This document provides a summary of red tide (harmful algal blooms) and its effects on fish and humans. It discusses that red tide occurs when certain algae species grow rapidly and form visible patches near the water's surface. Red tide is linked to eutrophication and environmental conditions like nutrients, light, and temperature. The direct effects of red tide on fish include damaging gills and organs through toxins, which can cause fish mortality. The indirect effect is low oxygen from algae respiration. Red tide toxins in filter feeding animals like fish or mussels can also harm humans if consumed.
Toxic Algae and Their Environmental Consequences_ Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersTTEH
ย
Toxic Algae and Their Environmental Consequences by Syed Hasnain Shah*, Tanzeelur Rahman, Ghulam Mujtaba Shah, Syeda Tayyaba Bibi and Saqib Zahoor in Crimson Publishers: Health informatics
Harmful algae reproduction (HAB) occurs when algae producing toxins grow in water algae are microscopic organisms that live in an aquatic environment and through photosynthesis generate chemical energy from sunlight like higher plants. The growth of algae or algal blooms is visible with naked eye and are green layers, it might be blue, red or brown depending on the type of algae natural waters such as lakes, ponds and rivers always contain algae, but few species produce toxins In such algae, the production of toxins can be induced by environmental conditions like light, temperature and nutrients levels. The release of algae or algae toxins can have serious adverse effects on humans, fish, animals and other strata of the ecosystem
https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteh/fulltext/TTEH.000519.php
For more Open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more Articles on Health informatics
please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteh/index.php
TOXIC ALGAE AND OTHER MARINE BIOTA - DETECTION, MITIGATION, PREVENTION AND EF...Bianca McCollough
ย
This document discusses harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by toxic algae and cyanobacteria and their wide-ranging impacts. HABs produce toxins that harm humans, livestock, and aquatic animals. They also cause taste and odor issues in seafood and water. HABs negatively impact industries like fishing, tourism, and food and water processing. Detection and mitigation of HABs and their toxins is important to protect public health, ecosystems, and local economies that rely on water resources.
The document discusses microbes that inhabit various aquatic marine ecosystems. It describes how microbes make up over 90% of the biomass in oceans and seas. While difficult to study directly, they play crucial roles through photosynthesis, nutrient cycling and food webs. Microbes thrive from coastal areas to the open ocean and deep sea, adapting to varying conditions like temperature, pressure, oxygen and nutrient levels through metabolic strategies like photosynthesis and symbiosis with other organisms.
This document discusses harmful algal blooms (HABs), which are overgrowths of algae that can have ecological, economic, and public health impacts. HABs are characterized by high algal cell density and are dominated by one or a few algal species. Some HABs produce toxins that accumulate in food chains and can cause illnesses in humans and aquatic animals. The causes of HABs include eutrophication, climate change, and ocean acidification. Examples are provided of different HABs and toxins around the world, as well as historical cases of human intoxication from algal toxins. Prevention, control, and mitigation strategies are recommended to address HABs.
The main goal of this research paper was to address the specific environmental impacts of harmful cyanobacterial blooms, and to describe the potential causes of these events.
Harmful Algal Blooms 2010: Synopsis and Insightlakeimprovement
ย
The document discusses factors that influence harmful algal blooms (HABs) in lakes and reservoirs, including nutrient levels, temperature, and retention time. It finds that HABs are most likely when the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio is lower than 10:1, temperatures are above 80 degrees F, and retention time is high. Internal nutrient loading from sediments and external sources like agricultural runoff can contribute excess phosphorus. While HABs have increased in small ponds, many large water bodies only experienced localized blooms in 2010. Correcting HABs requires addressing both internal and external nutrient sources.
This document provides an introduction to aquatic toxicology. It discusses key terms like toxicology, toxicants, pollution, and xenobiotics. It then covers the history of aquatic toxicology, including issues from lead pipes in ancient Rome to industrial pollution in later centuries. Major challenges discussed include oil pollution, chemical dumping, and various classes of water pollutants like sewage, pathogens, and excess sediments.
The danger of microcystin cyanotoxins to human health in consuming algae supp...Harley Lam Hoi Sun
ย
This document provides a 21-page report on the dangers of microcystin cyanotoxins in algae dietary supplements. It begins with an introduction to the 2014 Toledo water crisis where the water supply was contaminated by a harmful algae bloom producing microcystins. It then discusses cyanobacteria and microcystins, including their properties, biosynthesis, toxicity mechanisms, and health effects in humans and animals. While algae supplements can provide health benefits, concerns are raised about potential microcystin contamination based on detection in some supplements. Stricter quality control and product testing is suggested to ensure safety.
Toxic Algae and Their Environmental Consequences_ Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersTTEH
ย
Toxic Algae and Their Environmental Consequences by Syed Hasnain Shah*, Tanzeelur Rahman, Ghulam Mujtaba Shah, Syeda Tayyaba Bibi and Saqib Zahoor in Crimson Publishers: Health informatics
Harmful algae reproduction (HAB) occurs when algae producing toxins grow in water algae are microscopic organisms that live in an aquatic environment and through photosynthesis generate chemical energy from sunlight like higher plants. The growth of algae or algal blooms is visible with naked eye and are green layers, it might be blue, red or brown depending on the type of algae natural waters such as lakes, ponds and rivers always contain algae, but few species produce toxins In such algae, the production of toxins can be induced by environmental conditions like light, temperature and nutrients levels. The release of algae or algae toxins can have serious adverse effects on humans, fish, animals and other strata of the ecosystem
https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteh/fulltext/TTEH.000519.php
For more Open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more Articles on Health informatics
please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteh/index.php
TOXIC ALGAE AND OTHER MARINE BIOTA - DETECTION, MITIGATION, PREVENTION AND EF...Bianca McCollough
ย
This document discusses harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by toxic algae and cyanobacteria and their wide-ranging impacts. HABs produce toxins that harm humans, livestock, and aquatic animals. They also cause taste and odor issues in seafood and water. HABs negatively impact industries like fishing, tourism, and food and water processing. Detection and mitigation of HABs and their toxins is important to protect public health, ecosystems, and local economies that rely on water resources.
The document discusses microbes that inhabit various aquatic marine ecosystems. It describes how microbes make up over 90% of the biomass in oceans and seas. While difficult to study directly, they play crucial roles through photosynthesis, nutrient cycling and food webs. Microbes thrive from coastal areas to the open ocean and deep sea, adapting to varying conditions like temperature, pressure, oxygen and nutrient levels through metabolic strategies like photosynthesis and symbiosis with other organisms.
This document discusses harmful algal blooms (HABs), which are overgrowths of algae that can have ecological, economic, and public health impacts. HABs are characterized by high algal cell density and are dominated by one or a few algal species. Some HABs produce toxins that accumulate in food chains and can cause illnesses in humans and aquatic animals. The causes of HABs include eutrophication, climate change, and ocean acidification. Examples are provided of different HABs and toxins around the world, as well as historical cases of human intoxication from algal toxins. Prevention, control, and mitigation strategies are recommended to address HABs.
The main goal of this research paper was to address the specific environmental impacts of harmful cyanobacterial blooms, and to describe the potential causes of these events.
Harmful Algal Blooms 2010: Synopsis and Insightlakeimprovement
ย
The document discusses factors that influence harmful algal blooms (HABs) in lakes and reservoirs, including nutrient levels, temperature, and retention time. It finds that HABs are most likely when the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio is lower than 10:1, temperatures are above 80 degrees F, and retention time is high. Internal nutrient loading from sediments and external sources like agricultural runoff can contribute excess phosphorus. While HABs have increased in small ponds, many large water bodies only experienced localized blooms in 2010. Correcting HABs requires addressing both internal and external nutrient sources.
This document provides an introduction to aquatic toxicology. It discusses key terms like toxicology, toxicants, pollution, and xenobiotics. It then covers the history of aquatic toxicology, including issues from lead pipes in ancient Rome to industrial pollution in later centuries. Major challenges discussed include oil pollution, chemical dumping, and various classes of water pollutants like sewage, pathogens, and excess sediments.
The danger of microcystin cyanotoxins to human health in consuming algae supp...Harley Lam Hoi Sun
ย
This document provides a 21-page report on the dangers of microcystin cyanotoxins in algae dietary supplements. It begins with an introduction to the 2014 Toledo water crisis where the water supply was contaminated by a harmful algae bloom producing microcystins. It then discusses cyanobacteria and microcystins, including their properties, biosynthesis, toxicity mechanisms, and health effects in humans and animals. While algae supplements can provide health benefits, concerns are raised about potential microcystin contamination based on detection in some supplements. Stricter quality control and product testing is suggested to ensure safety.
This presentation discuss about the human impact on ecosystem, planetary responses to changes and imbalance in the various ecological systems. The main cause of ecological change is the rapid increase in human population which ultimately utilize the non-renewable resources to fulfil their luxurious living standards and to discover various technologies to generate energy.
This document provides an overview of algal blooms, also known as harmful algal blooms (HABs). It defines an algal bloom as a rapid increase in algae population in aquatic systems. HABs can be toxic and negatively impact marine life and ecosystems. The document notes that HABs have increased 15% in Indian seas over 12 years, with 80 recorded between 1998-2010. It lists several species of HABs and discusses factors that contribute to their increase, such as climate change, excess nutrients from human activities, and changes to local ecosystems. Control methods mentioned include biological, chemical and physical approaches.
This document provides an overview of microbial marine ecology. It discusses the key components of aquatic ecosystems and how microbes play an important role as decomposers and in maintaining balance. Approximately 75% of the Earth's surface is covered by water, with oceans making up the largest portion. The document outlines the different categories of water environments and zones that microbes can inhabit. It also examines the dominant factors that can affect aquatic microbial communities, such as pH, temperature, light penetration, dissolved oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels. In general, this summary gives a high-level introduction to aquatic microbial habitats and the abiotic factors that influence the diversity of microorganisms found in water.
This document provides an overview of algal blooms, also known as harmful algal blooms (HABs). It defines an algal bloom as a rapid increase in algae population in aquatic systems. HABs can be toxic and negatively impact aquatic organisms. The document notes that HABs have increased 15% in Indian seas over 12 years, with 80 recorded between 1998-2010. Factors contributing to HABs include excess nutrients from fertilizer and changes in climate and ecosystems. The document also lists examples of HAB species, their harmful effects, and control methods.
Algal toxins are organic molecules produced by algae that can accumulate in shellfish and be lethal to humans if consumed. Certain algal species like Alexandrium and Dinophysis produce toxins that cause syndromes like paralytic shellfish poisoning when shellfish filter the algae from water and the toxins biomagnify up the food chain. The occurrence of toxic algae blooms is natural but increasing nutrient pollution from human activities may contribute to more frequent and intense blooms. Algal toxins can damage fish gills, cause fish kills, and bioaccumulate in marine animals, posing risks to other wildlife and humans that consume contaminated seafood.
Red tides are caused by blooms of microscopic algae called phytoplankton. Certain species produce toxins or deplete oxygen in the water, potentially harming marine life or humans. Red tides vary in color and can last from days to months, depending on environmental conditions. While red tides are natural phenomena, human activities may be contributing to their increased frequency and range. To stay safe, people should check for health advisories before collecting or eating local shellfish and fish during or after red tides.
Red tides are caused by blooms of microscopic algae that can discolor coastal waters. The algae produce potent neurotoxins that accumulate in shellfish and can cause illness in humans and animals from eating contaminated seafood or inhaling aerosolized toxins. While some red tides occur naturally, nutrient pollution from agricultural and residential runoff can contribute to more frequent and severe algal blooms and the spread of harmful toxins. There is no way to fully prevent red tides but reducing coastal pollution may help limit their impacts.
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are overgrowths of algae that can produce toxins or otherwise be harmful to people, animals, and ecosystems. They occur in freshwater, brackish, and marine environments. Factors that contribute to HABs include increased salinity, carbon dioxide, nutrients from eutrophication, temperature, and coastal upwelling. Blooms are caused by various algal species and can have red, green, or brown discoloration. Toxins produced can harm humans and wildlife. Mitigation methods include physical removal, chemicals, and biological controls but each has limitations for large-scale application.
The document discusses algal blooms, which are rapid increases in algae populations that can be harmful. It provides details on harmful algal blooms (HABs) which produce toxins that negatively impact aquatic life. The document notes that HABs have increased 15% in Indian seas over 12 years and discusses worldwide effects like decreased light and impacts to ecosystems. Possible reasons for increasing HABs include climate change, increased nutrients from human activities, and upwelling. Control methods include biological, chemical and physical approaches.
An oceanographic survey was carried out off the south east coast of Ireland in July 2015 to investigate the origin and transport of toxic Dinophysis blooms. High cell densities of Dinophysis acuta and Dinophysis acuminata were observed near the Celtic Sea Front, with concentrations increasing significantly from previous sampling in June. Water samples collected at different depths and stations using Niskin bottles indicated that these populations were being transported along coastal currents, potentially impacting shellfish aquaculture areas over 200km from their source. The aim was to better understand the distribution and transport of Dinophysis populations through the water column and along coastal jets to inform monitoring and mitigation of harmful algal blooms.
This document discusses atmospheric pollutants that impact aquatic ecosystems. It focuses on three categories: organic compounds, mercury, and nutrients. Many organic compounds are persistent, bioaccumulate in organisms, and are toxic. Mercury readily rains from the air into waterways where it can transform into methylmercury, a toxic form that builds up in fish. Atmospheric deposition is a significant source of nutrients like nitrogen to coastal waters, contributing to eutrophication. The effects of these pollutants are intertwined as they are often deposited together, and one may influence the bioaccumulation and impacts of others. The document calls for increased monitoring and regulation of atmospheric sources to reduce harm to the environment and human health.
This document discusses aquatic microbiology, including the study of microorganisms found in marine and freshwater ecosystems. It describes different types of microorganisms commonly found in water such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Many of these microbes can cause diseases in humans, like gastrointestinal illnesses from eating contaminated food or water. The document also outlines various treatment methods used to remove pathogens and contaminants from drinking water to make it safe for human consumption.
This document discusses microbial life in the ocean. It notes that the ocean covers 70% of the earth's surface and contains over a billion microorganisms per liter of seawater, including bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses. These microbes play key roles in ocean ecosystems by influencing nutrient cycles, forming the base of the food chain, and recycling organic matter. Specific types of microbes discussed include photosynthetic cyanobacteria, chemosynthetic bacteria found at hydrothermal vents, heterotrophic decomposer bacteria, symbiotic bacteria, bioluminescent bacteria, archaea involved in carbon and nitrogen cycles, and parasitic and saprobic ocean fungi.
The document discusses several key aspects of water pollution:
- Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without treatment, affecting both individual species and entire ecosystems. It is a major global problem.
- Common causes of water pollution include sewage, fertilizers, silt, organic materials, and thermal pollution. Excess nutrients can overstimulate plant and algae growth.
- Additional forms of pollution include petroleum from oil spills and offshore drilling, and radioactive substances.
The document discusses algal blooms in water sources in Malaysia from 1976 to 2015. It describes how algal blooms occur naturally but have increased due to cultural eutrophication from human activities that introduce excess nutrients. The key human causes contributing to cultural eutrophication and algal blooms are agricultural runoff of fertilizers, domestic sewage, and industrial discharge, which introduce phosphorus and nitrogen into water bodies. If left uncontrolled, cultural eutrophication can significantly degrade water quality and ecosystems. Case studies on the Malacca Straits and Tasik Sri Serdang lake found high risks of cultural eutrophication and algal blooms from nutrient pollution of stagnant water bodies near heavy human
SEASONAL VARIATION IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUND...Ijrdt Journal
ย
The present study is carried out to assess the water quality parameters of both surface water and ground water of Singanallur lake region a rivulet from river Noyyal. Parameters like pH, FC, DO, BOD, Turbidity, Total phosphates, Nitrates and Total dissolved solids are measured and compared for both summer and rainy season. Results revealed parameters varied to greater extent for surface water compared to ground water. So the surface water of Singanallur region is highly polluted due to runoff from industries, domestic waste and agricultural
Microbes are microscopic organisms that include bacteria, archaea, viruses, and small parasites. Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotes found everywhere in the oceans, either living independently or forming symbiotic relationships. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria that account for 25% of Earth's photosynthesis and can thrive in extreme environments. Archaea are genetically distinct from bacteria and include methanogens and extremophiles found in places like hydrothermal vents and hot springs. Microbes play important roles in nitrogen cycling and forming symbiotic relationships in oceans.
An aquatic ecosystem is a system containing plants and animals that depend on water. It includes a pond, its layers, and the diversity of micro- and macro-organisms living there. At River Bend, aquatic systems like marshes, swamps, ponds, rivers, and streams can be found. Students will visit a pond, map it, test properties like temperature, oxygen, nutrients, and pH, identify insects, and compile their data with others' to assess the ecosystem over time. Key principles of scientific investigation include following directions, repeating tests consistently, and averaging results. When visiting, students need to be quiet, safe, listen to leaders, only collect with permission, and respect nature.
Non indigenous species (NIS, also indicated as exotic or alien species), have become a hot issue in recent decades in particular in the Mediterranean Sea...
This document provides background information on phytoplankton and factors that influence their growth. It discusses how phytoplankton require sunlight, water and nutrients. Their distribution is affected by environmental conditions like pH, temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration. Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus are especially important for their growth. The document also examines how eutrophication from increased nutrients can lead to algal blooms and oxygen depletion, harming other organisms. It provides context on Sampaloc Lake which is experiencing signs of eutrophication from human activities.
The document discusses marine defaunation, or the loss of animal life in the oceans caused by human activity. Some key points:
- Marine defaunation began much later than terrestrial defaunation, only intensifying in the last century with industrial fishing and coastal development. However, human impacts on marine wildlife are increasing rapidly.
- Few marine animal species have gone completely extinct compared to land animals, but populations of many species have declined greatly. Local extinctions where species disappear from parts of their range have been common.
- While extinction rates remain lower than on land currently, marine extinction rates may be approaching a transition point similar to what occurred during the industrial revolution on land, with rates set
This presentation discuss about the human impact on ecosystem, planetary responses to changes and imbalance in the various ecological systems. The main cause of ecological change is the rapid increase in human population which ultimately utilize the non-renewable resources to fulfil their luxurious living standards and to discover various technologies to generate energy.
This document provides an overview of algal blooms, also known as harmful algal blooms (HABs). It defines an algal bloom as a rapid increase in algae population in aquatic systems. HABs can be toxic and negatively impact marine life and ecosystems. The document notes that HABs have increased 15% in Indian seas over 12 years, with 80 recorded between 1998-2010. It lists several species of HABs and discusses factors that contribute to their increase, such as climate change, excess nutrients from human activities, and changes to local ecosystems. Control methods mentioned include biological, chemical and physical approaches.
This document provides an overview of microbial marine ecology. It discusses the key components of aquatic ecosystems and how microbes play an important role as decomposers and in maintaining balance. Approximately 75% of the Earth's surface is covered by water, with oceans making up the largest portion. The document outlines the different categories of water environments and zones that microbes can inhabit. It also examines the dominant factors that can affect aquatic microbial communities, such as pH, temperature, light penetration, dissolved oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels. In general, this summary gives a high-level introduction to aquatic microbial habitats and the abiotic factors that influence the diversity of microorganisms found in water.
This document provides an overview of algal blooms, also known as harmful algal blooms (HABs). It defines an algal bloom as a rapid increase in algae population in aquatic systems. HABs can be toxic and negatively impact aquatic organisms. The document notes that HABs have increased 15% in Indian seas over 12 years, with 80 recorded between 1998-2010. Factors contributing to HABs include excess nutrients from fertilizer and changes in climate and ecosystems. The document also lists examples of HAB species, their harmful effects, and control methods.
Algal toxins are organic molecules produced by algae that can accumulate in shellfish and be lethal to humans if consumed. Certain algal species like Alexandrium and Dinophysis produce toxins that cause syndromes like paralytic shellfish poisoning when shellfish filter the algae from water and the toxins biomagnify up the food chain. The occurrence of toxic algae blooms is natural but increasing nutrient pollution from human activities may contribute to more frequent and intense blooms. Algal toxins can damage fish gills, cause fish kills, and bioaccumulate in marine animals, posing risks to other wildlife and humans that consume contaminated seafood.
Red tides are caused by blooms of microscopic algae called phytoplankton. Certain species produce toxins or deplete oxygen in the water, potentially harming marine life or humans. Red tides vary in color and can last from days to months, depending on environmental conditions. While red tides are natural phenomena, human activities may be contributing to their increased frequency and range. To stay safe, people should check for health advisories before collecting or eating local shellfish and fish during or after red tides.
Red tides are caused by blooms of microscopic algae that can discolor coastal waters. The algae produce potent neurotoxins that accumulate in shellfish and can cause illness in humans and animals from eating contaminated seafood or inhaling aerosolized toxins. While some red tides occur naturally, nutrient pollution from agricultural and residential runoff can contribute to more frequent and severe algal blooms and the spread of harmful toxins. There is no way to fully prevent red tides but reducing coastal pollution may help limit their impacts.
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are overgrowths of algae that can produce toxins or otherwise be harmful to people, animals, and ecosystems. They occur in freshwater, brackish, and marine environments. Factors that contribute to HABs include increased salinity, carbon dioxide, nutrients from eutrophication, temperature, and coastal upwelling. Blooms are caused by various algal species and can have red, green, or brown discoloration. Toxins produced can harm humans and wildlife. Mitigation methods include physical removal, chemicals, and biological controls but each has limitations for large-scale application.
The document discusses algal blooms, which are rapid increases in algae populations that can be harmful. It provides details on harmful algal blooms (HABs) which produce toxins that negatively impact aquatic life. The document notes that HABs have increased 15% in Indian seas over 12 years and discusses worldwide effects like decreased light and impacts to ecosystems. Possible reasons for increasing HABs include climate change, increased nutrients from human activities, and upwelling. Control methods include biological, chemical and physical approaches.
An oceanographic survey was carried out off the south east coast of Ireland in July 2015 to investigate the origin and transport of toxic Dinophysis blooms. High cell densities of Dinophysis acuta and Dinophysis acuminata were observed near the Celtic Sea Front, with concentrations increasing significantly from previous sampling in June. Water samples collected at different depths and stations using Niskin bottles indicated that these populations were being transported along coastal currents, potentially impacting shellfish aquaculture areas over 200km from their source. The aim was to better understand the distribution and transport of Dinophysis populations through the water column and along coastal jets to inform monitoring and mitigation of harmful algal blooms.
This document discusses atmospheric pollutants that impact aquatic ecosystems. It focuses on three categories: organic compounds, mercury, and nutrients. Many organic compounds are persistent, bioaccumulate in organisms, and are toxic. Mercury readily rains from the air into waterways where it can transform into methylmercury, a toxic form that builds up in fish. Atmospheric deposition is a significant source of nutrients like nitrogen to coastal waters, contributing to eutrophication. The effects of these pollutants are intertwined as they are often deposited together, and one may influence the bioaccumulation and impacts of others. The document calls for increased monitoring and regulation of atmospheric sources to reduce harm to the environment and human health.
This document discusses aquatic microbiology, including the study of microorganisms found in marine and freshwater ecosystems. It describes different types of microorganisms commonly found in water such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Many of these microbes can cause diseases in humans, like gastrointestinal illnesses from eating contaminated food or water. The document also outlines various treatment methods used to remove pathogens and contaminants from drinking water to make it safe for human consumption.
This document discusses microbial life in the ocean. It notes that the ocean covers 70% of the earth's surface and contains over a billion microorganisms per liter of seawater, including bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses. These microbes play key roles in ocean ecosystems by influencing nutrient cycles, forming the base of the food chain, and recycling organic matter. Specific types of microbes discussed include photosynthetic cyanobacteria, chemosynthetic bacteria found at hydrothermal vents, heterotrophic decomposer bacteria, symbiotic bacteria, bioluminescent bacteria, archaea involved in carbon and nitrogen cycles, and parasitic and saprobic ocean fungi.
The document discusses several key aspects of water pollution:
- Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without treatment, affecting both individual species and entire ecosystems. It is a major global problem.
- Common causes of water pollution include sewage, fertilizers, silt, organic materials, and thermal pollution. Excess nutrients can overstimulate plant and algae growth.
- Additional forms of pollution include petroleum from oil spills and offshore drilling, and radioactive substances.
The document discusses algal blooms in water sources in Malaysia from 1976 to 2015. It describes how algal blooms occur naturally but have increased due to cultural eutrophication from human activities that introduce excess nutrients. The key human causes contributing to cultural eutrophication and algal blooms are agricultural runoff of fertilizers, domestic sewage, and industrial discharge, which introduce phosphorus and nitrogen into water bodies. If left uncontrolled, cultural eutrophication can significantly degrade water quality and ecosystems. Case studies on the Malacca Straits and Tasik Sri Serdang lake found high risks of cultural eutrophication and algal blooms from nutrient pollution of stagnant water bodies near heavy human
SEASONAL VARIATION IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUND...Ijrdt Journal
ย
The present study is carried out to assess the water quality parameters of both surface water and ground water of Singanallur lake region a rivulet from river Noyyal. Parameters like pH, FC, DO, BOD, Turbidity, Total phosphates, Nitrates and Total dissolved solids are measured and compared for both summer and rainy season. Results revealed parameters varied to greater extent for surface water compared to ground water. So the surface water of Singanallur region is highly polluted due to runoff from industries, domestic waste and agricultural
Microbes are microscopic organisms that include bacteria, archaea, viruses, and small parasites. Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotes found everywhere in the oceans, either living independently or forming symbiotic relationships. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria that account for 25% of Earth's photosynthesis and can thrive in extreme environments. Archaea are genetically distinct from bacteria and include methanogens and extremophiles found in places like hydrothermal vents and hot springs. Microbes play important roles in nitrogen cycling and forming symbiotic relationships in oceans.
An aquatic ecosystem is a system containing plants and animals that depend on water. It includes a pond, its layers, and the diversity of micro- and macro-organisms living there. At River Bend, aquatic systems like marshes, swamps, ponds, rivers, and streams can be found. Students will visit a pond, map it, test properties like temperature, oxygen, nutrients, and pH, identify insects, and compile their data with others' to assess the ecosystem over time. Key principles of scientific investigation include following directions, repeating tests consistently, and averaging results. When visiting, students need to be quiet, safe, listen to leaders, only collect with permission, and respect nature.
Non indigenous species (NIS, also indicated as exotic or alien species), have become a hot issue in recent decades in particular in the Mediterranean Sea...
This document provides background information on phytoplankton and factors that influence their growth. It discusses how phytoplankton require sunlight, water and nutrients. Their distribution is affected by environmental conditions like pH, temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration. Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus are especially important for their growth. The document also examines how eutrophication from increased nutrients can lead to algal blooms and oxygen depletion, harming other organisms. It provides context on Sampaloc Lake which is experiencing signs of eutrophication from human activities.
The document discusses marine defaunation, or the loss of animal life in the oceans caused by human activity. Some key points:
- Marine defaunation began much later than terrestrial defaunation, only intensifying in the last century with industrial fishing and coastal development. However, human impacts on marine wildlife are increasing rapidly.
- Few marine animal species have gone completely extinct compared to land animals, but populations of many species have declined greatly. Local extinctions where species disappear from parts of their range have been common.
- While extinction rates remain lower than on land currently, marine extinction rates may be approaching a transition point similar to what occurred during the industrial revolution on land, with rates set
Frequently occurring Harmful algal blooms in marine and Freshwater aquatic environment and their impacts noticed in various parts of the world. Focused studies by authors from different locations on HAB's controlling methods
Potentially harmful algae along the kenyan coast a norm or threat.Alexander Decker
ย
This document summarizes a study of potentially harmful algal species along the Kenyan coast from 2009-2010. A total of 39 potentially harmful algal taxa were observed over the study period. The taxa with the highest abundances were Chaetoceros sp., Nitzschia sp., Coscinodiscus sp., Pseudo-nitzschia sp., Rhizosolenia sp., Anabaena sp., Protoperidinium sp., Oscillatoria sp. and Trichodesnium sp. whereas the lowest abundances were Fibrocapsa sp., Chrysochromulina sp., Umezakia sp., Dinophysis sp. and Aphanizomenom sp. The
A Conceptual Approach towards Utilization of Technological Advancement for Coral Reef Conservation at India by Jebarathnam Prince Prakash Jebakumar in Examines in Marine Biology & Oceanography
The document discusses the loss of biodiversity due to various human activities. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. Key threats to biodiversity discussed include overexploitation of species, invasive alien species, climate change, habitat loss, pollution, and natural hazards. Managing biodiversity loss requires quantifying diversity and understanding which species losses will have the most harmful impacts on ecosystems.
An algal bloom occurs when there is a rapid increase in the population of algae in freshwater or marine systems, seen as a discoloration of the water from algal pigments. Harmful algal blooms can injure animals or ecosystems and are caused by an overproduction of phytoplankton like cyanobacteria, diatoms, or dinoflagellates. While the exact causes of harmful algal blooms are unclear, human impacts from increased nutrients and climate change have contributed to their increased frequency globally.
1. The document summarizes seaweed taxonomy, morphology, ecology, and commercial uses. It discusses the three main groups of seaweeds - green, brown and red algae - and their key characteristics like pigments, cell walls and reproduction.
2. Seaweeds are found globally and have a variety of uses including food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels. The global seaweed industry is valued at over $5 billion annually, with China being the largest producer.
3. Seaweeds play an important ecological role by providing habitat and food for other marine organisms. They also help regulate carbon and oxygen cycles through photosynthesis in the oceans.
TME Paper on Seagrasses & Global Climate ChangeMatthew Highnam
ย
Global climate change is negatively impacting sea grass populations through increased water temperatures, sea level rise, and degraded water quality. Sea grasses are highly threatened by these changes for two key reasons: they require a certain level of light for photosynthesis, and they can be outcompeted by algae and phytoplankton when water conditions decline. The loss of sea grasses has cascading negative effects, as they play a vital role in sediment stabilization, nutrient filtration, and providing nursery habitats for many species. Case studies show that sea grass beds help prevent coastal ecosystem collapse by reducing algal blooms and eutrophication when excess nutrients enter the water. As climate change continues, extreme efforts are needed to protect these
The document discusses the causes and effects of marine pollution. It outlines several major sources of marine pollution including land-based runoff from agriculture and development, shipping activities, disposal of plastic waste, and offshore oil drilling. These pollution sources introduce excess nutrients, sediments, toxic chemicals, and invasive species into oceans. This causes problems like algal blooms, dead zones, entanglement and ingestion of plastic by wildlife, contamination of seafood, and damage to coral reefs. Climate change is also exacerbating issues like ocean acidification that threaten marine ecosystems.
The document discusses various topics related to oceans and sea pollution including:
1) It provides background on the importance of oceans and water to life on Earth. Approximately 71% of the planet is covered by oceans which provide habitat for many species and play a key role in regulating climate.
2) It discusses two types of sea pollution - direct and indirect. Direct pollution involves toxic waste being dumped directly into oceans while indirect results from land-based pollution eventually making its way into waterways.
3) Other threats to oceans mentioned include overfishing, exploration of non-renewable resources like sand and coral reefs, and dumping of plastic waste which can harm sea life.
4) The conclusion emphasizes that
XXX 2Name Professor Course Date Imagine a situatio.docxadampcarr67227
ย
XXX 2
Name:
Professor:
Course:
Date:
Imagine a situation that you are walking on the road, if there is a plastic bag in the middle of the way, will you see it? Most people will see it, and there is someone hired to keep the street clean and tidy on a regular basis. People and the government have both realized the importance of protecting the mainlandโs environment while few have noticed the necessity of protecting oceanโs environment. In fact, humanโs activities are contributing a lot to the pollution of marine system.
For example, Fisheries and transportation are two aspects that would affect the ocean most. Companies are overfishing for more profit, killing baby fishes and endangered species. Chemical industries are pouring chemical pollutions into the ocean to avoid paying for the dealing fees, Tourists and merchants are buying and selling rare species at will. These are the behaviors that would affect the natural environment of the ocean.
To begin with, In the case of fisheries, overfishing is causing shrinkage of fish groups, and the use of destructive fishing techniques has increased dramatically worldwide, destroying marine mammals and entire ecosystems. Besides, the unawareness of sustainable development is also a huge problem for marine environment. Illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing activities seems to be increasing as fishers seek to circumvent stricter regulatory rules. When some companies catch fish, they usually want to make a profit as soon as possible, sometimes they even catch the immature fries and make them into food to obtain additional profits. However, they did not realize that this behavior is like killing chickens to take their eggs. Without the fry, the fish group can't continue to grow, and there will be no fish for fishing in the future. Therefore, this behavior will reduce the company's profits. In terms of the environment, with the lack of a large number of fries, the ethnic balance of fish has been broken. A specieโs reduction in biology chain may cause extinction of other species. Therefore, it is necessary to leave time and space for self-recovery for the fish. As the author James A. Wilson said: โNatural environment has coevolved at a relatively broad temporal and spatial scale, and it has coadapted locally and relatively quickly, compared to evolutionary processesโ (James A. Wilson 3). In order to protect fish groups, it is necessary to promote scientific management, reasonable fishing, and adhere to the idea of sustainable development.
Another impact of fisheries on the marine environment is the destruction of marine habitats. Including damages to marine plants and pollution from outside waste such as chemical contamination. a terrible fact that magazine โAntarctic Scienceโ told is that โcontaminants and their associated impacts are long-livedโ (Antarctic Science Volume 21, Issue 1). As the author says, the effects of chemical pollutants are long-term and irreversible. In some places like the.
Red tide is caused by a rapid population growth of microscopic plankton that release toxins harmful to marine life and humans. The toxins can interfere with metabolism, nerve conduction, and the central nervous system. Blooms mainly occur in warm, coastal waters. Scientists have categorized red tide blooms into four stages: introduction, growth, maintenance, and dissipation. Red tide has negatively impacted ecosystems by killing fish, birds, and marine mammals. It also poses health risks and has caused several types of shellfish poisoning in humans. Further research is still needed to understand and address the causes of red tide outbreaks.
Marine pollution is the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries), resulting in such deleterious effects as: harm to living resources; hazards to human health; hindrance to marine activities including fishing; impairing the quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities
The document discusses the Earth's hydrosphere and water pollution. It defines the hydrosphere as the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet. About 75% of the Earth's surface is covered by oceans, containing about 1.4 x 10^18 tonnes of water. Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged into bodies of water without treatment, contaminating the water and damaging plants and organisms. It is a major global problem, with millions of people worldwide lacking access to clean drinking water and many deaths caused by waterborne diseases each year.
One of the six lectures composing 'Exploring Ocean, Explore the Planet Earth' online course offered by Blue Green Foundation Bangladesh & Octophin. The training was attended by participants from 40 countries. The presentation is organized in three sections: (i) the good- describing what benefits we get from the Ocean, (ii) the bad- bad things happening to the ocean because of human activities, e.g. climate change and their impacts on the sea, (iii) the ugly- very bad things that are happening to the sea due to anthropogenic activities, pollution and their impacts on ocean life forms are discussed in this section.
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal ...Angelo Mark Walag
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Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines were assessed from March to May 2014. Water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and type of substrate were determined in the study were within the normal range. A modified transect-quadrat method was used in an approximately 14,000 m2 of study area. Seven hundred twenty seven individuals belonging to 15 species were found in the area. These organisms belong to four phyla namely: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Annelida. The three most abundant organisms found were Coenobita clypeatus, Ophiothrix longipeda, and Cypraea poraria with relative abundance of 73.86%, 4.13% and 3.71% respectively. Most of the macrobenthic fauna identified exhibited a clumped pattern of distribution, while the rest are randomly distributed. The species diversity of the area is 1.19 which is very low compared to reports from related studies.
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This paper synthesizes findings from 15 regional reviews of the Census of Marine Life, a decade-long global study of ocean biodiversity. It finds that approximately 230,000 marine species have been described, representing just 20% of the total that are estimated to exist. Knowledge gaps remain large, with thousands of undescribed species in collections and hundreds of thousands likely still undiscovered. The deep sea and smaller invertebrates are particularly under-studied. Threats like overfishing and pollution endanger biodiversity across regions. Continued exploration and international collaboration are needed to improve understanding of ocean life and inform conservation efforts.
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This document discusses the impact of anthropogenic (human) activities on fisheries biodiversity. It covers several topics:
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A SHORT REVIEW ON THE RECENT PROBLEM OF RED TIDE IN JAKARTA BAY: EFFECT OF RED TIDE ON FISH AND HUMAN
1. Reprint:
JURNALILMU-ILMUPERAIRANDANPERIKANANINDONESIA
ISSN 0854-3194
Juni 2004, Jilid 11, Nomor 1
Halaman 67 โ 71
A Short Review on the Recent Problem of Red Tide in Jakarta Bay:
Effect of Red Tide on Fish and Human
(Tinjauan Singkat tentang Permasalahan Red Tide di Teluk Jakarta:
Pengaruh Red Tide Terhadap Ikan dan Manusia)
Yusli Wardiatno, Ario Damardan Bambang Sumartono
Alamat Penyunting dan Tata Usaha: Departemen Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan,
Institut Pertanian Bogor - Jl. Lingkar Akademik, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Wing C, Lantai 4 - Telepon (0251)
622912, Fax. (0251) 622932. E-mail : jippi@centrin.net.id
Berdasarkan Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional No. 22/DIKTI/Kep /2002 tanggal 8
Mei 2002 tentang Hasil Akreditasi Jurnal Ilmiah Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi Tahun 2002, Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Perairan
dan Perikanan Indonesia (JIPPI) diakui sebagai jurnal nasional terakreditasi.
2. 67
A SHORT REVIEW ON THE RECENT PROBLEM OF RED TIDE
IN JAKARTA BAY: EFFECT OF RED TIDE ON FISH AND HUMAN
(Tinjauan Singkat tentang Permasalahan Red Tide di Teluk Jakarta:
Pengaruh Red Tide Terhadap Ikan dan Manusia)
Yusli Wardiatno1
, Ario Damar1
dan Bambang Sumartono2
ABSTRACT
Red tide or marine phytoplankton blooms is a naturally occurring phenomenon. It appears that fre-
quency, intensity and geographical distribution of harmful algae (i.e. red tide) have increased over the last
few decades. Red tide is the condition of the microscopic, single-celled plant that live in the sea grows very
fast or โbloomโ and accumulate into dense, visible patches near the surface of the water. The occurrence of
red tide close related to the eutrophication and right environmental conditions, such as adequate light, high
water temperatures and an input of organic compounds from the land after heavy rains. Direct effect of red
tide to the fish are seriously damage fish gills, either mechanically or through production of harmful chemi-
cals, neurotoxin, hemolytic or blood agglutinating substances that cause physiological damage gill, major or-
gans (liver etc.), intestine, circulatory or respiratory systems or interfere with osmoregulatory processes. In
other hand, indirect effect of red tide to the fish is anoxia due to the over-use of oxygen for respiration and
decay of dense phytoplankton. The red tide organisms could harm human through consumption on filter
feeder animals (e.g. fish or mussels) that contain โred tideโ toxins previously absorbed by those animals.
Key words: red tide, eutrophication, Jakarta Bay.
ABSTRAK
Red tide atau sering disebut blooming fitoplankton merupakan fenomena alam yang sering terjadi.
Nampaknya frekuensi, intensitas dan distribusi blooming fitoplankton meningkat dalam 10 tahun belakangan
ini. Red tide dapat didefinisikan sebagai suatu kondisi dimana tanaman sel satu berukuran kecil yang hidup
di laut dan tumbuh dengan sangat cepat dan terakumulasi dalam suatu kumpulan yang mudah terlihat di per-
mukaan air laut. Kejadian red tide sangat terkait dengan eutrofikasi dan kondisi lingkungan yang mendu-
kung, seperti kecukupan cahaya, kondisi suhu yang sesuai, dan masukan bahan organik dari daratan setelah
hujan besar. Efek langsung red tide terhadap ikan sangat merusak insang, baik secara mekanis ataupun mela-
lui pembentukan bahan kimia beracun, neurotoksin, hemolitik atau bahan penggumpal darah, yang dapat me-
nyebabkan kerusakan fisiologi insang, organ utama (seperti hati), usus, sistem sirkuler atau pernapasan, atau-
pun mengganggu proses osmoregulasi. Sebaliknya, efek tidak langsung red tide adalah akibat penggunaan
oksigen yang berlebihan untuk respirasi dan pembusukan kumpulan fitoplankton. Beberapa organisme pe-
nyebab red tide dapat membahayakan manusia apabila manusia makan hewan filter feeder (seperti ikan atau
kerang) yang mengandung racun organisme red tide yang telah dimakan ikan atau kerang tersebut.
Kata kunci: red tide, eutrofikasi, Teluk Jakarta.
INTRODUCTION
Red tide is the condition of the micro-
scopic, single-celled plant that live in the sea
grows very fast or bloom and accumulate into
dense, visible patches near the surface of the
water (Franks and Anderson, 1992). About 300
species are reported at times to form blooms or
red tide with cell concentrations of several mil-
lions per litre. Red tides are usually look spec-
tacular but are harmless. The species that are
harmful may never reach the densities required
to discolour the water (Richardson, 1997). Un-
fortunately, close to one fourth of the โred tide
speciesโ is known to produce potent neurotox-
ins that can be transferred through the food
web, where they affect and even kill the higher
forms of life such as flora and fauna including
human being that eat directly or indirectly on
them.
As a matter of fact, red tide is a common
name for such phenomenon where certain phy-
toplankton species like Gymnodinium breve,
contain reddish pigments and bloom such that
the water appears to be coloured red (Franks
1
Departemen Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan, Fakultas
Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
2
Balai Budidaya Air Payau, Jepara.
3. 68 Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Perairan dan Perikanan Indonesia, Juni 2004, Jilid 11, Nomor 1: 67-71
and Anderson, 1992a). It is a natural phenome-
non, apparently unrelated to anthropogenic pol-
lution and not associated with tides, so in term
red tide is a misnomer because they are not as-
sociated with tide. Some red tides have covered
up to several hundred square miles of water.
No one can predict when or where red tides will
appear or how long they will last since they are
affected by many variables, such as weather and
sea currents (Franks and Anderson, 1992b).
In the last few decades, red tide became
the most important subject of the coastal envi-
ronment monitoring and management. It ap-
pears that frequency, intensity and geographical
distribution of harmful algae (i.e. red tide) have
increased over the last few decades. Red tide or
marine phytoplankton blooms is naturally oc-
curring phenomenon. This phenomenon was
actually not presence only in last few years but
it was occurred about 130 million ago as Ri-
chardson (1997) explained there is fossil evi-
dence that harmful algal blooms (involve red
tide) were occurring long before this.
The microscopic single celled plant re-
ferred to be as harmful if those which are no-
ticeable, particularly to the general public, di-
rectly or indirectly through their effects such as
visible discoloration of the water, foam produc-
tion, fish or invertebrate mortality or toxicity to
humans. Hallegraeff (1995) pointed out that, of
the approximately 1500 species floating in the
worldโs oceans, only 40 or so species have the
capacity to produce potent toxins that can find
their way through fish and shellfish to human.
Sournia et al. (1991) noted, the greatest num-
ber, by far, of identified toxic species are found
within the Dinophyceae.
Red tides occur throughout the world,
drastically affecting Scandinavian and Japanese
fisheries, Caribbean and South Pasific reef
fishes and shellfishing along U.S. coasts. Most
recently, it has been implicated in the deaths of
hundreds of whales, dolphins, and manatees in
North American waters. In 1972 in Japan, a
bloom of the raphidophyte flagellate Chato-
nella antiqua thus killed 500 million US dollars
worth of caged yellowtail fish in the Seto Island
Sea (Okaichi, 1989).
In Indonesia, the recent case of fish mor-
tality in Jakarta Bay in May 2004 is believed to
be due to harmfulalgae, even though strong de-
bate on it is still remain on the trot. The weak
response and lack of continuous monitoring on
the coastal phytoplankton community in Jakarta
Bay and in the country hamper to get the pre-
cise answer on specific harmful algae problems.
In the case of fish mortality in Jakarta Bay, the
government elucidated that this was due to the
red tide phenomenon. But, some other institu-
tions claimed that this was due to lethal-acute
contaminants, instead of algae bloom. How-
ever, for the hyper-eutrophic waters like Jakarta
Bay (Damar, 2003), where huge volume of or-
ganic compounds incessantly enters the bay, the
bloom of algae, including red tide is plausible.
As have been revealed by Damar (2003), a non-
toxic algae bloom, e.g. Skeletonema costatum in
Jakarta Bay is a routine phenomenon, which
might be as a consequence of high nitrogen
content in its water.
A number of scientist often argued that
the apparent increase in the occurrence of harm-
ful blooms is linked to eutrophication. Indeed,
in some areas -especially those with limited wa-
ter exchange such as fjord, estuaries and inland
seas, there does seem to be good evidence for a
stimulation of the number of algal blooms oc-
curring by eutrophication. However, the rela-
tionship between the occurrence of harmful
phytoplankton blooms and environmental con-
ditions is complicated, and anthropogenic per-
turbation of the environment is a certainly not
prerequisite for all harmful algal blooms. Thus,
the occurrence of a harmful bloom may or may
not have as one its underlying causes a change
in human activities or behaviour (Richardson,
1997).
In general, algae proliferation is driven
by two main factors: underwater light and nu-
trient availabilities (Cloern, 2001). Koizumi et
al. (1996) suggested that little rainfall, high wa-
ter and a low water exchange rate in the area
were responsible for the occurrence and the
later development of the red tide of Gymnodini-
um polygramma in Uwajima Bay Japan in
1994. However, in tropical environment such
as in Indonesia, where light availability is not a
prominent factor regulating the bloom occur-
rences, the nutrient availability seems to be the
important factor, of which in coastal waters is
mainly brought by the incoming rivers (Damar,
2003). Specific to the causing red tide algae
(i.e. dinoflagellates), its grow is also regulated
4. Wardiatno, Y., A. Damar and B. Sumartono, A Short Review on the Recent Problem of Red Tide . . . 69
by the N/P and N/Si ratios (Downing, 1991).
He stated that the decrease of N/P ratios (be-
low Redfieldโs 16:1) was accompanied by an
increase in flagellates and cyanobacteria, in-
stead of diatoms.
In Jakarta Bay, Damar (2003) revealed
that the decrease of N/P ratio stimulated the
grow of red tide dinoflagellate species. As
well as N and P, silicon availability also plays
significant role in regulating the growth of red
tide species (e.g. Margalef, 1978). In his re-
search, Damar (2003) revealed that silicon
availability regulated the occurrence of diatoms,
which is commonly grouped as a non-red tide
species. The excess N loads in Jakarta Bay re-
sulted in high N/Si ratios. For comparison, in
Semangka and Lampung Bays, he found rela-
tively low N loads compared to those of Si, re-
sulted in low N/Si ratios (<1). Low N/Si ratios
in Lampung and Semangka Bays allowed the
diatoms to dominate the phytoplankton com-
munity. This is in conformity with Justic et al.
(1995), which hypothesised that silicon avail-
ability might promote the importance of dia-
toms in coastal waters. Altogether, changes
towards a high N/Si load are held responsible
for dramatic shifts in the phytoplankton compo-
sition from diatoms to flagellates (Kocum et al.,
2002), including the more frequent occurrence
of harmful algae species (Glibert and Terlizzi,
2002).
In summary, the triggering factor for red
tide is not solely governed by the absolute
amount of nutrient, but also the composition of
these nutrient species in the water and underwa-
ter light availabilities.
For the case of fish mortality in Jakarta
Bay, it seems to us that public has been satis-
fied after the Government stated that the factor
causing the fish mortality was the blooming al-
gae (not pollution), and fish in Jakarta Bay is
safe to consume. However, there is still lack of
information how the algae could kill the fish.
The matter is discussed below. The effect of
the red tide on human is also described.
EFFECT OF RED TIDE ON FISH
The impact of harmful phytoplankton is
particularly evident when marine food re-
sources, e. g. aquaculture, are affected. Shell-
fish and in some cases finfish are often not visi-
bly affected by the algae, but accumulate the
toxin in their organ. In most cases, the prolif-
eration of plankton algae (so called algae
bloom; up to millions of cell per litre) could be
beneficial for aquaculture and wild fisheries op-
eration (Hallegraeff, 1995). However, in some
situation algal blooms can have negative effect,
causing severe economic loses to aquaculture,
fisheries and tourism operation and having ma-
jor environmental and human health impacts.
The affect of red tide on fish can be separated
into direct and indirect ways.
Direct effect. Fish kill due to the effect
of harmful algal bloom (i.e. red tide) could be
caused by algae production of harmful chemi-
cals, neurotoxin, haemolytic or blood aggluti-
nating substances that may cause physiological
damage in gill, major organs, intestine, circula-
tory or respiratory systems or interfere with
osmoregulatory processes (Rensel, 1995) (see
Figure 1).
Red Tide
(toxic organism)
Major organ damage
(gill, liver, intestine etc.)
Fish mortality
Figure 1. Schematic Effect of Red Tide Toxic Or-
ganisms on Fish.
Direct effect of some toxic algae may
have devastating effects on fish, both in the
wild and in aquacultures. Several species of
phytoplankton belonging to very different taxo-
nomic group can produce toxins that may dam-
age fish gill by haemolytic effect. Hallegraeff
(1995) and Rensel (1995) pointed out that,
some algal species could seriously damage fish
gill, either mechanically or through production
of haemolytic substances. The impact has re-
sulted in extensive fish kill with major eco-
nomic losses. While wild fish stocks have the
freedom to swim away from problem areas,
caged fish appear to be extremely vulnerable to
such noxious algal blooms.
Toxin (breve toxin,
neurotoxin)
Mulfunction organ
5. 70 Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Perairan dan Perikanan Indonesia, Juni 2004, Jilid 11, Nomor 1: 67-71
As mentioned some type of phytoplank-
ton blooms causes fish mortality through the
production of toxin. When the bloom is severe,
fish die rapidly because of neurotoxic effects of
the red tide, which enter their bloodstream
through the gill. Several fish species are per-
haps exposed to lower concentration of toxins,
but accumulation of these toxins in their body
dangerous for consumers because of bio-accu-
mulation. A number of toxin produced by phy-
toplankton are known to affect fish as well as
humans (Richardson, 1997). Some species,
such as the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tama-
rense and the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis
produce potent toxins that are liberated when
the algae are eaten.
In some cases, there can be mechanical
interaction between the phytoplankter and the
gills which leads to gill damage and ultimately,
suffocation of the fish (Richardson, 1997).
Physically damage fish gill is to the point of
compromising osmoregulation and/or inhibiting
oxygen uptake. The mechanism may include
abrasion of the gill epidermis, physical clogging
of the gill filaments with excess mucous copi-
ously produce in response to some irritants, or
in some cases stripping of the protective mu-
cous layer (Rensel, 1995). Diatoms are often
implicated in such even, like Chaetoceros spe-
cies which has spines with serrated edges which
can lodge in fish gill tissues, causing irritation,
over production of mucous and eventual death
(Bell, 1961; Rensel, 1993). Other species which
responsible to this phenomenon are dinoflagel-
late Gymnodinium mikimotoi, prymnesiophytes
Chrysochromulina polylepis, Prymnesium par-
vum, Prymnesium patelliferum, radiophytes He-
terosigma carterae, Chattonella antiqua (Halle-
graeff, 1995).
There are a number of accidents reported
in the literature of animal poisoning/mortalities
are associated with liver damage that have been
seen in connection with blooms of Nodularia
spumigena (cyanobacteria/blue-green algae)
(Richardson, 1997). Furthermore, he pointed
out that Gymnodinium aureolum (and some
other bloom-forming flagellates) may alter sea-
water characteristics through the production of
extra cellular organic material. This extra cellu-
lar material should increase the viscosity of the
medium surrounding the fish so that the energy
expended in filtering water through the gill ex-
ceeds that which can be supported by the oxy-
gen uptake.
Indirect effect. The indirect effect of red
tide to the fish is anoxia due to the over-use of
oxygen for respiration and decay of dense phy-
toplankton. Richardson (1995) explained that
in aquaculture, hypoxia or anoxia resulting
from the respiration and decay of dense phyto-
plankton can also, on its own, leads to fish or
shellfish kills, especially of caged fish that are
unable to swim away from the affected area.
Subsequently, the limiting oxygen evoke mal-
function of major organ such as the brain and
heart due to blood hypoxia (Rensel, 1995).
However, in several cases there are large
uncertainties regarding the precise kind of che-
micals involved and initial mechanism lead-ing
to blood-hypoxia and fish death (see Figure 2).
The major causes of the natural and cultured
fish and shellfish deaths of the red tide of Gon-
yaulax polygramma in Uwajima Bay Japan in
1994 seemed to be the anoxic water high sul-
phide and ammonia concentration from de-
composed G. polygramma cells (Koizumi et al.,
1996).
Red tide
(non toxic organism)
Hypoxia/Anoxia Gill damage
Fish mortality
Figure 2. Schematic Effect of Red Tide Non-toxic
Organisms on Fish
EFFECT OF RED TIDE ON HUMAN
Once the fish or other filter feeder ani-
mals (e.g. clams, mussels) consume these red
tide species, the toxin will be accumulated in
their tissues. If they are then being consumed
by human, the toxin can harm human, in some
extends, it causes human death. In Indonesian
waters, some fatal evidences caused by human
consumption on toxin-infected mussels are re-
corded in Lewotobi and Lewouran (East Nusa
Tenggara), Sebatik Island (East Kalimantan),
Respiration, decay Irritation
Mulfunction of major
organ(heart, brain,
gill, etc.)
6. Wardiatno, Y., A. Damar and B. Sumartono, A Short Review on the Recent Problem of Red Tide . . . 71
Makassar waters and Ambon Bay (Widiarti and
Pratiwi, 2003).
Some diseases caused by toxic algae are
listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Diseases Caused by Toxic Algae (Widi -
arti and Pratiwi. 2003, GEOHAB, 2001).
Diseases Causative algae species
Amnesic shellfish poisoning Pseudonitzschia sp.
Ciguatera fish poisoning Gambierdiscus sp.
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning
Prorocentrum sp and
Dinophysis sp.
Neurotic shellfish poisoning
Gymnodinium sp.,
Fibrocapsa sp and
Heterosigma sp.
Paralytic shellfish poisoning Alexandrium tamarense
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