18. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s1840s
Sewing MachineSewing Machine
19. Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860
The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’sThe blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’s
tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860
had risen to $104.had risen to $104.
20. Distribution of Wealth
v
During the American Revolution,During the American Revolution,
45% of all wealth in the top 10% of45% of all wealth in the top 10% of
the population.the population.
v
1845 Boston1845 Boston top 4% owned overtop 4% owned over
65% of the wealth.65% of the wealth.
v
1860 Philadelphia1860 Philadelphia top 1% ownedtop 1% owned
over 50% of the wealth.over 50% of the wealth.
v
The gap between rich and poor wasThe gap between rich and poor was
widening!widening!
37. What is the Industrial Revolution
about?
Production
Transportation
Immigration
Rise of Cities
Decline in pop from rural areas
Corruption
Union Activism
Racism/Nativism
Reform- (Progressives- Fix the problems of industrial society)
38. When does the Industrial
Revolution take place?
Various periods of American History
1st
Industrial Revolution 1800-1860 begins
in early 1800’s with textile manufacturing
and iron production
2nd
IR really takes off in the latter part of
1800’s, ca 1870-1915
39. Sources of Industrial
Growth
1. Raw materials
2. Large Labor Supply
3. Technological Innovation
4. Entrepreneurs
5. Federal Gov = eager to support
business
6. Domestic Markets for goods
7. Business Organization
40. Iron and Steel
1870-1880s Iron Production soared
Then Steel= 40,000 miles of track
Aided by the Bessemer Process
Blowing air and secret ingredients through
molten iron to burn out impurities
Blast Furnace
Open Hearth Furnace
I Beam allowed sky scrappers
New Furnaces 500 tons per week
44. Rail Roads: B and O, Pennsylvania,
Reading, Short Line, Southern Pacific,
Central Pacific
Railroad Industry spurs
development
Iron for Engines, and
rails, later steel
Farms, lumber, Buffalo
Hunters
Employment- Chinese in
West, and Irish in East
Aids transportation,
access to raw materials
and markets, spurs
construction
Land is granted to RR
companies in exchange
for building the RR- esp
Transcontinental RR
Later RR will own
tremendous amount of
land and sell it to people
moving WEST
By 1880s there are
150,000 miles of Rail
creating an national
economy.
45. Rail Roads continued
Standard Time (4 zones)
Growth of Track
1860- 52,000 miles
1870- 93,000 miles
1890- 163,000 miles
1900- 193,000 miles
Chicago is a major rail
hub-
Government paid
subsidies, $ to RR in
order to complete and
aid in Western railroad
development
The Big 4 Famous RR
executives Stanford,
Huntington, Vanderbilt,
Crocker
49. Captains of Industry or
Robber Barons?
John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil
Bought out competition
1881 Standard Oil Trust
controlled 90% of oil refinery
business
Used horizontal integration to
ruthlessly control and
conquer the Oil industry
Jim Fisk and Jay Gould
Corrupt business
practices
Investments
Andrew Carnegie (1873)
Pennsylvania Steel Works
Cut costs
Made deals with RRs
Bought rival copmanies
Henry Clay Frick manager
Owned coal mines
Iron mines
Ships
Controlled from mine to market
Used vertical integration
Carnegie Steel 1901 (sold to J.P.
Morgan$450 Million
US Steel later worth $1.4 Billion)
50.
51. Rise of Big Business
By 1900 the American economy was dominated by
business monopolies or trusts, huge business empires
Trusts in sugar, cotton, tobacco, meat, flour, and even
whiskey
Number of industrial combinations rose from 12 to 305
between 1887 and 1903
2,600 smaller firms disappeared
By 1900, 1 % of all companies produced 40% of the
manufacturing output
GAPE saw the rise of the modern corporation
Used 14th Amendment to gain “personhood” and
rights
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59. Immigration Statistics
1860-1920 -- aprox. 30 million European immigrants
1880-1920 -- appox. 27 million European immigrants
2 “Waves” of immigrants
1860-1890 -- (approx. 10mil) Britain, Ireland,
Germany, Scandinavia, Switzerland, Holland
1890-1920 -- (approx. 20mil) Italy, Greece, Austro-
Hungary, Russia, Romania, Turkey
60.
61.
62.
63. Chinese Immigrants
In 1851, a racist from NC named Hinton Helper left his home state to get
away from what he referred to as the “diversity of color” in America’s more
settled regions.
He traveled to California and was shocked to find Chinese people living there
—so much so that he wondered out loud if the “copper” of the Pacific would
cause as much discord and dissension as the “ebony” had on the Atlantic.
Between 1850 and 1882 the Chinese pop in the U.S. soared from 7,520 to
300,000. Chinese comprised 8.6 percent of California’s total pop and an
impressive 25% of its wage earners.
64.
65. Chinese Exclusion
In calling for Chinese exclusion, one San Francisco paper referred to them as
morally inferior heathen savages who were overly lustful and sensual.
Chinese women were condemned as a depraved class, which was attributed
in large part to their physical appearance. Critics thought they looked like
Africans. Chinese men were portrayed as a sexual threat to white women.
Chinese also compared to Indians and referred to as the “new barbarians.”
66.
67.
68.
69.
70. How does this painting explain the
attitude of Americans in the mid-1800s?
Spirit of the Frontier/American Progress, 1872 by John Gast
71.
72. How does this painting explain the
attitude of Americans in the mid-1800s?
Spirit of the Frontier/American Progress, 1872 by John Gast
82. Working Conditions
Typical 12 hour days, 6
days a week
Conditions
Average of 675 workers
killed each week
Injured = fired
No benefits, such as
vacation days, sick leave,
health insurance, workers’
compensation, pensions
Women
Earned half of what men
earned in comparable or
same jobs
Child Labor
As young as 5 years old
12-14 hours for $.27 ($6.65)
84. National Labor Union
(NLU) Founded in 1866 as the
first national labor union
Platform
8-hour workday
Monetary reform,
cooperatives
Racial and gender equality
Impact
8-hour workday for federal
employees
85. Knights of Labor
Founded in 1869
Open to blacks, women, most
immigrants, Catholics, unskilled
and semi-skilled workers
Cooperatives and anti-trusts
8-hour workday, child labor laws
Preferred arbitration over strikes
Decline
AFL
86. American Federation of Labor
(AFL)
Skilled workers
Samuel Gompers
“Bread and Butter” Unionism
Higher wages
Shorter working hours
Better working conditions
Tactics
Used arbitration and strikes
Avoided political radicalism and
extremism
87. Captains of Industry OR Robber
Barons:
John D. Rockefeller and Oil
Horizontal Integration
Standard Oil
Trusts and monopolies
Sherman Anti-trust Act
(1890)
Gilded Age Society
Social Darwinism
Gospel of Wealth
88. Standard Oil
Rockefeller established
Standard Oil in 1870
Uses for Oil
Kerosene lamps
Fuel for railroads
Used vertical integration to
control oil industry then
horizontal integration to
control oil market
Eventually controlled 95%
of oil refining
89.
90.
91. Antitrust Movement
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
Prohibits any “contract, combination, in the form of trust or
otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce”
United States v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895)
Sugar refining monopoly tested Sherman Antitrust Act
Regulation applied to commerce and not manufacturing
92. Immigration
Pushes
Mechanization removing
jobs, esp. in rural areas
Overpopulation
Persecution
Pulls
Political and economic
freedoms and
opportunities
Old Immigrants
Northern and Western
Europe
New Immigrants
Southern and Eastern
Europe; Asia
Catholics, Jews
93.
94. Immigrant Issues
Sociopolitical Enemies
Nativists
Josiah Strong - Our Country
Legislation
Page Act of 1875
Forbade forced labor Asians, prostitutes,
convicts
Immigration Acts of 1882, 1891
$0.50 tax
Forbid convicts, lunatics, idiots, diseased,
disabled
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Chinese immigration ban for 10 years
Chinese prevented from becoming citizens
United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)
All people born in U.S. are citizens
Political Machines
Employment, housing, social services for
votes
Ethnic Neighborhoods
Little Italy
Chinatown
95. Ellis Island
“…Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore…”
Emma Lazarus - The New Colossus, 1883
96. Laissez-Faire and Social Darwinism
Laissez-Faire Economics
Economy driven by the “invisible hand” of
market forces (supply and demand)
Government should refrain from regulation
or interference
Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer
“Survival of the fittest”
Wealth a result of hard work and brilliance
Poor and unfortunate were lazy
William Graham Sumner
Absolute freedom to struggle, succeed, or fail
State intervention is futile
Gospel of Wealth
Andrew Carnegie
Guardians of the nation’s wealth
“All revenue generated beyond your own
needs should be used for the good of the
community.”
97. Horatio Alger Myth
“Rags to riches” stories
Young American men,
through hard work and
virtue, will succeed
Also used a supporting
wealthy philanthropic
character
Seemingly propaganda
of the American Dream
under free enterprise
and capitalism
98. Morganization
J.P. Morgan and Co.
Financial capital and
investment
Directly and indirectly
pursued inventions and
innovations
Mergers and
Consolidations
Railroad industry
Interlocking directorates
Corporate board of directors
sitting on boards of multiple
corporations
99. Electricity
Thomas Edison
The Wizard of Menlo Park
Incandescent light bulb
Safer than kerosene lamps
New York City
Direct current (DC)
Edison developed system of power
stations
Nicola Tesla
Alternate current (AC)
Transfer of electricity faster and
farther
100. Gilded Age Innovation
Sewing Machine (1855)
Isaac Singer
Transatlantic cable (1866)
Cyrus Field
Dynamite (1866)
Alfred Nobel
Typewriter (1867)
Christopher Scholes
Air brakes (1868)
George Westinghouse
Mail-order catalog (1872)
A.M. Ward
Blue jeans (1873)
Levi Strauss
Barbed wire (1873)
Joseph Glidden
Telephone (1876)
Alexander Graham Bell*
Phonograph (1877)
Thomas Edison
Light bulb (1879)
Thomas Edison*
Cash register (1879)
James Ritty
Universal stock ticker (1885)
Thomas Edison
Transformer (1885)
Nikola Tesla
Gasoline automobile (1885)
Karl F. Benz
Skyscraper (1885)
William Le Baron Jenney
Film roll and Kodak camera (1889)
George Eastman*
Motion picture camera (1891)
Thomas Edison*
Radio (1895)
Guglielmo Marconi
Subway (U.S.) (1895)
X-ray (1895)
Wilhelm C. Rontgen
Powered flight (1903)
George and Wilbur Wright
Alkaline battery (1906)
Thomas Edison
Model T (1908)
Henry Ford
102. CorporationsAmerican Telephone and
Telegraph Co. (1885)
J.P. Morgan Co. financed merger of
Bell and communication companies
General Electric (1892)
J.P. Morgan merged Edison General
Electric and Thomas-Houston
Electric Company
U.S. Steel (1901)
J.P. Morgan bought Carnegie Steel
and merged with other steel
companies
Becomes first billion dollar
company in world
104. Consumerism
Wide variety of mass
produced goods led to
new marketing and sales
Brand names and logos
Department stores
R.H. Macy’s
Chain stores
Woolworth’s
Grocery stores
Mail order catalogs
Montgomery Ward
Sears, Roebuck, Co.
105. Realism and
NaturalismRealism
Objective reality
Depict accurate and
true characters and
settings
Absent of emotional
embellishment
Naturalism
Depiction of objects
in natural settings
Time and place
accuracy
Brooklyn Bridge at Night
Edward Willis Redfield
1909
106. Gilded Age Art
Ashcan School
Depiction of New York
City urban life
George Bellows
James M. Whistler
Winslow Homer
Mary Cassatt
Both Members of This Club
George Bellows
1909
