This document discusses when new types of displays will become economically feasible and begin to diffuse. It notes that liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are becoming more affordable due to increases in the size of LCD substrates, which allows production costs to decrease. Specifically, the size of LCD substrates has been growing by a factor of 1.8 every 3 years. Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays are also discussed as a promising technology, though they currently have higher costs than LCDs. Factors like falling production costs as substrate sizes increase and the use of printing technologies could help OLED displays become more affordable over time.
In MOS, source-drain regions of adjacent MOS transistors together with interconnection metal lines may constitute parasitic MOS transistors unless they are isolated from each other. Hence, each MOSFET must be electrically isolated from each other. Device Isolation Techniques in VLSI microfabrication of MOS are discussed.
In MOS, source-drain regions of adjacent MOS transistors together with interconnection metal lines may constitute parasitic MOS transistors unless they are isolated from each other. Hence, each MOSFET must be electrically isolated from each other. Device Isolation Techniques in VLSI microfabrication of MOS are discussed.
Optoelectronics is the communication between optics and electronics which includes the study, design and manufacture of a hardware device that converts electrical energy into light and light into energy through semiconductors. This device is made from solid crystalline materials which are lighter than metals and heavier than insulators. Optoelectronics device is basically an electronic device involving light. This device can be found in many optoelectronics applications like military services, telecommunications, automatic access control systems and medical equipments.
This Presentation most beneficial for Engineering student and mostly for electronics.In this PPT discuss about the led and also how does it work , use and also discuss about construction of LED,color material,cost , application and many more
Introduction of all kinds of organic materials and their applications. More information about organic materials is on Alfa Chemistry.
http://www.alfa-chemistry.com/products/optoelectronic-materials-132.htm
PowerArtist™ includes production-proven RTL power analysis with interactive visual debug, analysis-driven automatic RTL power reduction, and a Tcl interface to the database enabling custom reports and tracking of power through regressions. PowerArtist generated models bridge the RTL and layout gap delivering physical-aware RTL power accuracy and RTL-power driven early power grid integrity. This presentation provides an overview of PowerArtist and covers RTL design-for-power best practices using real-life examples. Learn more on our website: https://bit.ly/10Rpcxu
Buy best quality LCD Display 16*2 for Arduino Uno at affordable price only at Robomart "Best Store to buy Robotics products"
URL: https://www.robomart.com/16x2-character-lcd-display
Cable Conductor Sizing for Minimum Life Cycle CostLeonardo ENERGY
Energy prices are high and expected to rise. All CO2 emissions are being scrutinized by regulators as well as by public opinion. As a result, energy management has become a key factor in almost every business. To get the most out of each kilowatt-hour, appliances must be carefully evaluated for their energy efficiency.
It is an often overlooked fact that electrical energy gets lost in both end-use and in the supply system (cables, busbars, transformers, etc.). Every cable has resistance, so part of the electrical energy that it carries is dissipated as heat and is lost.
Such energy losses can be reduced by increasing the cross section of the copper conductor in a cable or busbar. Obviously, the conductor size cannot be increased endlessly. The objective should be the economic and/or environmental optimum. What is the optimal cross section necessary to maximize the Return on Investment (ROI) and minimize the Net Present Value (NPV) and/or the Life Cycle Cost (LCC)?
This paper will demonstrate that the maximizing of the ROI results in a cross section that is far larger than which technical standards prescribe. Those standards are based entirely on safety and certain power quality aspects. This means there is room for improvement—a great deal of improvement in fact.
MIT's Poor Predictions About TechnologyJeffrey Funk
These slides analyze the 40 predictions of breakthrough technologies that were made betwee 2001 and 2005 by MIT’s Technology Review. Most of them are science-based technologies, and none of the science-based technologies predicted between 2001 and 2005 have markets larger than $10 billion. Among its 40 predictions, only four have markets larger than $10 billion and these technologies have little to do with recent advances in science and instead were enabled by Moore’s Law and improvements in Internet services. MIT also missed many technologies that have achieved market sales greater than $100 billion such as smart phones, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things and other technologies with sales greater than $50 billion such as e-commerce for apparel and tablet computers.
Optoelectronics is the communication between optics and electronics which includes the study, design and manufacture of a hardware device that converts electrical energy into light and light into energy through semiconductors. This device is made from solid crystalline materials which are lighter than metals and heavier than insulators. Optoelectronics device is basically an electronic device involving light. This device can be found in many optoelectronics applications like military services, telecommunications, automatic access control systems and medical equipments.
This Presentation most beneficial for Engineering student and mostly for electronics.In this PPT discuss about the led and also how does it work , use and also discuss about construction of LED,color material,cost , application and many more
Introduction of all kinds of organic materials and their applications. More information about organic materials is on Alfa Chemistry.
http://www.alfa-chemistry.com/products/optoelectronic-materials-132.htm
PowerArtist™ includes production-proven RTL power analysis with interactive visual debug, analysis-driven automatic RTL power reduction, and a Tcl interface to the database enabling custom reports and tracking of power through regressions. PowerArtist generated models bridge the RTL and layout gap delivering physical-aware RTL power accuracy and RTL-power driven early power grid integrity. This presentation provides an overview of PowerArtist and covers RTL design-for-power best practices using real-life examples. Learn more on our website: https://bit.ly/10Rpcxu
Buy best quality LCD Display 16*2 for Arduino Uno at affordable price only at Robomart "Best Store to buy Robotics products"
URL: https://www.robomart.com/16x2-character-lcd-display
Cable Conductor Sizing for Minimum Life Cycle CostLeonardo ENERGY
Energy prices are high and expected to rise. All CO2 emissions are being scrutinized by regulators as well as by public opinion. As a result, energy management has become a key factor in almost every business. To get the most out of each kilowatt-hour, appliances must be carefully evaluated for their energy efficiency.
It is an often overlooked fact that electrical energy gets lost in both end-use and in the supply system (cables, busbars, transformers, etc.). Every cable has resistance, so part of the electrical energy that it carries is dissipated as heat and is lost.
Such energy losses can be reduced by increasing the cross section of the copper conductor in a cable or busbar. Obviously, the conductor size cannot be increased endlessly. The objective should be the economic and/or environmental optimum. What is the optimal cross section necessary to maximize the Return on Investment (ROI) and minimize the Net Present Value (NPV) and/or the Life Cycle Cost (LCC)?
This paper will demonstrate that the maximizing of the ROI results in a cross section that is far larger than which technical standards prescribe. Those standards are based entirely on safety and certain power quality aspects. This means there is room for improvement—a great deal of improvement in fact.
MIT's Poor Predictions About TechnologyJeffrey Funk
These slides analyze the 40 predictions of breakthrough technologies that were made betwee 2001 and 2005 by MIT’s Technology Review. Most of them are science-based technologies, and none of the science-based technologies predicted between 2001 and 2005 have markets larger than $10 billion. Among its 40 predictions, only four have markets larger than $10 billion and these technologies have little to do with recent advances in science and instead were enabled by Moore’s Law and improvements in Internet services. MIT also missed many technologies that have achieved market sales greater than $100 billion such as smart phones, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things and other technologies with sales greater than $50 billion such as e-commerce for apparel and tablet computers.
STUDIE: INNOVATIONSKULTUR VON KONZERNEN - WIR KÖNNEN ZWAR EFFIZIENZ, ABER NIC...Marc Wagner
Können sich in klassischen Konzernstrukturen disruptive, d.h. marktverändernde Innovationen entwickeln? Wie steht es in deutschen Konzernen um Themen wie Risikobereitschaft, Unternehmenskultur, aber auch Anreizsysteme und Fehlertoleranz? Diesen und weiteren Fragen ging Detecon in der neuen Studie „Die Innovationskultur von Konzernen“ nach, die auf einer Basis von Interviews und einer Befragung von mehr als 70 deutschen Konzerninnovationsexperten erstellt wurde.
Dabei wurden Fragen wie Agilität, ambidextrous strategy sowie konkret die Organisation von Innovationsprozessen diskutiert und konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen abgeleitet
What enables improvements in cost and performance to occur?Jeffrey Funk
These slides discuss the design changes that enable improvements in cost and performance to occur. The main types of design changes that lead to improvements are: 1) reductions in scale (e.g., transistors and Moore's Law); 2) creation of new materials; 3) increases in scale (e.g., internal combustion engines, oil tankers, production equipment). Some technologies experience these improvements directly and some indirectly through the impact of components on higher-level systems.
Predicting Breakthrough Technologies: An empirical analysis of past predictio...Jeffrey Funk
These slides empirically analyzes predictions made by MIT’s Technology Review. Technology Review has produced a list of 10 breakthrough technologies for many of the last 10 years (2001, 2002-2014). These predictions are based on conversations with academic experts from a variety of scientific disciplines. To analyze these predictions, I gathered recent market sales data for the predictions done in 2001, 2003, 2004 and 2005. I found that many of these technologies still have small markets (<$1Billion), markets that are smaller than technologies not chosen by Technology Review such as smart phones, Cloud Computing. Tablet Computers. Big Data, Social Networking, and eBooks/eReaders. The slides then use theories of cognition to explain these relatively poor predictions and propose an alternative way of predicting breakthrough technologies
When do new technologies become economically feasible: the case of electronic...Jeffrey Funk
These slides describe the process by which many new electronic products become economically feasible and the types of questions that young entrepreneurs should be asking when they are searching for new opportunities. It first shows detailed cost data for nine types of electronic products and that about 95% of the costs involve standard electronic components such as microprocessors, memory, and displays. Second, it focuses on the iPhone and the iPad and how they have been improved, mostly through the availability of better standard components. Third, we work backwards and identify the performance and cost that were needed in these components before the iPhone and iPad offered sufficient levels of performance and price to users. Fourth, we use this analysis to think about the types of new smart phones and tablet computers that will likely emerge in the next few years and the types of questions that young entrepreneurs should be asking about them. Fifth, these examples are used to revise models of learning and invention. These slides are based on one of my courses, MT5009 (Analyzing Hi-Tech Opportunities), and more details (lecture and group presentation slides) can found on one of my slideshare accounts: http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations
How and When do New Technologies Become Economically FeasibleJeffrey Funk
These slides contrast two processes by which new technologies become economically feasible. Some technologies become economically feasible as advances in science facilitate the creation of new concepts and improvements in the resulting technologies. Other technologies become economically feasible as improvements in electronic components (e.g., Moore's Law), smart phones, and the Internet experience improvements.
Intro to course module: How do new Technologies Become Economically FeasibleJeffrey Funk
These slides introduce a course that helps students understand when new technologies become economically feasible. It does this by focusing on technologies that are experiencing rapid improvements. These technologies (and systems composed from them) are more likely to become economically feasible for a growing number of applications than are technologies with less rapid rates of improvement. It also helps students understand the reasons for these rapid rates of improvement and thus the types of technologies for which we can expect rapid rates of improvement. While many analyses of new technologies focus on demand and production, these slides show how other technical changes impact more directly on improvements. these technical changes include new materials and scaling.
These slides discuss Robert Gordon's recent book, The Rise and Fall of American Growth. He argues that growth was faster between 1870 and 1940 than between 1940 and 2010. Simply put, an American in 1870 would not have recognized life in 1940 but an American in 1940 would recognize life today. These slides discuss what would be needed to change these results and thus make the improvements since 1940 equivalent to those between 1870 and 1940
These slides analyze the impact of improved cloud computing on the ability to provide better real-time security, These improvements are changing security from a batch to a real-time world in which terrorists and other criminals can be more quickly captured.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how mobile devices are becoming more economically feasible for health care. Rapid improvements in electronics are enabling a wide variety of health-related attachments to become available for mobile phones. These attachments can analyze breath, blood oxygen levels, blood glucose, blood type, and urine and do ultrasounds. These advances will change the way health care is monitored and managed.
Wireless healthcare: the next generationJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how wireless healthcare are becoming economic feasible. Improvements in microprocessor and transceiver ICs, MEMS, photo-sensors, and other electronic components are making wireless healthcare economically feasible. These slides show how improvements in these components are making capsule endoscopy, smart drug delivery, and digital pills economically feasible. Capsule endoscopy involves sending a small device through the body, particularly the digestive system, to take images. Further improvements in electronic components are needed to further reduce the size of these devices. Drugs can be dispensed through smart pills at programmed times or can be triggered by sensors that detect the correct location. Digital pills send signals to mobile phones or other devices when the pills have been taken. The slides conclude by discussing the role of mobile phones in increasing the number of wireless healthcare applications.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how AHaH (anti-Hebbian and Hebbian) computing is becoming economically feasible. Traditional computing with the von Neumann architecture requires constant interactions between the processor and the memory (usually DRAM) and improvements in memory access time are occurring at a much slower rate than that of microprocessor speeds. This performance gap is becoming a bottleneck for von Neumann based computers. AHaH computing (and Synaptic computing http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/neurosynaptic-chips) address this bottleneck in that they use a different architecture that mimics the processing of the brain. AHaH computing has additional differences from von Neumann (and synaptic) architectures in that it reduces the number of interactions between the memory and the processor by combining some aspects of memory on the processing chip. This is done with so-called memristors, which are naturally adaptive systems, and which are experiencing rapid improvements in cost, storage density, and storage capacity. With memristors, widely used pathways become stronger and less widely used pathways become weaker thus facilitating machine learning. Although machine learning can also be done with software, memristors and AHaH computing enables machine learning at the hardware level. The optimism for AHaH computing partly comes from the rapid improvements in memristors, which are rapidly improving the economics of AHaH computing.
Improvements in information technology related technologies are encouraging and enabling greater use of public transportation and they are enabling new forms of transportation systems that have lower carbon emissions and use less resources. Improvements in information-related technologies such as mobile phones and GPS encourage greater use of public buses, bicycle sharing systems, and trains. These same improvements are making autonomous vehicles economically feasible and roads dedicated to them. Roads dedicated to them can reduce congestion, increase fuel efficiency, and reduce accidents and costs related to them. In combination with public transportation, autonomous vehicles can reduce the need for private vehicles and thus parking spaces. Similar types of improvements in power electronics are reducing the cost and improving the performance of charging stations and thus enable more rapid recharging with a denser number of charging stations. This rapid and more frequent recharging can overcome the existing bottleneck of lower battery storage densities and slow improvements in these storage densities. Overall, improvements in information technology are making possible new forms of sustainable systems that have a much higher chance of becoming economically feasible than more commonly discussed solutions such as hybrid vehicles and wind turbines.
Speech recognition: ready to take off?Jeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled Biz Models for Hi-Tech Products to analyze the business model for Self-cleaning textiles. Self-cleaning textiles require much less cleaning than do regular textiles because they use special coatings that often include nano-particles. These special coatings make it harder for dirt and bacteria to stick to clothing. These slides describe the value proposition for users along with the customers and methods of value capture.
Moore’s Law is slowing, but more importantly the world is changing from PCs to smart phones and cloud computing where improvements continue to occur. Improvements are still occurring in other types of ICs such as wireless, GPUs, and 3D camera chips because they lag microprocessors and parallel processing is easier on them than on microprocessors. Data centers are also experiencing rapid improvements as changes in architecture are made, particularly for analyzing unstructured data, i.e., Big Data. These slides discuss the implications for new services in areas such as smart phones, software, and Big Data. The last one-third of the slides summarize alternatives to silicon and von Neumann.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how the cost and performance of micro-fluidics are improving. Miro-fluidic devices have small micro-channels that analyze many types of fluidics. They can be fabricated from many materials including paper, textiles, and plastics. Plastics are the most recent to emerge and their fabrication relies on many of the same techniques that are used to fabricate integrated circuits. This means that they have been experiencing very rapid improvements as fabrication techniques are improved for ICs and then used to make micro-fluidic MEMS. (micro-mechanical electrical systems). Micro-fluidics are widely used in health care to analyze bacteria in water, glucose in sweat, nitrate contamination in water, and the blood of mosquitoes. Emerging applications include analysis of blood for early cancer detection.
Multiple Passenger Ride Sharing Changes Economics of CommutingJeffrey Funk
While Uber has challenged taxi drivers, multiple passenger ride sharing service can give us the both of best worlds: short travel times and low prices. They can provide the low prices of public transport with the short travel times of private cars or single passenger taxis. Different than Uber Pool or other crowd sourcing services, the key is for the startup to guarantee both short travel times and low prices, even if demand does not initially exist. This can be be done by having better data on the starting and ending points of travelers, which enables us to identify high demand routes and times and thus enable services that have few stops. The fewer stops enable short transit times and the multiple passengers in cars, vans, or mini-buses can reduce costs.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) class to analyze the near-term future for touch-screen displays. Improvements in durability, sensitivity, and flexibility are being implemented
Virtual Retinal Display: their falling cost and rising performanceJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze the increasing economic feasibility of virtual retinal displays. These displays focus light on a person’s retina using LEDs, digital micro-mirrors and lenses, which are all encased in a head-set about the size of glasses. They enable high resolution 3D video images with a large field of view that are far superior to existing displays. Rapid improvements in LEDs and digital micro-mirrors (one type of MEMS) are enabling these displays to experience rapid reductions in cost and improvements in performance.
Flexible displays are essentially very thin display screens that can be printed onto flexible or stretchable material and then attached to other surfaces or produced in a variety of shapes
After a half-century reign, the CRT has been overthrown as a direct view or rear projection display in a market now dominated by pixel-based varieties. How do LCD, plasma, PDP, DLP, HTPS, and LCOS technologies\' strengths and weaknesses compare with respect to size, image quality and pricing.
We examine detailed components of image quality, including potential for future improvement. Furthermore, what does resolution mean with respect to optimum image size in the living room? And finally, we discuss how image “information content” versus “resolution” helps explain why some displays are perceived as better than others.
3D Televisions: Forecasting their emergenceJeffrey Funk
My Master's students used ideas from my (Jeff Funk) forthcoming book (Technology Change and the Rise of New Industries) to analyze when 3D LCD TVs might emerge. See my other slides for details on concepts, methodology, and other new industries.
CompTIA exam study guide presentations by instructor Brian Ferrill, PACE-IT (Progressive, Accelerated Certifications for Employment in Information Technology)
"Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53"
Learn more about the PACE-IT Online program: www.edcc.edu/pace-it
The "Unproductive Bubble:" Unprofitable startups, small markets for new digit...Jeffrey Funk
This article will show that the current bubble has produced few profitable startups and involved few if any new digital technologies, nor technologies involving recent scientific advances, and thus it is unlikely that much that is productive will be left once the dust settles. There is a growth in old technologies such as e-commerce but little in new technologies such as AI. The startup losses are also much larger than in the past suggesting that fewer of today’s startups will still exist in a few years than those of 20 years ago.
Commercialization of Science: What has changed and what can be done to revit...Jeffrey Funk
This paper several changes that I believe may have reduced America’s ability to develop science-based technologies. I make no claims about the completeness. I begin with the growth of university research and then cover several changes it engendered, including an obsession with papers, hyper-specialization of researchers, and huge bureaucracies, also using the words of Nobel Laureates and other scientists to make my points.
2000, 2008, 2022: It is hard to avoid the parallels How Big Will the 2022 S...Jeffrey Funk
These slides summarize the recent share price declines for new startups, declines that are driven by huge annual and cumulative losses and it contrasts today's bubble with those of 2000 and 2008. It shows that today's bubble involves bigger startup losses than those of the 2000 bubble and that the markets of new technologies have not grown to the extent that those of past decades did. Many hedge funds, VCs, and pension funds are heavily invested in these startups. Some of them are also highly leveraged.
The Slow Growth of AI: The State of AI and Its ApplicationsJeffrey Funk
The failure of IBM Watson, disappointments of self-driving vehicles, slow diffusion of medical imaging, small markets for AI software, and scorching criticisms of Google’s research papers provide evidence for hype and disappointment in AI, which is consistent with negative social impact of Big Data and AI algorithms. There are some successes, but they are much smaller than the predictions, with virtual applications (advertising, news, retail sales, finance and e-commerce) having the largest success, building from previous Big Data usage in the past. Looking forward, AI will augment not replace workers just as past technologies did on farms, factories, and offices. Robotic process automation and natural language processing are likely to play important roles in this augmentation with RPA automating repetitive work, natural language processing summarizing information, and RPA also putting the information in the right bins for engineers, accountants, researchers, journalists, and lawyers. Big challenges include reductions in training time depending on faster computers, exponentially rising demands on computers for high accuracies in image recognition, a slowdown in supercomputer improvements, datasets riddled with errors, and reproducibility problems.
Behind the Slow Growth of AI: Failed Moonshots, Unprofitable Startups, Error...Jeffrey Funk
Smaller than expected markets, money-losing startups, failure of Watson, slow-diffusion of self-driving vehicles and medical imaging, and scorching criticisms of Google’s research papers are some of the examples used to characterize the hype of AI. There are some successes, but they are much smaller than the predictions, with advertising, news, and e-commerce having the biggest success stories. Looking forward, #AI will augment not replace workers just as past technologies did on farms, factories, and offices. Robotic process automation and natural language processing are likely to play important roles in this augmentation with #RPA automating repetitive work, natural language processing categorizing information, and RPA also putting the information in the right bins for engineers, accountants, researchers, journalists, and lawyers. The big challenges include exponentially rising demands on computers for high accuracies in images, a slowdown in supercomputer improvements, datasets riddled with errors, and reproducibility problems. See either this podcast or my slides, whose URL is shown in comments. #technolgy #innovation #venturecapital #ipo #artificialintelligence
The Troubled Future of Startups and Innovation: Webinar for London FuturistsJeffrey Funk
These slides show how the most successful startups of today (Unicorns) are not doing as well as the most successful of 20 to 50 years ago. Today's startups are doing worse in terms of time to profitability and time to top 100 market capitalization status. Only one Unicorn founded since 2000 has achieved top 100 market capitalization status while six, nine, and eight from the 70s, 80s, and 90s did so. It is also unlikely that few or any of today's Unicorns will achieve this status because their market capitalizations are too low, share prices increases since IPO are too small, and profits remain elusive. Only 14 of 45 had share price increases greater than the Nasdaq and only 6 of 45 had profits in 2019. The reasons for the worse performance of today's Unicorns than those of 20 to 50 years ago include no breakthrough technologies, hyper-growth strategies, and the targeting of regulated industries. The slides conclude with speculations on why few breakthrough technologies, including science-based technologies from universities are emerging. We need to think back to the division of labor that existed a half a century ago.
Where are the Next Googles and Amazons? They should be here by nowJeffrey Funk
Great startups aren’t being founded like they were in the 1970s (Microsoft, Apple, Oracle, Genentech, Home Depot, EMC), 1980s (Cisco, Dell, Adobe, Qualcomm, Amgen, Gilead Sciences), and 1990s (Amazon, Google, Netflix, Salesforce.com, PayPal). All of these startups reached the top 100 for market capitalization, but Facebook is the only startup founded since 2000 which has entered the top 100. Tesla and Uber are often discussed as highly successful but they have many times higher cumulative losses than did Amazon at its time of peak losses and neither has had a profitable year despite being older than Amazon was when it achieved profits. Furthermore, few of the recent Unicorn IPOs have experienced shareprice increases greater than those of the Nasdaq (14 of 45), only 3 of these 14 have profits, and only six of them have a
market capitalization over $30 (Zoom), $20 (Square), and $10 billion (Twilio, DocuSign, Okta). America’s venture capital system isn’t working as well as it once did, and the coronavirus will make things worse before the VC system gets better.
Start-up losses are mounting and innovation is slowing, but venture capitalists, entrepreneurs, consultants, university researchers, and business schools are hyping new technologies more than ever before. This hype is facilitated by changes in online media, including the rise of social media. This paper describes how the professional incentives of experts and the changes in online media have increased hype and how this hype makes it harder for policy makers, managers, scientists, engineers, professors, and students to understand new technologies and make good decisions. We need less hype and more level-headed economic analysis and this paper describes how this economic analysis can be done. Here is a link to the journal, Issues in Science & Technology: www.issues.org
Irrational Exuberance: A Tech Crash is ComingJeffrey Funk
These slides apply Nobel Laureate Robert Schiller's concept of irrational exuberance (and a book) title to the current speculative bubble of 2019. Over investments in startups and a lack of profitability in them are finally starting to catch up with the venture capital industry and the tech sector that relies on it. Investments by US venture capitalists have risen about six times since 2001 causing the total invested in 2018 to exceed by 40% the peak of 2000, the last big year of the dotcom bubble. But the number of IPOs has never returned to the peak years of 1993 to 2000; only about 250 were carried out between 2015 and 2017 vs. about 1,200 between 1995 and 1997.
The reason is simple: startups are taking longer to go public because they are not profitable. Consider the data. The median time to IPO has risen from 2.8 years in 1998 to 7.7 years in 2016 and the ones going public are less profitable than they were in the past. Although only 22% of startups going public in 1980 were unprofitable, 82% were unprofitable in 2018. The same high percentages of unprofitability have only been achieved twice before, in 1998 and 1999 right before the dotcom bubble burst. Furthermore, startups that have recently done high profile IPOs such as Snap, Dropbox, Blue Apron, Fitbit, Trivago, Box, and Cloudera are still not profitable.
Ride Sharing, Congestion, and the Need for Real SharingJeffrey Funk
Current ride sharing services are not financially sustainable. Although they provide more convenience than do taxi services, they are experiencing massive losses because they have the same cost structure as do taxis and thus must compete through subsidies and lower wages. After all, they use the same vehicles, roads, and drivers, and only GPS algorithms and phones are new.
They also increase congestion. Just as more private vehicles or taxis on the road will increase congestion, more ride sharing vehicles also increase congestion.
These slides describe new ways to use the technologies of ride sharing to reduce congestion along with costs while at the same time keeping travel time low. This can be done through changing public transportation systems or allowing private companies to offer competing services. For instance, current bus services, whether they are private or public, need to use the algorithms, GPS, phones and other technologies of ride sharing to revise routes, schedules and the premises that currently underpin public transportation. There is no reason a bus should be certain size, stop every 200 meters, or follow the same route all day. Algorithms and phones enable new types of routes in which designers simultaneously minimize time travel and maximize number of passengers transported per vehicle.hour.
Using the percent of top managers in IPOs (initial public offering) as a proxy for an industry’s/technology’s scientific intensity, this paper shows that the percentage of IPOs and of venture capital financing for science-based technologies has been declining for decades. Second, the percentage of PhDs among the top managers in science intensive industries is also declining, suggesting that their scientific intensities are falling. Third, the age of these top managers rose during the same period suggesting that the importance of experiential knowledge has increased even as the importance of PhDs and thus educational knowledge has decreased. Fourth, the numbers of IPOs and of venture capital funding are not increasing for newer science-based industries such as superconductors, solar cells, nanotechnology, and GMOs. Fifth, there are extreme diseconomies of scale in the universities that produce the PhD-holding top managers, suggesting that universities are far less effective at doing research than are companies. These results provide a new understanding of science and technology, and they offer new prescriptions for reversing slowing productivity growth.
This paper addresses the types of knowledge that are needed in entrepreneurial firms using a unique data base of executives and directors for all IPOs filed between 1990 and 2010. Using highest educational degrees as a proxy for educational knowledge, it shows that 85% of those with PhDs are concentrated in the life sciences and ICT (information and communication technology) industries and second, that those in the ICT industries are concentrated at lower layers in a “digital stack” of industries, ranging from semiconductors and other electronics at the bottom layer to computing and Internet infrastructure at the middle layer and Internet content, commerce, and services in the top layer. Third, industries with fewer PhDs have more bachelor’s and MBA degrees suggesting that PhDs are being replaced by them and not M.S. degrees. Fourth, age is higher for industries with the most PhDs thus suggesting a greater need for experiential knowledge in industries with greater needs for educational knowledge. Fifth, the number of Nobel Prizes tracks industries with high fractions of PhDs.
beyond patents:scholars of innovation use patenting as an indicator of innova...Jeffrey Funk
This paper discusses the problems with using patents as a measure of innovation and papers as a measure of science. It also uses data to show the problems. for example, the number of patent applications and awards have grown by six times since 1984 while productivity growth has slowed.
These slides discuss how to put context back into learning. Farm and other work at home once provided a context for learning, but this context has become much weaker as work at home as mostly disappeared Students once learned mostly from parents because they worked on farms, fixed things at home, and prepared meals. These activities provided a "context" for school learning, a context that has been mostly lost. These slides discuss how this context can be put back into learning and the implications for the types of people best suited for teaching and the way to train them.
Technology Change, Creative Destruction, and Economic FeasibiltyJeffrey Funk
After showing that the costs of most electronic products are from electronic components, these slides show how the iPhone and iPad became economically feasible through improvements in microprocessors, flash memory, and displays.
These slides show that the demand for most professions is growing steadily in spite of continued improvements in productivity enhancing tools for them. They also show that AI will have a largely incremental effect on the professions, in combination with Moore's Law, cloud computing, and Big Data. They do this accounting, legal, architects, journalists, and engineers.
Solow's Computer Paradox and the Impact of AIJeffrey Funk
These slides show why IT has not delivered large improvements in productivity and why new forms of IT like AI will also not deliver large improvements, except in selected sectors. The main reason is that the improvements in AI are over-hyped and because most sectors do not have large inefficiencies in the organization of people, machinery, and materials.
What does innovation today tell us about tomorrow?Jeffrey Funk
This paper was published in Issues in Science and Technology. It distinguished between the Silicon Valley and science-based process of technology change. It shows that more new products and services are emerging from the latter than the former.
Creative destrution, Economic Feasibility, and Creative Destruction: The Case...Jeffrey Funk
This paper shows how new forms of electronic products and services such as smart phones, tablet computers and ride sharing become economically feasible and thus candidates for commercialization and creative destruction as improvements in standard electronic components such as microprocessors, memory, and displays occur. Unlike the predominant viewpoint in which commercialization is reached as advances in science facilitate design changes that enable improvements in performance and cost, most new forms of electronic products and services are not invented in a scientific sense and the cost and performance of them are primarily driven by improvements in standard components. They become candidates for commercialization as the cost and performance of standard components reach the levels necessary for the final products and services to have the required levels of performance and cost. This suggests that when managers, policy makers, engineers, and entrepreneurs consider the choice and timing of commercializing new electronic products and services, they should understand the composition of new technologies, the impact of components on a technology's cost, performance and design, and the rates of improvement in the components.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
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Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
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1. WHEN WILL NEW TYPES OF DISPLAYS
BECOME ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE
AND THUS BEGIN TO DIFFUSE?
5TH SESSION OF MT5009
A/Prof Jeffrey Funk
Division of Engineering and Technology
Management
National University of Singapore
For information on other technologies, see http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations
2. What is the
future of
displays?
How big
will these
displays be?
And how will
we interact
with them?
3. Will We Use
Our Hands
i.e., Gesture
Interfaces?
Or something
else? (session 8)
5. Another View of Future Displays
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Cf7IL_eZ38
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZkHpNnXLB0
Can you write down all the applications that you
see
6. What’s Driving the Emergence of these New
Applications?
Falling cost of LCD displays
Increasing performance of LCD displays (e.g., 3D
displays)
Rising performance and falling cost of OLED displays
New forms of displays such as e-ink and holograms
Session 8 discusses touch displays as part of human-
computer interfaces
Many improvements are being made here and will impact on
smart phones, tablet computers, and other forms of mobile
devices
7. Session Technology
1 Objectives and overview of course
2 How/when do new technologies become economically feasible?
3 Two types of improvements: 1) Creating materials that better
exploit physical phenomena; 2) Geometrical scaling
4 Semiconductors, ICs, electronic systems
5 Sensors, MEMS and the Internet of Things
6 Bio-electronics, Wearable Computing, Health Care, DNA
Sequencers
7 Lighting, Lasers, and Displays
8 Roll-to Roll Printing, Human-Computer Interfaces
9 Information Technology and Land Transportation
10 Nano-technology and Superconductivity
This is Seventh Session of MT5009
8. Some of the applications in the Videos
Photovoltaic glass, Touch screen displays on closets,
in cars, phones, tablets, automobile windows, tables,
walls (classrooms), 3D displays, in middle of air, in
forest, augmented reality
PV glass, mirror, refrigerator, counter table, autos
(GPS), MRT maps, retail clothing, eBook readers
9. Outline
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
Cost reductions from increases in scale of LCD
substrates (and production equipment)
3D LCD displays
Organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays
Electronic paper
Holographic displays
10. Composition of LCD Panels
http://www.ercservice.com/learning/what-is-tft-lcd.html
11. Another Breakdown of LCD TV
CCFL Backlit LCD TV CCFL Backlight
Diffusers
To ensure a uniform brightness across
panel
Polarizer
To ensure that the image produced is
aligned correctly
LCD Panel
An LCD panel is made up of millions of
pixels filled with liquid crystals arranged
in grid, which open and shut to let the
backlight through and create images
Antiglare Coating
Provides a mirror-like finish, making the
backlight appear brighter
Display Screen
CCFL (cold
cathode
fluorescent
light)
(78.6 mm)
backlight has
been replaced
with white-
light LEDs
(29.9 mm)
12. “LED Television”
Not really an LED television
An LCD television that is backlit by white LEDs
Lower energy costs, higher contrast, variety of
advantages
But can’t make television only from LEDs because
different color LEDs require different materials and
those materials cannot be placed on the same
substrate (at least currently)
13. Other Improvements in LCD Televisions
Source: AUOSource: OLED Summit Preview, San Francisco, September 27-29 Barry Young, Young Market Research, February 18, 2013
14. Outline
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
Cost reductions from increases in scale of LCD
substrates
3D LCD displays
Organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays
Electronic Paper
Holographic displays
15. Nishimura’s Law:
The size of LCD substrate grows by a factor of 1.8 every 3
years, doubles every 3.6 years (large panels are cut into
appropriate sizes for electronic products)
Less than half the time for IC wafers to double in size (7.5
years)
Odawara’s Law:
Costs fall by 22-23% for doubling in cumulative production
Kichihara’s Law: every three years
Power consumption decreases by 44%
Panel thickness and weight are reduced by one-third
Number of bits needed per screen increases fourfold
Display Panel Trends – towards larger and
cheaper panels
Source: http://metaverseroadmap.org/inputs.html, US Display Consortium (USDC)
17. Increases in Scale of LCD Substrates (and also IC
Wafers, Solar Substrates)
Equipment costs per area of output fall as size of
equipment is increased, similar to chemical plants
For chemical plants
Cost is function of surface area (or radius squared)
Output is function of volume (radius cubed)
Thus, costs increase by 2/3 for each doubling of equipment
capacity
For LCD Substrates, IC Wafers, and Solar Substrates
Processing, transfer, and setup time (inverse of output) fall as
area of substrate increases since entire area can be processed,
transferred, and setup together
18. Another Benefit from Large Panels is Smaller Edge Effects
Panel
Equipment
Effect Effects: the equipment must be much
wider than panel to achieve uniformity
Ratio of equipment to panel width falls as the
size of the panel is increased
19. Increases in LCD Substrate Size
Source: www.lcd-tv-reviews.com/pages/fabricating_tft_lcd.php
20.
21. Scale of photolithographic aligners (upper
left), sputtering equipment (top right), and
mirrors for aligners (lower left) for LCD
equipment
Source: http://www.canon.com/technology/
canon_tech/explanation/fpd.html
25. We can also see the falling cost of LCDs in the
falling price of LCD TVs, albeit some of the cost
reductions are coming from the falling costs of ICs
26.
27. Outline
Cathode Ray Tube
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
Cost reductions from increases in scale of LCD
substrates
3D LCD displays
Organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays
Electronic Paper
Holographic displays
28. Time-Sequential 3D with active 3D Glasses
(common in movies)
Sources for these
slides: Adapted
from published
paper in
Technology and
Society by Ng Pei
Sin and myself
29. Improvements in Frame-Rate are Occurring
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1970s 1995 2008 2010
CRT
LCD
OLED/Plasma
Increased frame-rate of content approaches Critical Flicker Fusion point (where higher frame rate
has no perceived benefit) – 60Hz.
Increase frame rate gives smoother, flicker-free motion, especially in high-action videos
Increased Frame-rate of Display
Reaches 120Hz; surpasses critical flicker fusion point
Surplus enables implementation of Time-sequential 3D without compromising improved frame rate
of content
Improved LCD frame-rate due to improvement in Liquid Crystal structure, reduced cell-gap, and
improved methods to shorten liquid crystal response time
120Hz - Minimum screen frame-rate
for ‘flicker-free’ Time-sequential 3D
Frameperseconds(Hz)
Display Frame-Rate
30. Improvements in Frame Rate Increase the
Economic Feasibility of Time Sequential 3D
Improvement in Liquid Crystal
response time enable:
High frame-rate in LCD display and in
active 3D glasses
Economical
Estimated cost of adding 3D to LCD
display range from 10% to 30% the
cost of panel
Falling costs from larger substrate size
can offset these higher costs
But glasses are a big
disadvantage……….
31. Auto-Stereoscopic Displays Do
Not Require Special 3D Glasses
Panel pixels are divided into two
groups
one for left-eye images
another for right-eye images
A filter element is used to focus
each pixel into a viewing zone
In order to view television from
different places in the room,
multiple viewing zones are
needed
32. Improvements in photolithographic equipment enable increases in
pixel density
lags resolution in ICs by many years
Sometimes called Kitahara’s Law, improvements of about 4 times
occur every 3 years
These increases in pixel density
Enable high definition television
But will exceed the resolution of our eyes
Thus, these increases can be used to assign different pixels
to right and left eye and
to different “viewing” zones
Increases in Pixel Density, i.e., Resolution
33. At least128 million pixels/sq inch are needed
8.3 million pixels needed for high-definition TV
at least eight viewing zones needed to accommodate
head movements
each viewing zone needs two sets of pixels
8.3 x 8 x 2 = 128
Best pixel density at Consumer Electronics Show
in 2011 was 8.3 million pixels/sq inch
If pixel density continues to increase four-times every
three years, technical feasibility in 2017
As for economic feasibility, this depends on incremental
cost of the higher densities. If the incremental cost is
small, they will probably become economically feasible
before 2020.
Auto-Stereoscopic Displays
34. But not much diffusion
Not enough content?
Not enough interest in 3D?
One question is whether such content can be easily
created
35. Standardization and
digitalization ease handling,
storing and presentation of 3D
videos
Standardization reduces
complexity and cost of having to
produce 3D contents for multiple
competing formats
Digital 3D formats build from
MPEG-4 video compression with
Multiview Video Coding (MVC)
encoding “Historical Progression of Media”, From: Three-Dimensional Television: Capture,
transmission, Display. By Haldun M. Ozaktas, Levent Onural
Other Factors Should Enable New Content:
Standardization and Digitization of Video
36. Other Factors Should Enable Better Content:
Better graphic processors
http://www.behardware.com/articles/659-1/nvidia-cuda-preview.html
“NVIDIA® TESLA® GPU COMPUTING”, Nvidia, 2010, http://www.nvidia.com/docs/IO/43395/tesla-brochure-12-lr.pdf
Improved Graphics processing unit (GPU) enables:
More MPEG4 video compression
Rendering of more realistic computer animation (more
polygon count and motion control points)
Rendering of 3D models for stereoscopic video for 3D
displays
Enable realistic stereoscopic computer animation
good enough for cinema screens presentation,
increasing contents in 3D
37. Outline
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
Cost reductions from increases in scale of
LCD substrates
3D LCD displays
Organic light emitting diode (OLED)
displays
Electronic Paper
Holographic displays
39. OLEDs have Some Advantages over LCDs
and their Sales are Growing
Made of organic (Carbon
based) materials that emit
light when electricity runs
through them
Fewer layers make them
thinner, potentially cheaper
Flexibility comes from organic
materials and thinness
Multiple colors can be roll
printed onto a substrate,
making them potentially
cheaper than that of LCDs
Scaling up roll-to roll printing
will also reduce costs
40. Other Advantages of OLEDs:
Response Time, Viewing Angle, Grey Scale
Units AMOLED CCFL LED Edge LED Full Difference
Luminance cd/m2 None
Brightness cd/m2 Power
Contrast Ratio (CR) 1000:1 5000:1 6M:1 Dark Images
Ambient Contrast Ratio
@ 125 Lux ~1000:1 >2,000:1 >2,000:1 >2,000:1
High Lux
Black Levels cd/m2 <0.001 0.8 0.1 0.05 Dark Images
Viewing Angles CR 100% 3D
Response Time ms 0.001 5 3 3 Fast Moving
Gray Scale Performance
All Gray
Scales
Movies
Frame Rate Hz None
42" Power Consumption W 30 ~120 ~80 ~60 15
Lifetime hrs to 1/2
luminance
50K to
100K
~60K ~70K ~70K Initial LCD
Differential Aging Yes Strength
Image Sticking Some Strength
Form Factor mm 2 5 3 5
Thinner
>240
Poor Lower Gray Scales
Minor
None
TFT LCD
Same
OLED ~1.5X Brighter
20:1
Source: OLED Summit Preview, San Francisco, September 27-29 Barry Young, Young Market Research, February 18, 2013
41. Fewer Layers with OLEDs than with LCDs
LCD
Complex structure
Passes through light and thus
requires separate light source and
color filters
OLED
Simple structure
Makes its own light
43. What About a Wrist Display?
Can it conform to your wrist
using right materials?
Much better than a smart
watch
44. Flexibility Comes from New Materials (e.g.,
organic ones) and Thinner Ones
Moving to polymers requires low permeation rates, higher
transparencies, and low cost.
45. OLEDs Still Lag LEDs in Efficiency
Subsequent
improvements
have occurred
(see slides on
lighting)
46. • Average life span of 30,000 hours,
half of LCD TVs 60,000 hours
• a few molecules of oxygen or
moisture can kill display so need
better encapsulation (ink jet printing
of coating?)
• OLED displays are given blue tint
to offset faster degradation of blue
• Adding touch is also problem
because indium tin oxide is brittle
and will crack in touch display; can
carbon nano-tubes solve this
problem?
Source: http://www.differencebetween.info/node/707
http://www.technologyreview.com/news/529991/bendable-
displays-are-finally-headed-to-market/
Another Problem for OLEDs in TVs is Lifespan
Source: http://www.hdtvinfo.eu/news/hdtv-articles/oled-tv-
estimated-lifespan-shorter-then-expected.html (2008 data)
47. Another Problem is High Price/Cost, but falling
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
ASP(US$)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
PricePremium
32" 1080p CCFL 32" 1080 LED Edge 32" 1080 LED Back
32" OLED 1920 x 1080 OLED Premium vs. Edge OLED Premium vs. Back
Source: OLED Summit Preview, San Francisco, September 27-29 Barry Young, Young Market Research, February 18, 2013
48. Costs Fall as Substrate Sizes get Bigger
2007 730x920
2011
Source: OLED Summit Preview, San Francisco, September 27-29 Barry Young, Young Market Research, February 18, 2013
49. New Techniques Required to Scale Process
Making finely patterned sub-
pixels with small molecule
material requires use of
vacuum thermal evaporation
using a fine metal mask
Size limits are defined the
sagging of the mask
To achieve > 200 ppi,
AMOLEDs utilize Pentile
technology, which reduces
pixel size from 3 sub-
pixels to 2 sub-pixels/pixel.
To scale beyond ½ 4th Gen,
VTE must be changed from
positioning the substrate
horizontally to holding
vertically as implemented by
Tokki, Ulvac, Sunic and
AMAT
New approaches include the
use of CNT by Unidym and
nanowires by Cambrios
Source: OLED Summit Preview, San Francisco, September 27-29 Barry Young, Young Market Research, February 18, 2013
50. Other Patterning Options Being Tried
Alternative approaches include:
Polymers and small molecule in solution which can be printed
Laser induced thermal imaging (LITI) as developed by 3M and SMD
Eliminating patterning by using white material with a color filter
The most likely for the Gen 5.5 is vertically held substrates
Beyond Gen 5.5 some form of printing will be required
Ink Jet – Panasonic, Epson
Slot – DuPont
Roll to roll process – VTT, Fraunhofer
Source: OLED Summit Preview, San Francisco, September 27-29 Barry Young, Young Market Research, February 18, 2013
51. Many Believe Roll-to Roll Printing will Lead to
Dramatically Lower Costs
Vacuum deposition of
metals, dielectrics, &
semiconductors
5μ
Multiple mask
levels imprinted
as single 3D
structure
Patterning completed
w/ wet & dry
processes
deposition imprint etch
deposit
spin resist
align/expose
develop
strip/clean
etch
deposit etchimprint
etch
mask
Conventional Photo-Lithography SAIL
http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2011/HPL-2011-152.pdf
(Roll printing)
52. A Roll of Rolled OLEDs
http://deviceguru.com/euro-project-slashes-flexible-display-costs/
Konica is constructing a flexible OLED lighting R2R fab with a
monthly capacity of 1 million panels. Production will start in fall
of 2014 http://www.oled-info.com/tags/technical-
research/frontplane/roll-roll
53. LG’s OLED TV Business
Claims it made big breakthrough in hi-volume
production of large screen OLED TVs
Costs dropped from $25,000 USD in 2013 to
$15,000 in July 2015 on 55” TVs
Planning on introducing transparent, foldable, and
curved screens
Expects that within 5 years, 40% of world’s
smartphones will have flexbile OLED displays
But not clear if profits will cover LG’s $3 Billion
dollar investment in OLEDs
Plucky Contender, Economist, July 4, 2015, p. 56
54. Outline
Cathode Ray Tube
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
Cost reductions from increases in scale of LCD
substrates
3D LCD displays
Organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays
Electronic Paper
Holographic displays
55.
56. LCD
+ Full color
- Harder on the eyes
+ Can display video
(movies)
- Takes more power (battery
doesn’t last as long)
+ Backlit, so you can read in
the dark
- Hard to read outdoors or
in bright sunlight
Early e-Ink
- Black & white
+ Easy on the eyes; like
paper
- Can’t display full video
+ Takes very little power
(battery lasts longer)
- Can’t be read in the dark
(like a regular book)
+ Easy to read outdoors, the
more light the better
+ Very crisp and sharp
E-Ink has advantages for reading
58. Improvements in E-ink Electrophoretic Displays
Color is now available
E Ink
Vizplex 1
E Ink Vizplex
2
E Ink Pearl E Ink Triton E Ink
Spectra
E Ink
Carta
Announce
ment Year
2006 2007 2010 2010 2013 2013
Cost $70 (estimated )
Based on Sory
prs 500: $350
$60 (Estimated )
Based on Sony
prs 505: $300
$30.5 (2011)
Sony prs T1:
$150
$26
Based on Sory
pr-t2: $130
Color/
Greyscale
4-level gray
scale
8 level gray
scale
16 levels of
gray
16 shades of
gray, 4096
colors
2-bit
(B/W/R)
Contrast 7:1 10:1 10:1 15:1 15:1
Refresh
Rate
• 1200ms
• 500ms for 1
bit mode
• 740ms for
grayscale
• 260 ms for 1-
bit mode
• 600 ms for
grayscale
• 120 ms for
1 bit mode
• 120ms -
980ms,
• 120 ms
Resolution •170 dpi 600
× 800
•170 dpi
• 600 × 800
•Up to 300
dpi 600x800
•200 dpi
•768x1024
•(212 ppi)
1024 x
758
•> 300 dpi
•768x102
4
59. And Costs of Color Displays are Falling
7” diagonal display has
0.15 cm2 area
$426 per m2, much less than LCD
61. Another option for a
Smart Watch?
The CST-01, the
thinnest watch in the
world, is less than
1mm thick and
weighs less than 5
pennies.
62. Outline
Cathode Ray Tube
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
Cost reductions from increases in scale of LCD
substrates
3D LCD displays
Organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays
Electronic Paper
Holographic displays
63. Holographic Systems
Present a real 3D image
LCD-based 3D systems present an “illusion” of three
dimensions
Time-Sequential 3D with active 3D Glasses
Auto-Stereoscopic Displays
Holographic Systems present a real 3D image and thus
one that can be more aesthetically appealing
66. How About a Hologram for a Phone Key Pad?
If it is a Hologram?
67. A Little Different – But How about Projecting
a Display onto ones Hand?
This can be done with a Pico-Projector in a Samsung Phone
http://www.engadget.com/2010/02/15/samsung-beam-halo-hands-on/
71. Looking at Light Source and Holographic Media in more Detail:
The Film/Media Records both the Reference and Object Beams
http://www.holostar.com/Frame1.html
75. When might such a system become technically and
economically feasible for some application and
some set of users?
76. Conclusions and Relevant Questions for Your
Projects (1)
New displays continue to emerge and experience
improvements
New materials that better exploit the relevant physical
phenomena (e.g., materials for OLEDs that have higher
luminosity per Watt or longer lifetime)
Falling costs from increases in the scale of substrates and
production equipment
Improvements in components for holographic displays
Improvements in frame rate and pixel density for 3D
displays
77. Conclusions and Relevant Questions for Your
Projects (2)
How many further improvements are likely to occur?
When will their costs become low enough or
performance high enough to be economical for
specific applications?
Can we identify those applications, the order in which
they will become economical, and the specific needs
of each application?
What about higher-level systems; can we identify ones
that might become economically feasible due to
improvements in displays and other “components”?
What kinds of analyses can help us answer these
questions?