One of the six lectures composing 'Exploring Ocean, Explore the Planet Earth' online course offered by Blue Green Foundation Bangladesh & Octophin. The training was attended by participants from 40 countries. The presentation is organized in three sections: (i) the good- describing what benefits we get from the Ocean, (ii) the bad- bad things happening to the ocean because of human activities, e.g. climate change and their impacts on the sea, (iii) the ugly- very bad things that are happening to the sea due to anthropogenic activities, pollution and their impacts on ocean life forms are discussed in this section.

1. The Good, The Bad & The Ugly
of The Ocean
Professor Harunur Rashid, PhD
Department of Fisheries Management
Faculty of Fisheries
Bangladesh Agricultural University
Mymensingh, BANGLADESH
http://harunurrashid.net

3. The Ocean
Covers 71% of the Earth’s surface
Holds 97% of water of the earth
Deeper than height of the Mt. Everest
Age of the oceans – 4 billion years
Av. temperature of the ocean is 3.5C

4. The Good
of the ocean

5. AMAZON Rainforest – ‘the lungs of the earth’
The Good of the ocean

6. The Good of the ocean
>
(i) The Ocean produces more oxygen
than the Amazons & utilizes CO2
The Ocean  70% of oxygen on earth
World rainforests  28% of oxygen on earth

7. The Good of the ocean
(i) The Ocean produces more oxygen
than the Amazons & utilizes CO2
PHYTOPLANKTON

8. The Good of the ocean
(ii) The Ocean regulate Earth’s Climate

9. The Good of the ocean
(ii) The Ocean regulate Earth’s Climate
 Differences in solar radiation creates a convection current of
water moving between the equator and poles in the ocean
 helps transport warm water from the equator to the
poles, and cold water from the poles to the tropics

10. The Good of the ocean
(ii) The Ocean regulate Earth’s Climate
Without these currents
weather would be extreme in some regions
 fewer places would be livable

11. The Good of the ocean
(iii) [The Ocean] rich source of our FOOD
http://www.fao.org/state-of-fisheries-aquaculture

12. The Good of the ocean
http://www.fao.org/state-of-fisheries-aquaculture
(iii) [The Ocean] rich source of our FOOD

13. The Good of the ocean
Putative Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease from A Library of Marine
Natural Products (https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/18/4/225)
(iv) [The Ocean] source of our MEDICINEs
 Starting from
nutrient-supplement
drugs to anti-viral &
anti-cancer drugs
 Recent finding:
marine product that
kills novel coronavirus

14. The Good of the ocean
(v) [The Ocean] support a lot of life forms
MARINE LIVES
 >200,000 documented
marine species
 perhaps two million
marine species yet to be
documented
 as small as 0.02
micrometres
(phytoplankton) to 33
metres (blue whale)
 supports biodiversity on
earth

15. The Good of the ocean
The Good of the ocean: NOAA Example for USA
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/why-care-about-ocean.html

16. The Bad
of the ocean

17. The Bad of the ocean
Global Climate Change & The Ocean
CO2 (aq) + H2O ⇌ H2CO3
⇌ HCO3
− + H+ ⇌ CO3
2− + 2 H+
Ocean (surface) pH: 8.25  8.1
Our oceans have lost 2% of dissolved oxygen since 1950s

18. The Ugly
of the ocean

19. ‘The Ugly of the
Ocean’
is discussed on
Bangladesh
Context,
since my ‘aquatic
pollution’
researches are
mostly in
Bangladesh waters

20. The Ugly of the ocean
(i) Agro-PESTICIDEs into Aquatic
Systems (including the Bay of Bengal)
Bangladesh: a land of
210 active rivers
in
the Bay of Bengal Delta

21. Bangladesh: agricultural practices
mostly in the floodplains
The Ugly of the ocean
These floodplain waters are finally drained
to the Bay of Bengal through rivers

22.  Increase in Global Pesticide Use
Pesticide Residue in Aquatic Environment  The Ocean
Intensification of Agriculture
Need to Increase Crop Production Increase in Chemical Pesticide Use
Global Population Increase
Decrease in per capita arable land + Severe agro-climatic conditions
The Ugly of the ocean

23. Global Pesticide Consumption (4 million tonnes/year)
The Ugly of the ocean

24. Bangladesh Pesticide Consumption (tonnes/year)
The Ugly of the ocean

25. Overdose of Pesticides + ‘Dirty Dozens’
*Farmers using pesticides 10-15 times the
prescribed amount!
Ref: *BARI Research Finding reported in The Daily Star on 11-Sept-2014
**Hasan et al. (2012) International Journal of Environment 2: 41–47
**Six POPs
detected in
our waters
**[HCB, O, P`– DDT,
DDD, 4, 4`-DDT, and
α-HCH and β-HCH]
and d-HCH
The Ugly of the ocean

26. Pesticides Exert their Effects on
Aquatic Organisms
Here I present some of my research
findings using Fish as Model Animals
The Ugly of the ocean

27. Pesticide Effects on Fish Embryo
Death of Embryo in Gangetic Mystus
Cypermethrin: Death of embryos at very low conc. (2-32 µg/L)
Ali (+Rashid) et al. (2017) Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9399-1
The Ugly of the ocean

28. Pesticide Effects on Fish Embryo
Embryo Deformity in Gangetic Mystus
Cypermethrin: Degeneration of embryos at very low conc. (2-32 µg/L)
The Ugly of the ocean
Ali (+Rashid) et al. (2017) Environmental Science and Pollution
Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9399-1

29. Pesticide Effects on Fish Larva
Larval Deformity in Stinging Catfish
Diazinon: Notocord deformity, pre-yolk edema (150-300 µg/L)
Rashid et al. (2012) Proc. 3rd ICEAB, Fukuoka, Japan. pp 47-50.
E
ND
MD
E
A
C
B
D
The Ugly of the ocean

30. Pesticide Effects on Fish Larva
Larval Deformity in Stinging Catfish
Sumithion: Notocord & caudal deformity, yolk edema (150-300 µg/L)
Shahjahan (+Rashid) et al. (2016) Chinese Journal of Oceanography & Limnology
The Ugly of the ocean

31. Pesticide Effects on Fish Larva
Death of Larva in Gangetic Mystus
Cypermethrin: Degeneration of embryos at very low conc. (2-32 µg/L)
The Ugly of the ocean
Ali (+Rashid) et al. (2017) Environmental Science and Pollution
Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9399-1

32. Pesticide Effects on Fish Larva
Larval Deformity in Gangetic Mystus
Cypermethrin: Degeneration of embryos at very low conc. (2-32 µg/L)
The Ugly of the ocean
Ali (+Rashid) et al. (2017) Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9399-1

33. Pesticide Effects Upto Adulthood
Larval Deformity: Irreversible Deformity in Stinging Catfish
Sumithion: Deformed Adult Stinging Catfish
exposed during larval stage (150-300 µg/L)
C T
TT
Shahjahan (+Rashid) et al. (2016) Chinese Journal of Oceanography & Limnology
The Ugly of the ocean

34. Pesticide Effects on Fish Hatching Rate
Hatching Rate in Gangetic Mystus
Cypermethrin: Degeneration of embryos at very low conc. (2-32 µg/L)
The Ugly of the ocean
Ali (+Rashid) et al. (2017) Environmental Science and Pollution
Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9399-1

35. Pesticide Effects on Fish Gonad Histopathology
Histopathological changes in the oocytes after
exposure to Chlorpyrifos
Observations after 15-day
exposure
A) control group ovary,
MO(mature ovum),
N(nucleolus) V(vacuole)
B) 15µg/L of exposure showed
WO(wrinkle oocyte)
C) 50µg/L of exposure showed
CC(cytoplasmic clumping),
AF(atretic follicle)
D) D) 150µg/L exposure showed
DGL(degenerated granulose
layer), DOW(degenerated
oocyte wall)
The Ugly of the ocean

36. Histo-architectural changes in liver exposed to
malathion; (A) Control (0 mg/L), (B) 1.5 mg/L
and (C) 3.0 mg/L. Arrow heads indicate focal
necrosis (FN), loosening of hepatic tissue
(LHT), pycknosis (P), haemorrhage (H) and
degeneration of muscle (DM).
Pesticide Effects on Fish Liver
Cell necrosis, muscle desecration in LIVER exposed to
Malathion
Sharmin (+Rashid) et al. (2015) Pak. J. Zool. 47(5): 1495-1498
The Ugly of the ocean

37. Morphological changes in kidney exposed to
malathion; (A) Control (0 mg/L), (B) 1.5 mg/L
and (C) 3.0 mg/L. Arrow heads indicate
pycknosis (P), necrosis (N), disintegrated renal
tubule (DR), vacuole (V), shrunk glomerulus
(SG).
Pesticide Effects on Fish Kidney
Cell necrosis, vacuolation in KIDNEY exposed to
Malathion
Sharmin (+Rashid) et al. (2015) Pak. J. Zool. 47(5): 1495-1498
The Ugly of the ocean

38. Sumon (+Rashid )et al. (2016) Science of the Total Environment
The Ugly of the ocean
Chlorpyrifos,
cypermethrin, alpha-
cypermethrin, and
malathion may pose
a high to moderate
acute and chronic
risks for
invertebrates and
fish in all evaluated
spray drift scenarios

39. The Ugly of the ocean
(ii) Micro-PLASTICs Pollution
(in the Bay of Bengal)
Plastic Pollution, Rivers  Sea

40. Between 4.8 & 12.7 million tonnes of plastic enters the
ocean every year from coastal populations worldwide.
 The Bay of Bengal being one of the highest recipients
Plastic Pollution – River transport them to the Sea
The Ugly of the ocean

41. Disintegration of Plastics in the Sea
Source: Nature Ecology & Evolution
The Ugly of the ocean

42. Sources of Plastics in the Sea
The Ugly of the ocean

43. Sources of Plastics in the Sea
The Ugly of the ocean

44. Sources of Plastics in the Sea
The Ugly of the ocean

45. Sources of Plastics in the Sea
The Ugly of the ocean

46. Sources of Plastics in the Sea
The Ugly of the ocean

47. Plastics are broken
down into small,
tiny, pieces
 remain
suspended in
sea water or sink
to the sediment
Tiny pieces of plastics – easily ingestible
The Ugly of the ocean

48. Macro-/micro-plastics are ingested by fishes
The Ugly of the ocean

49. Filter-feeders are at higher risk of ingesting microplastics
Ingested by bivalves/macro-invertebrates
The Ugly of the ocean

50. Microplastics are ingested by very
small (Zooplankton) marine animals
The Ugly of the ocean

51. Dead whale washes ashore after its stomach & intestines are
destroyed by 64 pounds of plastic
Macro-/micro-plastics are ingested by
very big (whales) marine animals
The Ugly of the ocean

52. 1. Investigation of microplastics and macroplastics from coastal
waters of Cox’s Bazar, BANGLADESH
52
Microplastics Research
Micro- & macro-plastic particles from sea surface water
The Ugly of the ocean

53. Microplastics Research
2. Investigation of micro- & macro-plastics from sandy
beaches, Cox’s Bazar, BANGLADESH
53
Laboni Beach
(plastic particles/m2)
Crab Beach
(plastic particles/m2)
22.4 67.6
Micro- & macro-plastic particles identified from the sea beach
The Ugly of the ocean

54. 3. Investigation of microplastics from salt samples
54
Microplastics Research
Microplastic particles identified from salt samples
The Ugly of the ocean

55. 55
4. Investigation of microplastics from Karnaphuli
river sediments
In case of river
sediment samples,
highest (178±48/kg)
number of
microplastic items
were found at site 3
with the least
(23±18/kg) at site 5.
Fig. Microplstics per km2 found in Karnaphuli river
sediments
Microplastics Research The Ugly of the ocean

56. 56
FTIR analysis of microplastic samples
Fig. Chemical compounds of identified by FTIR analysis of microplastics from beach sand
Microplastics Research The Ugly of the ocean

57. 57
Compound Name Common Use
Alkyd resin Used in making protective coatings with good weathering
properties and are important ingredients in many
synthetic paints
Polyamide-
6/Nylon-6
It is a semicrystalline polyamide, its fibres are tough,
possessing high tensile strength, as well as elasticity and
lustre. Nylon 6 is used in applications where toughness,
lubricity, and wear are important, such as gear wheels.
Poly(ethylene–
propylene–diene) /
EPDM rubber
Synthetic rubber, used most commonly used in the
automotive and construction industries for various seals
due to its excellent resistance to environmental factors
such as Ozone, UV and general weathering.
Urethane alkyd Used in protective maintenance, rust inhibitive coating.
Also applied to metal surfaces, as well as masonry, wood,
wallboard, etc.
Table. Chemical compounds of FTIR-analyzed microplastics and
their common use
Microplastics Research The Ugly of the ocean

58. 58
Table: Microplastics (MPs) in coastal-marine fish gut
5. Qualitative & quantitative analysis of micro- & macro-
plastics from coastal-marine fish & invertebrate species
Species Mean body
weight (g)
Mean gut
weight (g)
Microplastic (MP) items in fish species
Total MPs Average
MPs/speci
es
Average
MPs/kg BW
Average
MPs/g gut
Mystus gulio
(n=20)
26.29 ± 7.01 0.74 ±
0.17
90 4.5 ± 0.50 200 ± 20 6.10 ± 0.68
Escualosa
thoracata (n=20)
6.81 ± 0.91 0.18 ±
0.05
75 3.75 ±
0.70
550 ± 100 20.83 ±
3.89
Tenualosa ilisha
(n=12)
539.22 ±
55.37
12.94 ±
2.68
168 14.0 ±
1.56
30 ± 0 1.08 ± 0.12
Trichiurus lepturus
(n=20)
241.53 ±
46.07
2.56 ±
0.67
87 4.35 ±
2.72
20 ± 10 1.70 ± 1.06
Small pelagic fish E. thoracata had the highest MP/kg body wt.
Brackish-water, estuarine demersal catfish M. gulio MP load was
next to E. thoracata
Microplastics Research The Ugly of the ocean

59. 59
Our Oceans are INVALUABLE RESOURCES of Nature
(& for Humankind)
We must PRESERVE them
The Good, The Bad & The Ugly of The Ocean