1) The document discusses the ecological impact of sewage discharge on coral reefs. Sewage pollution introduces excess nutrients into coral reef ecosystems, which can cause eutrophication and algal overgrowth that damages corals.
2) A 3-year study found that doubling nutrient levels from sewage led to a doubling of coral bleaching events in Florida Keys reefs. Removing the nutrient pollution allowed for reef recovery.
3) About 96% of coral reef areas near human populations face sewage pollution problems. The majority of sewage in developing areas enters the ocean untreated. Even in developed nations, aging infrastructure can lead to sewage leaks that pollute coastal waters.
Jayantha Obeysekera
This session will discuss the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact agreed to by Palm Beach, Broward, Miami-Dade and Monroe counties in SE Florida, and their partnering with the
South Florida Water Management District. The 5.6 million residents of the four counties exceed the population of 30 states and represent 30 percent of Florida’s population, and are situated in
one of the nation’s areas most vulnerable to climate change. The session will detail the Regional Climate Change Compact’s objectives,
its accomplishments to date and the ongoing development of a regional climate action plan.
The Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, on behalf of the UK Committee for National and International Hydrology, convened a special session on International Catchment Management Science and Application at the World Water Congress XV in May 2015.
Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity. Slides are all about summary of Johan Rockström et al., which basically talks about the nine planetary boundaries defined by author globally and explains about the control variables, thresholds, and where we as a Human stand right now with respect to both social boundaries and planetary boundaries.
Tropical coral reefs cover an area of over 284 000 km2, providing habitat for thousands of species and yielding more than US$ 30 billion annually in global goods and services, such as coastline protection, tourism and food. Corals reefs are now threatened by the increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, while warmer sea temperatures are disturbing the delicate symbiosis between coral organisms and algae. For example, 16 per cent of all tropical coral reefs were killed off by thermal stress during a single extreme El Niño–Southern Oscillation event in 1997–1998. As a result of escalating atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide, more of this gas is being dissolved in the world’s oceans. This has already reduced ocean pH and the trend is projected to continue. Moreover, the altered ocean chemistry is expected to have major corrosive effects on marine ecosystems and to alter the calcification rates of corals, phytoplankton and other species.
Jayantha Obeysekera
This session will discuss the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact agreed to by Palm Beach, Broward, Miami-Dade and Monroe counties in SE Florida, and their partnering with the
South Florida Water Management District. The 5.6 million residents of the four counties exceed the population of 30 states and represent 30 percent of Florida’s population, and are situated in
one of the nation’s areas most vulnerable to climate change. The session will detail the Regional Climate Change Compact’s objectives,
its accomplishments to date and the ongoing development of a regional climate action plan.
The Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, on behalf of the UK Committee for National and International Hydrology, convened a special session on International Catchment Management Science and Application at the World Water Congress XV in May 2015.
Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity. Slides are all about summary of Johan Rockström et al., which basically talks about the nine planetary boundaries defined by author globally and explains about the control variables, thresholds, and where we as a Human stand right now with respect to both social boundaries and planetary boundaries.
Tropical coral reefs cover an area of over 284 000 km2, providing habitat for thousands of species and yielding more than US$ 30 billion annually in global goods and services, such as coastline protection, tourism and food. Corals reefs are now threatened by the increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, while warmer sea temperatures are disturbing the delicate symbiosis between coral organisms and algae. For example, 16 per cent of all tropical coral reefs were killed off by thermal stress during a single extreme El Niño–Southern Oscillation event in 1997–1998. As a result of escalating atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide, more of this gas is being dissolved in the world’s oceans. This has already reduced ocean pH and the trend is projected to continue. Moreover, the altered ocean chemistry is expected to have major corrosive effects on marine ecosystems and to alter the calcification rates of corals, phytoplankton and other species.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This presentation discuss about the human impact on ecosystem, planetary responses to changes and imbalance in the various ecological systems. The main cause of ecological change is the rapid increase in human population which ultimately utilize the non-renewable resources to fulfil their luxurious living standards and to discover various technologies to generate energy.
“What makes a river so restful to people is that it doesn’t have any doubt - it is sure to get where it is going, and it doesn’t want to go anywhere else.”
A Review on the Sedimentation Problem in River Basinsijtsrd
River sedimentation is a global concern evidenced by a number of studies conducted. Now, that climate change is being experienced the rapid changes on the river landscape is manifestly observed. As unveiled, natural evolution of landscape and human activities are the two main factors affecting this phenomenon. Different methods of determination of the volume of sediments transported some are employed. Some studies used classic methods utilizing sophisticated apparatus while others artificial intelligence mode of sediment transport prediction. Celeste A. De Asis "A Review on the Sedimentation Problem in River Basins" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37968.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/37968/a-review-on-the-sedimentation-problem-in-river-basins/celeste-a-de-asis
Climate Change And Water Crisis- Obstacle for the sustainable environment. Climate change is a complex problem that has increased the need for an integrated, multi-sectorial and multidisciplinary response. Apart from the normal water domain, decision-makers in other spheres (finance, trade, energy, housing, regional planning, agriculture) must use and consume water efficiently. Sustainable management and development of water resources will play a pivotal role in preparing societies’ ability to adapt to climate change in order to increase resilience and achieve development goals.
The seminar report aims to draw attention to the critical importance of better water resources management in adapting to climate change and gives reasons why it should be systematically integrated into national plans and international investment.
• Find out causes of climate change and its impact on the water crisis.
• Water sources and demand of water.
• Actions to improve the ability to understand impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation to climate change in the water sector;
• Actions were taken to enhance informed decisions on adaptation planning, measures, and action.
IRJET-Towards Conservation of World Famous Dal Lake – A Need of HourIRJET Journal
Mudasir Ahmad Wani, Ashit Dutta, M. Ashraf Wani, Umer Jan Wani, "Towards Conservation of World Famous Dal Lake – A Need of Hour", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol2,issue-01 March 2015. e-ISSN:2395-0056,p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net,published by Fast Track Publications
Abstract
Lakes play an important role in the economy of a region. Dal Lake has historically been the centre of Kashmiri civilization and has played a major role in the economy of Kashmir through its attraction of tourists as well as its utilization as a source of food and water. Preservation of world famous Dal Lake hence, is need of hour. The aim of this study is identification and monitoring of effluent discharge and to suggest strategies for prevention of water pollution of Dal Lake. A descriptive methodology utilizing observational site survey, study of relevant records and interview technique for identification and monitoring of effluent discharge taking place into Dal Lake was carried out. Accordingly, Strategies for treatment of effluents discharged are suggested for prevention of water pollution of Dal Lake. The study revealed that effluent discharge taking place into the Dal Lake pollutes its water on daily basis. Pollutants that enter in Dal Lake are sewage and sullage, agriculture runoff, detergents and soaps, soil erosion from catchment areas, animal waste, solid wastes and wastes from houseboats, hotels and business establishments. The study is unique in that it reports on important issue of environmental degradation of world famous Dal Lake. Various measures proposed for conservation of lake including afforestation and control of grazing animals in the catchment area, removal of house boats and hotels and rehabilitation of their owners and inhabitants living in and around Dal at a suitable place, removal of excess weeds on continuous basis, construction of sanitation latrines for villagers, reducing use of chemical pesticides, avoiding use of commercial fertilizers, installation of STPs, restoring “Nallah Mar” and continuous monitoring of lake environment are expected to reduce the pollution and hence, preservation of the lake.
Simple revision cards for the case studies in the AQA Geography GCSE syllabus A. The categories have been written directly from the syllabus to help pupils revise the correct aspects of each case study and to help them plan their revision. The best thing to do having completed a case study revision card is then to try an exam question on it.
Dams and their Effects on forests and tribal peopleArchitGupta119
Subtopics include:
1. Submergence of forest land
2. Devastation of forests
3. Prone to floods, droughts & landslides
4. Loss of soil fertility
5. Loss of Biodiversity
6. Loss of Species
7. Effects on tribal people
8. Displacement of tribal people
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This presentation discuss about the human impact on ecosystem, planetary responses to changes and imbalance in the various ecological systems. The main cause of ecological change is the rapid increase in human population which ultimately utilize the non-renewable resources to fulfil their luxurious living standards and to discover various technologies to generate energy.
“What makes a river so restful to people is that it doesn’t have any doubt - it is sure to get where it is going, and it doesn’t want to go anywhere else.”
A Review on the Sedimentation Problem in River Basinsijtsrd
River sedimentation is a global concern evidenced by a number of studies conducted. Now, that climate change is being experienced the rapid changes on the river landscape is manifestly observed. As unveiled, natural evolution of landscape and human activities are the two main factors affecting this phenomenon. Different methods of determination of the volume of sediments transported some are employed. Some studies used classic methods utilizing sophisticated apparatus while others artificial intelligence mode of sediment transport prediction. Celeste A. De Asis "A Review on the Sedimentation Problem in River Basins" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37968.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/37968/a-review-on-the-sedimentation-problem-in-river-basins/celeste-a-de-asis
Climate Change And Water Crisis- Obstacle for the sustainable environment. Climate change is a complex problem that has increased the need for an integrated, multi-sectorial and multidisciplinary response. Apart from the normal water domain, decision-makers in other spheres (finance, trade, energy, housing, regional planning, agriculture) must use and consume water efficiently. Sustainable management and development of water resources will play a pivotal role in preparing societies’ ability to adapt to climate change in order to increase resilience and achieve development goals.
The seminar report aims to draw attention to the critical importance of better water resources management in adapting to climate change and gives reasons why it should be systematically integrated into national plans and international investment.
• Find out causes of climate change and its impact on the water crisis.
• Water sources and demand of water.
• Actions to improve the ability to understand impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation to climate change in the water sector;
• Actions were taken to enhance informed decisions on adaptation planning, measures, and action.
IRJET-Towards Conservation of World Famous Dal Lake – A Need of HourIRJET Journal
Mudasir Ahmad Wani, Ashit Dutta, M. Ashraf Wani, Umer Jan Wani, "Towards Conservation of World Famous Dal Lake – A Need of Hour", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol2,issue-01 March 2015. e-ISSN:2395-0056,p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net,published by Fast Track Publications
Abstract
Lakes play an important role in the economy of a region. Dal Lake has historically been the centre of Kashmiri civilization and has played a major role in the economy of Kashmir through its attraction of tourists as well as its utilization as a source of food and water. Preservation of world famous Dal Lake hence, is need of hour. The aim of this study is identification and monitoring of effluent discharge and to suggest strategies for prevention of water pollution of Dal Lake. A descriptive methodology utilizing observational site survey, study of relevant records and interview technique for identification and monitoring of effluent discharge taking place into Dal Lake was carried out. Accordingly, Strategies for treatment of effluents discharged are suggested for prevention of water pollution of Dal Lake. The study revealed that effluent discharge taking place into the Dal Lake pollutes its water on daily basis. Pollutants that enter in Dal Lake are sewage and sullage, agriculture runoff, detergents and soaps, soil erosion from catchment areas, animal waste, solid wastes and wastes from houseboats, hotels and business establishments. The study is unique in that it reports on important issue of environmental degradation of world famous Dal Lake. Various measures proposed for conservation of lake including afforestation and control of grazing animals in the catchment area, removal of house boats and hotels and rehabilitation of their owners and inhabitants living in and around Dal at a suitable place, removal of excess weeds on continuous basis, construction of sanitation latrines for villagers, reducing use of chemical pesticides, avoiding use of commercial fertilizers, installation of STPs, restoring “Nallah Mar” and continuous monitoring of lake environment are expected to reduce the pollution and hence, preservation of the lake.
Simple revision cards for the case studies in the AQA Geography GCSE syllabus A. The categories have been written directly from the syllabus to help pupils revise the correct aspects of each case study and to help them plan their revision. The best thing to do having completed a case study revision card is then to try an exam question on it.
Dams and their Effects on forests and tribal peopleArchitGupta119
Subtopics include:
1. Submergence of forest land
2. Devastation of forests
3. Prone to floods, droughts & landslides
4. Loss of soil fertility
5. Loss of Biodiversity
6. Loss of Species
7. Effects on tribal people
8. Displacement of tribal people
Climate change is one of the primary factors contributing to the loss of biodiversity worldwide. The purpose of this review paper was to give serious thought about the present and future impacts of climate change on biodiversity, even though we are not aware of its synergistic effects on biological populations. In order to fully understand the biota's reactions to these climatic
changes, we also concentrated on how these changes impact their phenology and physiology. This review article's subjects are
covered in a non-random order to make it easier for readers to understand the connections between biodiversity and climate
change. We also discussed about how 1.1°C of global warming brought about by human activity has altered the Earth's climate
in ways never seen before and negatively impacted human health. We covered how to safeguard our biota by implementing practical conservation strategies at the end of this review article in order to reduce the effects of climate change on it. We hope that one day, because research on climate change and biodiversity protection is interdisciplinary and spans many different scientific areas, we will be able to address all these concerns and preserve our biota from their terrible consequences.
Integrated Water Resource Planning - Water, Forests, People and PolicyGeoEngineers, Inc.
This slideshow presents a series of graphics, photographs and statements reflective of integrated water resource management with specific reference to forest management in a changing climate. We are already experiencing the migration of animals and humans with climate shifts. The severity and frequency of wildfires, droughts, floods and ocean acidification are also increasing. Impacts to our economy, infrastructure and atmosphere have lead us to difficult choices regarding land use and future policy development to better manage our natural resources.
Wayne Wright, CFP, PWS
Sr. Principal, Fisheries & Wetland Scientist, Market Intelligence Leader at GeoEngineers
Climate Change and Maritime Sector Essay Sampleessayprime
Climate change can be described as a significant and a long lasting transformation in the
statistical distribution of weather patterns over a period of time that range from decades to a
million years (Daufresnea, Lengfellnera and Sommera, 2009). The change may be in terms of
average weather conditions or in the overall distribution of weather around average
circumstances (Durant and et.al., 2007). The climate of earth has been undergoing many changes
throughout the course of history. Most of the climatic changes are attributed to small variations
in the orbit of earth that brings significant alteration in the amount of solar energy received by
planet. However the current climatic change has been on account of human induced variations
that have been proceeding at an unprecedented rate in the past 1300 years (Millien and et.al.,
2006). These climatic changes have posed a huge impact on the overall ecosystem as well as
many economic activities. The activity carried out by maritime sector happens to be one such
area which is required to be given a due emphasis.
Miriam Kastner: Her findings on METHANE HYDRATES in Ocean Acidification Summ...www.thiiink.com
Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are rising as a result of human activities, such as fossil fuel burning, and are increasing the acidity of seawater. This process is known as ocean acidi cation. Historically, the ocean has absorbed approximately 30% of all CO2 released into the atmosphere
by humans since the start of the industrial revolution, resulting in a 26% increase in the acidity of the ocean1.
Ocean acidi cation causes ecosystems and marine biodiversity to change. It has the potential to affect food security and it limits the capacity of the ocean to absorb CO2 from human emissions. The economic impact of ocean acidi cation could be substantial.
Reducing CO2 emissions is the only way to minimise long-term, large-scale risks.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Impact of Sewage Discharge on Coral Reefs
1. The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 6 || Issue || 6 || Pages || PP 09-13 || 2017 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
DOI: 10.9790/1813-0606020913 www.theijes.com Page 9
Impact of Sewage Discharge on Coral Reefs
Nadia J. Alsabah
Higher Institute of Telecommunications and Navigation (HITN) – Navigation Department State of Kuwait
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
Key wards: Pollution – Coral reefs – Ecology – Habitat – Hazard – sewage discharge.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 06 June 2017 Date of Accepted: 15 June 2017
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
The problem on the sewage pollution of coral reefs has been present for quite some time. In fact, the current
regulations allow public treatment so that there can be a modification of the pollutant discharge. Coral reefs are
seen as "distinctive habitats of limited distribution." It is critical that they are protected because of their
importance to man. This paper looks at the ecological impact of the different discharges of coral reefs. There are
three major components of sewage control and this includes eutrophication which is related to the high nutrient
concentration which is released in the waste waters; the sedimentation of suspended solids and its toxic effects.
(Ecological Impacts of Sewage Discharges on Coral Reef Communities). Different other factors are hazards to
coral reefs such as climate change and overfishing, but pollution that arises from untreated sewage is a more
serious danger to reefs. (Hausheer, 2015).
II. RESULT AND DISSECTION
Challenging Stressors
There are a lot of pressures from global climate to ocean change that add to the local scale stressors making it a
real problem for coral reef managers. It is, therefore, important that one exercises an understanding of how these
stressors converge for the successful conservation of reef. Coral reef vulnerability needs to be taken into
consideration as well as the operational framework to enhance the resilience and management decisions on
reducing these vulnerabilities. Authors Anthony and colleagues (2014) propose an Adaptive Resilience-Based
management (ARBM) framework so there are guidelines on how and where resilience can be enhanced via
management interventions. The key threats to coral reef resilience come from press-type stressors such as
overfishing,pollution, sedimentation, acidification and overfishing. These are stressors affect processes on
recovery while the pulsetype (acute) stressors increase the demand for resilience.
Coral reefs are important for servicing people and their needs, and this includes other benefits such as fisheries
production, shoreline protection and livelihoods for ecotourism. Consultants think that these services are worth
$31 billion each year.(Hausheer, 2015). The influx of sewage is not beneficial both for people and for marine
life. Untreated sewage can produce excess nutrients which can disrupt the battle between the coral and the
seaweed for space and light. In that case, corals dominate, but the presence of excess nutrients can be more
favorable for the seaweed (Hausheer, 2015).
Ocean-Atmospheric Interface
The coral reefs in the Australia’s Great Barrier Reef are getting bleached. Scorching hot seasons have caused
certain organisms to grow rapidly on the corals and cause their bleaching and death (Science, 2016). A result of
a warmer ocean on climate is that temperatures may continue to rise. This is because a warmer ocean results in
the decreased release of sulfur from the ocean into the atmosphere, which in turn reduces the amount of solar
radiation reflected back into space, resulting in a warmer atmosphere (Fujita, 2013).
Climate change and global warming have had the impact of resulting in stronger and more destructive
hurricanes and storms. With the glaciers melting, sea levels have risen as well. Hurricanes will derive more
strength regarding wind speed and water content because they can feed off the warmer air above the oceans. It is
projected that hurricanes will be 2-11% more intense than in the previous century (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Laboratory, 2015).
The impact rising sea levels and stronger hurricanes will have devastating consequences for coastal
communities. There will be flooding, shoreline erosion, and water pollution. Homes along these coasts may
have to be abandoned and their residents transferred inland if sea levels continue to rise. These homes also bear
the brunt of storms coming from the ocean or sea (EPA, 2016).
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The extent of sewage pollution is alarming, and it is evident that 96 percent of places that have coral reefs and
people demonstrate a pollution problem (Hausheer, 2015). Most of the sewage pollute the ocean remain to be
untreated discharge especially if it is a developing country. For instance, about 85 percent of wastewater that
enters the sea in the Caribbean is not treated at all according to the United Nations Environmental Program.
(Hausheer, 2015). Even in the United States, the infrastructure at present is poorly maintained that causes
pollution to leak or overflow into the waterways during heavy rains (Hausheer, 2015).
The reefs that are close to people can suffer due to the changes in the environment such as poor water quality
from the sources of pollution in the land. (How Pollution Affects Coral Reefs). These sources are the primary
cause of coral reef degradation globally. For instance, in the Caribbean, the largest source of pollution comes
from the activities on land. When people expand in their territories, the development changes the landscape
which results in an increase of runoff from the land. This is not beneficial for the coral reefs because the runoff
can carry large quantities of sewage outflows and petroleum products as well as high levels of nutrients from
agricultural areas creating havoc in the reefs’ health. The excess in nutrients can affect the quality of the water
and thus result in decreased oxygen and increased nutrients in the water (eutrophication). An offshoot of this is
that it will also lead to the increase in algal growth on the reefs, which critically degrades the ecosystem. The
sediments that are deposited into these reefs can interfere with their ability to multiply and get the proper
feeding. At the same time, the pesticides that are deposited into it can interfere with their growth, even
increasing the pathogens into the ecosystems. An example of this is the Serratia marcescens which are
associated with a coral disease known as white pox.(How Pollution Affects Coral Reefs).
Nutrients Loading
Pollution from sewage can lead to coral reef bleaching and other coral diseases (Large study sh0ows pollution
impact). Coral bleaching just goes to show that there is stress on the reefs. A controlled study that lasted for
three years yielded results that demonstrate how elevated levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Florida Keys
from 2009 until 2012 doubled the amount of coral bleaching. It also showed how these reefs recovered after the
pollutants stopped. Rebecca Thurber, an assistant professor at the College of Science at the Oregon State
University, revealed that bleaching of the reefs happened because of the sewage discharge and fertilizers that
came from the urban and agricultural use.(Large study shows pollution impact). Scientists were shocked to
discover that more than 80 percent of the corals have disappeared during the past decades. This was alarming
because the reefs hosts thousands of fish species and various marine life and the devastation could be critical for
man's ecological peace. However, until now, there are very few long-term experiments that have been done to
prevent the impact of nutrient overloads. Experiments that introduced regular injections of nutrients at the study
sites demonstrate that 1200 corals showed signs of coral disease and bleaching,
One of the diseases that were common at that time was the "dark spot syndrome" which was found on 50
percent of diseases of individual corals. After this result, the experiment also revealed that within one year after
the nutrient injections stopped, the degree of the dark spot syndrome had decreased to the same level as those
control study places where no nutrients were injected. The exact kind of nutrient overload is still vague, but it is
evident that nutrients can add pathogens and make these pathogens grow and multiply in those reefs. This is
toxic to the corals and will make them vulnerable to other kinds of pathogens. This situation will stress out the
coral health, and concrete steps to address this are in order. Cleaning up the water seems to be the biggest
challenge now that this has been identified as the cause of the coral reefs' destruction. The problem is still within
control as long as the people responsible take concrete steps to remedy the problem.
At present, there are about 112 coral reef geographies, with 104 possessing sewage contamination problems.
(Wear&Vega-Thurber, 2015). Even if this is the reality now, conservationists are not attentive to the problem
because they are dealing with large scale diffuse threat and the high costs that treatment will require. Sewage is
a convergence of many other potentially toxic and distinct stressors which include inorganic nutrients,
pathogens, suspended solids, heavy metals, sediments and other toxins. (Wear& Vega-Thurber, 2015).
Different components render stress on coral reefs, and fresh water does a lot of damage as it is well documented
that the influx of fresh water from storms can increase its mortality. Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that can
destroy the hormone system of both humans and other living things. This includes the petrochemicals and
synthetic estrogens that are linked to several human health problems as well (Hausheer, 2015). Heavy metals
can also find its way on coral reefs, and these chemicals can result in a bleaching death as well as a decreased
reproductive success on corals. These heavy metals can seep inside the corals and thus, increase the strength of
the pathogens on the surface of the corals, making it very susceptible to infection. Sewage abounds in bacteria
and fecal matter that can lead to contamination. This is the same with corals because it researchers found out
that a bacterium which was linked to hospital-acquired infections in humans was the one causing the white pox
disease in the Elkhorn corals. Unfortunately, when this broke out, there were about 70 percent of corals that
were killed in the corals of Florida Keys. (Hausheer, 2015).
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Marine debris can severely affect the reefs in many areas. This can be in the form of pollutants made by man
that is disposed of, discarded or abandoned which enters the coastal and ocean waters. Waste can also come
directly from a ship and out to sea, rivers and storm drains. This can include debris, plastics, glass, metal, and
even tires. (How Pollution Affects Coral Reefs). Abandoned fishing nets, often called “ghost nets” is called as
such because they are able to catch fish even they have been abandoned.
Case Histories
Short-term studies have been the usual approach in investigating sewage pollution effects on the ecosystems of
coral reefs. One of the sewage-stressed reef ecosystems that have been investigated is the Kaneohe Bay. There
has been an increased in the proliferation of benthic algae as well as filter feeding invertebrates. Studies by
Walker and Ormond (1982) confirm that this lead to chronic sewage pollution. Author Barnes (1973) claimed
that there is evidence of a chemical stress, solids deposition, nutrient enrichment, as well as bacterial
contamination on the coral reefs which experience low volumes of sewage effluent from the different hotels in
Jamaica. Response identified sewage loading increase in benthic algae and filters feeding invertebrates like
sponges, tunicates, bryozoans and decrease in the diversity and abundance of hermatypic corals. In Aqaba,
Jordan, the sewage discharge as well as the deposition of sediments creates a significant impact in the place.
Even if the importance of the sewage pollution was not immediately seen, the spatial effects of the sewage
discharge were apparent. There was an increase in algal activity and a decrease in coral diversity. Walker and
Ormond (1982) discovered that the death rate of the coral tissue near the outfall was 4 to 5 times the death rate
observed in the control area.
More efforts on preservation
Even if the changes are seen as beneficial, there are still other sewage discharges on the reef biota that have not
been carefully examined. Examples of this are the subtle variations in the ecology of the reef which is seen with
the discharge of the toxic substances in sewage effluent. There are still healthy coral communities that exist in
the turbid waters especially when the strong currents do not permit the buildup of sediments on coral surfaces
(Marshal1 and Orr, 1931; Roy and Smith, 1971 as cited in Pastorok & Bilyard). Still, the corals which are
exposed to high turbidity or the rapid sedimentation are less diverse and less abundant than those present in
clear waters (Roy and Smith, 1971; Loya, 1976a; Randall and Birkeland, 1978 as cited in Pastorok & Bilyard).
Since the penetration of light can limit the distribution of the coral depth, the increased turbidity levels can
demonstrate an apparent shift of coral depth distributions toward shallower waters. Still, its relation to the light
levels is still complicated and simplifying the relationship to turbidity is not seen yet. When there is an
accumulation of sediment on the hard substrates, the larval settlement is inhibited, and there is no development
(Edmondson, 1928; Maragos, 1972; Dodge and Vaisnys, 1977 as cited in Pastorok & Bilyard). Nevertheless,
despite this information, the present information on anthropogenic impacts are limited. There are biological
changes that were seen near the outfall and these point to the discharge. This includes the abundance of fishes,
increased diversity as well as the increased abundance of filter feeding bryozoans and changes in the
abundances of small molluscs and important species. The short term studies which were done within a year after
initiation of the small sewage discharges flow less than 1.9 X 104 m3 d-l revealing little or no damage to the
coral reefs.(Tsuda et al., 1975 as cited in Pastorok & Bilyard). This just goes to show that even if the algal
populations increase rapidly in response to the sewage enrichment, the impact on the community level of corals
can take more than a year to develop after the discharge has begun.
Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii
Meanwhile, the effects of the sewage enrichment on the coral reef communities in Kaneohe Bay and their initial
recovery after the diversion of wastewaters are well documented (Maragos and Chave, 1973; Banner, 1974;
Laws and Redalje, 1979, 1982; Smith et al., 1981as cited in Pastorok & Bilyard). There were major sewage
inputs for 30 years and the sewage discharge rates had risen from 5.7 X 103 to 3.2 X 104 m3 d-' between 1950
and 1977, with most of the wastewaters receiving secondary treatment after 1963. The wastewaters from the
Kailua-Kaneohe and Marine Corps were diverted to an open ocean outfall off Mokapu Point. Because of the
nutrient enrichment by sewage discharges into southern Kaneohe Bay, the phytoplankton biomass was enhanced
(Laws and Redalje, 1979; Smith et al., 1981 as cited in Pastorok & Bilyard).The water-quality variables,
including dissolved oxygen and inorganic nitrogen, showed either little change with distance from the sewage
outfalls or little response to sewage diversion. Inorganic nitrogen levels were insensitive to sewage loading
because of rapid uptake in a nitrogen-limited system (Laws and Redalje, 1979, 1982; Smith et al., 1981as cited
in Pastorok & Bilyard). Results revealed that the survival time of transplanted corals was directly proportional to
the distance from the sewage outfalls.
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Sensitivity of coral reefs
It is important to note that coral reef ecosystems are very sensitive to different environmental disturbances. This
is because corals possess narrow physiological tolerance ranges for environmental conditions (Johannes, 1975;
Endean, 1976 as cited in Pastorak & Bilyard). Any change in the physical and chemical conditions outside the
given tolerance ranges can be detrimental to the growth of the corals and their survival (Johannes and Betzer,
1975; Endean, 1976; Pearson, 1981 as cited in Pastorok & Bilyard). Another reason why they are sensitive to
their environment is that the interaction that occurs between these key reef species such as the algae-coral
competition and the plant-herbivore relations are highly vulnerable to stressors in pollution (Johannes and
Betzer, 1975as cited in Pastorok & Bilyard). When pollution destroys the hermatypic corals, there will be death
in many reef species dependent on corals for their shelter, food, and refuge from predators.(Johannes, 1975 as
cited in Pastorok & Bilyard). The effects of the toxins can be enhanced when there is an increase in water
temperature which likely happens in coral reef environments (Johannes and Betzer, 1975 as cited in Pastorok &
Bilyard). The effects of these high temperatures are faster biotic uptake, greater toxicity, and increased
solubility.
The need for adaptive resilience-based management of coral reefs
Today, natural resource managers are challenged by cumulative stressors that make these ecosystems vulnerable
including the societies that depend on their goods and services (Chapin et al., 2000 as cited in Pastorok &
Bilyard). The fact remains that coral reefs are vulnerable to climate change, global changes and ocean
acidification as well as urban development, overfishing and pollution (Knowlton & Jackson, 2008 as cited in
Pastorok & Bilyard). Managers of reefs are faced with the challenge to reduce pressures and exposures to stress
and most importantly, support the resilience of these systems to these threats. They need to change their focus
from just stress reduction to an expanding support of its resilience. This, in effect, is much more sustainable over
the long haul. They need to lower sensitivity, enhance adaptive capacity and promote its recovery. (Marshall &
Shuttenberg, 2006 as cited in Pastorok & Bilyard). Focusing on the resilience part will provide effective
approaches that will help managers think of creative ways of combining efforts towards its goal. There will be a
lot of challenges as climate change, and ocean acidification are already at the forefront of its challenges. These
are expected to be real problems that would need concrete steps by managers of reefs. Adaptive resilience-
based management (ARBM) has been developed from the studies of ecological systems and social systems
(Anderies et al., 2006 as cited in Pastorok & Bilyard). Even if adaptive systems has been part of the practical
implementation of resilience, there is still need to help conservation practitioners to identify viable intervention
options as well as make decisions to reduce the vulnerability of these reefs under complex scenarios. ARBM
efforts can only be successful if there is an integration of fundamental principles in ecosystem vulnerability.
These concepts in the context of managing social-ecological systems have the ability to cope with the extrinsic
pressures which include those beyond the control of coral reed managers.
However, there are limits to an ecosystems’ resilience and managers are able to take note of this as they employ
measures to support the environment of the reefs. It requires a set of innovative management alternatives that
are able to tackle stressors and at the same time enhance the resilience of the ecosystems.
III. CONCLUSION
Understanding how these stressors work in affecting the vulnerability of the coral reefs is critical to its
successful conservation at present and in the future. There must be a strategic management to increase its
resilience. Conservationists need to come up with an operational framework to identify management levers that
will enhance its resilience as well as support management decisions towards its successful operation. The press
type kind of stressors such as pollution and ocean warming are key threats to coral reef resilience because it
affects processes that underpin the resistance and recovery efforts. Meanwhile, pulse type efforts like bleaching
and storms increase its demand for resilience.
Today, with many nations and communities practicing ecological programs, one could say that man's view of
nature is changing. This is that humans are an integral part of creation and nature and the environment, thereby
leading to a new concept of environmental ethics. Hopefully, modern and pre-modern men's view of the
environment will have reconciled fully by the end of the 21st century. Man's journey towards understanding his
role on the planet and how he is an integral part of it will have come full circle, and that the knowledge that we
are stewards and guardians of our planet will be translated into steps and plans that will be implemented by all
people regardless of race or creed.
There needs to be a combined strategy of resilience support, knowledge of reef ecosystem processes, the
strategy of active risk reduction and an understanding of environmental and social drivers. The adaptive
management of coral reefs will become increasingly difficult if these factors are not taken into consideration. It
is a fact that sewage effluent is harmful to coral-reef communities. Their effects can be gleaned by the quantity
and the quality of effluent as well as the hydrography of the receiving waters.
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