciousness.
Imagine a girl called Mary. She is a brilliant neuroscientist and
a world expert on colour vision. But because she grew up
entirely in a black and white room, she has never actually seen
any colours. Many black and white books and TV programmes
have taught her all there is to know about colour vision. Mary
knows facts like the structure of our eyes and the exact
wavelengths of light that stimulate our retinas when we look at
a light blue sky.
One day, Mary escapes her monochrome room, and as she walks
through the grey city streets, she sees a red apple for the first
time.
What changes upon Mary’s encounter with the red apple? Has
Mary learnt anything new about the colour red upon seeing the
colour for the first time? Since Mary already knew everything
about the physics and biology of colour perception, she must
surely have known all there is to know about the colour red
beforehand. Or is it possible that some facts escape physical
explanations? (‘Physical’ in this sense refers to all the realms of
physical science, including chemistry, biology, neuroscience,
etc.). If Mary has learnt something new, then we can conclude
that scientific explanations cannot capture all there is to know,
argues Professor Frank Jackson, who thought up this scenario in
‘Epiphenomenal Qualia’, in The Philosophical Quarterly (1982).
The story of Mary is known as the ‘knowledge argument’ and it
has become one of the most prominent thought experiments in
4. the philosophy of mind.
You might say, “Hang on a minute, how was it possible that
Mary grew up in a black and white room in the first place?”
Never mind the first place. Some philosophers have put forth
that she wore special goggles. But this issue need not concern
us, because philosophical thought experiments depend on
logical coherence rather than practical feasibility. Philosophers
devise such narratives to think through an imagined situation,
so as to learn something about the way we understand things.
Thought experiments require no Bunsen burners or test tubes;
they are laboratories of the mind. In thought experiments, time
travel is logically possible, but no philosophy professor is
expected to travel back in time to prove their point.
Reinvigorating The Debate
The reason Professor Jackson devised the thought experiment
involving Mary was to challenge the physicalist school of
thought. In philosophy of mind debates, proponents of
physicalism argue that what really matters is physical matter.
For them, consciousness is all about the brain; or more
specifically, it is identical to the brain. Physicalists have
formulated ‘identity theories’ that equate human consciousness
with the human brain. Long before contemporary debates on the
mind-body issue, physicalists were directly opposed
by dualist philosophers. Nowadays there are not many
straightforward dualists left, with the notable exception of
David Chalmers – kudos to him. Descartes would have been
proud of him, because the dualist position goes right back to
Descartes’ idea that the body is a different entity from the soul
(mind). Descartes argued that they are two different substances.
In-between the physicalists and the dualists you will find
proponents ofsupervenience theories. They argue that
consciousness emerges from(a.k.a. fancy word ‘supervenes’)
brain activity but is not reducible to it. For the sake of this
article I am going to focus on the opposing perspectives of
physicalists and anti-physicalists, rather than on the more
nuanced supervenience theories. (If you are interested in
5. supervenience, look up Sydney Shoemaker’s work.)
Jackson’s thought-experiment about Mary challenges
physicalism in the following way. Physicalists claim that
physical science can fully explain consciousness. However,
when Mary sees the red of the apple, says Jackson, she learns
something new, despite having previously learnt all the physical
facts about colour vision. Thus, argues Jackson, Mary has come
to know a non-physical fact; so proving that not all knowledge
is physical.
What is it like to imagine yourself to be a bat?
Jackson was not the first to challenge physicalism over the
question of consciousness. Anyone who engages with the mind-
body problem [ie, How do the mind and the brain relate?] will
discover that consciousness is almost always the pea on which
the philosopher princess rests. Consciousness is what keeps
philosophers awake at night. In his famous article ‘What Is It
Like To Be A Bat?’ (Philosophical Review, 4, 1974) the
philosopher Thomas Nagel wrote: “Without consciousness the
mind-body problem would be much less interesting. With
consciousness it seems hopeless” – a great admission by one of
the key figures in the philosophy of mind.
Nagel argued that it is impossible for human beings to know
what it would be like to be a bat. Certainly, bats have an idea of
what it feels like to be a bat on a daily basis. However, because
we have no sense equivalent to bats’ sonar, we cannot begin to
imagine what it is like to use that sense. Yes, we can do our
best to imagine ourselves hanging upside down in a pitch-black
cave, but even then we can only imagine this from a human
perspective, rather than from the perspective of a bat. With this
argument, Nagel was one of the first to reinvigorate the debate
in the second half of the twentieth century on how
consciousness may be explained, or rather, whether
consciousness can be explained at all.
Are Colours Physical?
When Nagel wrote that we don’t have any idea of how to share
6. the mental state of a bat, he was challenging the physicalists’
perspective that everything can be captured from a scientific,
objective point of view. Nagel argued that some facts can
instead only be captured from subjective points of view. Even if
we objectively know how the bat’s sonar system works and
enables the bat to avoid collisions, other questions remain
unanswered such as ‘What is it like to perceive the walls of a
cave using a bat’s sonar system?’ This argument about the ‘what
it is like’ subjective aspect of being a bat is different from
Jackson’s argument, because Jackson says we cannot explain
our own ‘what it is like’ sensations, let alone those of another
person, or a bat. While Nagel argues that the trouble with bats
is that they are too unlike us, Jackson thinks that this is hardly
an objection to physicalism, because physicalism makes no
special claims about the extrapolative powers of human beings.
Never mind that we can’t understand or explain what it’s like to
be a bat – we don’t possess that kind of knowledge about
ourselves either. According to Jackson, we can’t explain our
own qualitative sensations: what it is like to be happy and sad,
or what it is like to hear a saxophonist play at night. (All these
sensory aspects of experience will from now on be called
‘phenomenal states’.)
In 1974 Nagel thought about bats and so made his case arguing
that physical knowledge does not explain phenomenal states. In
1982, almost a decade later, Joseph Levine coined the
expression ‘the explanatory gap’ to express the problem faced
by any attempt to explain consciousness in physical terms.
Without wishing to reject physicalism altogether, Levine put
forward the idea that there is a gap in our ability to explain the
connection between phenomenal states and the properties of our
brains. We have no satisfactory understanding of why brain
processes produce the taste of chocolate, or the visual sensation
of seeing blue. If you hear a philosopher wonder “How can
colour perception arise from the soggy grey matter of our
brains?” you will recognize that they’re acknowledging the
‘explanatory gap’. Generally, we lack any explanation of how a
7. phenomenal state is identical with a physical state of the brain.
According to Levine, the difficulty of explaining consciousness
is unique. He says that we do not struggle to explain why water
is H2O, or why heat is molecular kinetic energy, in the same
way that we struggle to explain why brain states are phenomenal
states.
Another decade later, in 1995, Chalmers proposed a distinction
between the ‘easy’ and the ‘hard’ problems of consciousness in
his book The Conscious Mind. Mental properties divide into
phenomenal ones and psychological ones, argued Chalmers, and
the latter are far easier to explain than the former because they
don’t involve any deep metaphysical enigmas. Easier aspects to
explain include our ability to discriminate between different
things, or to categorize them, or to remember them. These easier
aspects can be explained through physical accounts. According
to Chalmers, the easy problem of consciousness is accounting
for cognitive ‘abilities and functions’, and in order to explain
them, one only needs to specify the mechanism that can perform
the function. Meanwhile, the hard problem of consciousness is
to explain how it is that we experience phenomenal states at all:
to explain why there is a certain feel to the phenomenal state of
pain, for example. So even though we might be able to explain
that the body needs pain for a particular function (i.e. as a
warning system) we cannot explain how brain processing gives
rise to a rich inner life.
The Physicalists Respond
Nagel’s arguments kicked off the ‘what it is like’ subjectivity
debate; Jackson’s story about Mary has challenged physicalism
in relation to sensations; Chalmer’s ‘hard and easy problem’
and Levine’s ‘explanatory gap’ arguments try to highlight what
it is that we cannot explain. Now let us look at the ways in
which physicalists have responded to the challenges that have
been mounted against them. Let’s consider some of the
reactions Mary has received, and then proceed to a recent
response to the knowledge argument called the ‘phenomenal
concept strategy’ (which is not as brain-racking as it sounds.)
8. To begin with, some philosophers have simply doubted that
Jackson’s argument is coherent. Mary doesn’t learn anything
new, just because she would in fact know that the apple is red
once she saw it, argues C.L. Hardin. Based on her complete
physical knowledge of colour vision, Mary would see the red
apple and joyfully exclaim, “Oh, so this is red!” If we were to
show Mary a blue banana instead, she would not be fooled; she
would know that it had the wrong colour, argues Daniel
Dennett, in what he coined the ‘blue banana trick’. Hats off to
Dennett for coming up with a fun name for his argument, but
both Hardin’s and Dennett’s arguments can be countered by
saying that the experience of seeing red goes beyond the ability
to recognize red.
Another philosopher, Owen Flanagan, plunges straight into
human biology and argues that the phenomenal state of seeing
red is a physical event, and that an individual seeing red
undergoes ‘red-channel activation’. In order to be able to
undergo red-channel activation, a causal interchange between
the person and an external red object is needed. In other words,
the individual needs to be hooked up with a red thing so that
experience of seeing red can be triggered. So phenomenal states
of seeing red are physical events, because they require red-
channel activation. According to Flanagan, what Mary goes
through is a physical event. Two other arguments – ‘the
experience argument’ and ‘the ability argument’ – also build on
the idea of a first-person perspective being a physical event.
The experience argument probably echoes the first doubt that
comes to your mind in relation to Jackson’s thought experiment,
dear reader. Namely, the question whether one can know all
there is to know by taking lessons and reading books. David
Lewis argues that you can’t learn certain things by being told
about the experience, however thorough your lessons may be.
Some facts you can only learn by experience, although they may
nevertheless be physical facts.
The experience argument can be extended into the ability
argument. Both Lewis and Laurence Nemirow claim that when
9. Mary sees red after her escape, her sensation of what it is like
just means her acquiring certain practical abilities. According to
Nemirow, knowing what an experience is like is the same as
knowing how to imagine having that experience. According to
Lewis, knowing what an experience is like is possessing the
ability to recognize it, the ability to imagine it, and the ability
to predict one’s behaviour. Lewis eloquently explains that
knowing what it is like is not knowing that – it is knowing how.
Flanagan, meanwhile, distinguishes between ‘linguistic physics’
and ‘complete physics’ to say that there is no reason to think
that just because Mary is a leading expert on colour vision she
can express phenomenal states in the vocabulary of physics.
Mary being an expert on colour vision does not entail that she
or anybody else could express the phenomenal state of seeing
red in physicalist terms, or even more basically, in words, but
phenomenal states are nevertheless physical states. However,
Jackson responds that physical knowledge must be complete
knowledge, which means that it not only encapsulate the
physical world, but that it should also be able to express and
explain all the facts about the physical world.
To recap, Jackson’s purpose in conceiving the knowledge
argument was to show that there are non-physical facts or
properties. His argument is that although Mary knows all the
physical facts about seeing red, she still learns a new fact when
leaving her room and seeing something red. Jackson therefore
concludes that there are facts that evade the physicalist theory.
According to Jackson, if physicalism was true, Mary must have
had complete knowledge about seeing red even in her
monochrome room. But she did not have complete knowledge,
he argues, because physicalism cannot explain phenomenal
states as it explains physical facts.
The Phenomenal Concept Strategy
The most common responses philosophers of the physicalist
persuasion give to the knowledge argument are based on the
‘new knowledge, old fact argument’. For instance,
contemporary physicalists such as David Papineau have
10. formulated something called the ‘phenomenal concept strategy’
to counter anti-physicalist arguments. Papineau denies
Jackson’s distinction between physical and phenomenal facts or
properties. Instead, he asserts that the knowledge argument
itself provides “an excellent way of establishing the existence
of distinctive phenomenal concepts” (Thinking About
Consciousness, 2002). Papineau claims that the difference
between phenomenal and material concepts is a difference at the
level of sense, not reference. In other words, phenomenal and
material concepts refer to the same thing through different
means. So proponents of the phenomenal concept strategy argue
that while our intuition for some sort of dualism is correct, this
intuition is due not to the nature of phenomenal states, but
rather to the concepts we use to refer to them, in contrast to the
concepts we use to refer to our brain states.
What exactly is a ‘phenomenal concept’? Well, it is somewhat
akin to a picture. Think of mental representations of the sort
that can occur in thought. We do not have to think of concepts
in linguistic terms – which means concepts do not have to be
expressible in scientific language.
Papineau argues that we hold phenomenal concepts about
phenomenal states we have experienced. For instance, we hold a
phenomenal concept of the taste of chocolate or of the sound of
a drum. When Mary sees a red apple, argues Papineau, it
activates the relevant neural region in her brain. This activation
can be compared to a reusable stamp. Following her original
experience of red, Mary’s brain has acquired an ‘original’ stamp
from which to make future ‘moulds’, and after its original
activation this stamp can only be re-activated by the relevant
experience. So Mary can consequently imagine and
introspectively classify experiences of red.
Papineau holds that while humans require original external
experiences of phenomena, one could conceive of creatures born
with introspective imaginative abilities, who do not need any
specific experiences to set up those stamps. In those creatures
the moulds necessary for seeing colours, and the dispositions to
11. use them, would be hard-wired. A creature like this would be
able to imagine seeing something red without ever having seen
something red. However, humans are not like this. Papineau
gives the example that although we might be capable of
imagining seeing a red circle even though we have never
actually seen one before, purely by combining our previous
experience of seeing red with our previous experience of seeing
a circle, we cannot imagine the colour red without having first
actually seen something red.
According to physicalists, phenomenal concepts have inimitable
features that make them distinct from all other concepts. What
makes them special is the uniquely direct relation they seem to
provide for a person to their own mental state. When we see
red, we seem to be acquainted with the sensation through the
concept. For this reason, some philosophers describe
phenomenal concepts as ‘recognitional’, ‘demonstrative’ or
‘quotational’ concepts.
Phenomenal concepts offer this special intimacy (why not drop
the word ‘intimacy’ into a highly abstract discussion on
knowledge?) because they refer to their referent directly. More
precisely, phenomenal concepts are made out of instances of the
phenomenal states to which they refer. So the phenomenal
concept of seeing red is a vision of red in our imagination. This
means that phenomenal states are actually deployed while we
conceive phenomenal concepts. Papineau illustrates this feature
particular to phenomenal concepts as opposed to physical
concepts with the example of an ache: we can think of an ache
in material terms by envisioning brain activities, facial
grimaces, or the flinching of body parts; or we can think of the
ache in terms of what it would feel like for us to be in a state of
pain – what it would feel like for us to experience that ache.
The first concept is purely functional or physical, whereas the
second concept refers to the painphenomenally. It offers, to use
Hume’s words, a ‘faint copy’ of the pain. Both concepts refer to
the same ache; the difference lies in the way the state is
conceptualized.
12. This is a key argument physicalists use to say that actually,
consciousness is something physical after all. Again, they say
that our intuition for dualism is correct, but the dualism is
actually only at the conceptual level, not on a metaphysical
level. But there are potential problems with this idea. Would a
phenomenal concept necessarily be a faint copy of a pain for,
say, a doctor who deals with pain every day? And can such
concepts really capture all there is to a phenomenal experience?
If we could explain the sensation of seeing a red apple in
scientific terms, maybe we could also explain the feeling of
love with reference to the concept of a heat wave, as one
proponent of physicalism has suggested. But I doubt that.
What We (Don’t) Know
Consciousness is likely to always be somewhat mysterious. This
may be an unduly pessimistic view of our capacity to articulate
a truly comprehensive picture of the world and our place in it,
admits Jackson:
“But suppose we discovered living on the bottom of the deepest
oceans a sort of sea slug which manifested intelligence. Perhaps
survival in the conditions required rational powers. Despite
their intelligence, these sea slugs have only a very restricted
conception of the world by comparison with ours, the
explanation for this being the nature of their immediate
environment. Nevertheless they have developed sciences which
work surprisingly well in these restricted terms. They also have
philosophers, called slugists. Some call themselves tough-
minded slugists, others confess to being soft-minded slugists.
The tough-minded slugists hold that the restricted terms (or
ones pretty like them which may be introduced as their sciences
progress) suffice in principle to describe everything without
remainder. These tough-minded slugists admit in moments of
weakness to a feeling that their theory leaves something out.
They resist this feeling and their opponents, the soft-minded
slugists, by pointing out – absolutely correctly – that no slugist
has ever succeeded in spelling out how this mysterious residue
fits into the highly successful view that their sciences have and