The document discusses pervasive computing and embedded systems, highlighting key concepts such as ubiquitous access, context-awareness, intelligence, and natural interaction. It covers enabling technologies like NFC and RFID, as well as distinctions between the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Web of Things (WoT). Additionally, it explores future trends and projects like Webinos aimed at creating a cross-platform environment for web applications across various devices.

1. Embedded Systems: Future
Perspectives
Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria Informatica
Sistemi Embedded

2. Outline
¤ Pervasive Computing Definition
¤ Internet of Things
¤ Web of Things
¤ State of the Art
¤ Arduino introduction

3. Mark Weiser’s Vision of Pervasive
Computing
The most profound technologies are those that disappear.
They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until
they are indistinguishable from it .
Mark Weiser 1991

4. Ubiquitous Computing
Ubiquitous computing
=
Ability to handle information
from physical world
+
Ubiquitous connectivity

5. PerComp: Basic Elements
¤ Pervasive computing applications are characterized by
the following basic elements
¤ Ubiquitous access
¤ Context-awareness
¤ Intelligence
¤ Natural interaction

6. Ubiquitous Access
¤ Ubiquitous access refers to a situation in which users are
surrounded by a multitude of interconnected embedded
systems, which are mostly invisible and weaved into the
background of the surrounding, like furniture, clothing,
rooms, etc., and all of them able to sense the setting and
state of physical world objects via a multitude of sensors.
¤ Internet of Things / Web of Things

7. Context-awareness
¤ Context awareness refers to the ability of the system to
recognise and localise objects as well as people and their
intentions.
¤ The context of an application is understood as “any information
that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity”, an
entity being “a person, place or object that is considered
relevant to the interaction between a user and an application,
including the user and applications themselves”
¤ Issues
¤ Context discovery
¤ Context representation

8. Intelligence
¤ Intelligence refers to the fact that a technology-rich
environment is able to adapt itself to the people that live (or
artefacts that reside) in it, learn from their behaviour, and
possibly recognise as well as show emotion.
¤ Example
¤ Contextual advertising

9. Natural Interaction
¤ Natural interaction finally refers to advanced modalities like
natural speech and gesture recognition, as well as speech
synthesis which will allow a much more human-like
communication with the digital environment than is possible
today.
¤ Example
¤ Gesture Recognition
¤ Speech Recognition

10. PerComp: Enabling Technologies
¤ Ubiquitous access is promisingly implemented based on a wireless
communication infrastructure involving broadband satellite
systems, cellular radio communication (e.g. GSM, GPRS, TETRA,
DECT, EDGE, UMTS/IMT2000), personal and local area radio
communication (e.g. Bluetooth, HomeRF, IEEE802.11, HiperLAN,
HomeCast), infrared (IrDA) and ultrasonic communication.
¤ Above these technologies, the capability of an object to identify,
localize and track other objects, and to coordinate its activites with
respect to and relative to the other objects is essential in pervasive
computing systems:
¤ Identification (sensing the identity of a real world object),
¤ localization (sensing its position and movement in space), and
¤ coordination (relating it semantically to other objects and behavioral
rules)

11. Internet of Things
¤ If all objects and people in daily life were equipped with
radio tags, they could be identified and inventoried by
computers.

12. Identification: QR-Code, RFID, NFC
¤ Near field communication (NFC) and Radio-Frequency
Identification (RFID) are wireless communication
technologies that connect two wireless devices. The devices
in NFC are placed close to each other, while in RFID, they
can be situated at some distance because it uses radio
frequency. Yet, its limitation is same as that of radio waves.
The credit of discovering NFC technology goes to Sony and
NXP semiconductors in 2002. Near field communications can
be used in mobile phones while for radio frequency, we
need separate devices. NFC technology is becoming more
widely used because it is used for making payments with the
help of smartphones. NFC technology can be embedded in
a smartphone. Furthermore, RFID is an older technology
than NFC. RFID can also be used for making payments, car-
sharing, toll roads, and season parking tickets.

13. 6LoWPAN
¤ 6LoWPAN is an acronym of IPv6 over Low power Wireless
Personal Area Networks.
¤ The 6LoWPAN concept originated from the idea that "the
Internet Protocol could and should be applied even to the
smallest devices,” and that low-power devices with limited
processing capabilities should be able to participate in the
Internet of Things.
¤ The 6LoWPAN group has defined encapsulation and header
compression mechanisms that allow IPv6 packets to be sent
to and received from over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks.
¤ Mapping between IPv6 and IEEE 802.15.4 standard packets

14. Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
¤ Machines cooperate with
other machines
¤ No user intervention
¤ Typical machines: sensors,
actuators
¤ Typical applications:
¤ Monitoring
¤ Health

15. From IoT to WoT
¤ Internet of Things (IoT)
¤ Network of daily life objects (things)
¤ Identifiable things: RFID, QR-Code
¤ Lack of a standard communication protocol
¤ Fields: Tracking, domotic, health
¤ Web of Things (WoT)
¤ Identifiable and controllable “smart things”
¤ Things are identified by URI
¤ Communication through RESTfull API

16. Web of Things vs Internet of Things:
what is the difference?
¤ Internet = Interconnected networks
¤ They are interconnected via IP (Internet Protocol)
¤ There are IP addresses in the internet, no domain names such as
wikipedia.org
¤ Started around 1950 in a effort to make two computers talk to
each other
¤ Manifold of protocols: DHCP, DHCPv6, DNS, FTP, HTTP, IMAP, IRC,
LDAP, MGCP, NNTP, NTP, POP, RPC, RTP, RTSP, SIP, SMTP, SNMP,
SOCKS, SSH, Telnet, TLS/SSL, XMPP
¤ Web = Linked documents and resources
¤ Uses HTTP
¤ The web needs the Internet underneath to function
¤ Started around 1980 in an effort to help people share data over
the Internet

17. The Web evolution

18. Future trends
Source: Cisco IBSG, 2011

19. Future trends
Source: Analysis Mason

20. How to identify these objects?
¤ Each object is available on Internet
¤ Handsets
¤ Appliances
¤ Every day objects
¤ IPv4 (4,3 x 109 addresses)
¤ IPv6 (3,4 x 1038 addresses)

21. What’s REST?
¤ Representational State Transfer or REST basically means
that each unique URL is a representation of some object.
You can get the contents of that object using an HTTP
GET, to delete it, you then might use a POST, PUT, or
DELETE to modify the object (in practice most of the
services use a POST for this).
¤ All of the major webservices on the Internet now use REST:
Twitter, Yahoo’s web services use REST, others include
Flickr, del.icio.us, pubsub, bloglines, technorati, and
several others.
http://geeknizer.com/rest-vs-soap-using-http-choosing-the-right-webservice-protocol/

22. REST vs SOAP - Main features
¤ The main advantages of REST web services are:
¤ Lightweight – not a lot of extra xml markup
¤ Human Readable Results
¤ Easy to build – no toolkits required
¤ SOAP also has some advantages:
¤ Easy to consume – sometimes
¤ Rigid – type checking, adheres to a contract
¤ Development tools
http://geeknizer.com/rest-vs-soap-using-http-choosing-the-right-webservice-protocol/

23. JSON
¤ JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-
interchange format. It is easy for humans to read and
write. It is easy for machines to parse and generate. It is
based on a subset of the JavaScript Programming
Language,
¤ JSON is a text format that is completely language
independent but uses conventions that are familiar to
programmers of the C-family of languages, including C,
C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Python, and many
others.
¤ These properties make JSON an ideal data-interchange
language.
http://geeknizer.com/rest-vs-soap-using-http-choosing-the-right-webservice-protocol/

24. JSON vs XML
JSON XML

25. WoT Platforms
Social Networks of Things
¤ REST Web technologies for API
¤ JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)

26. Cosm (Pachube)

27. WoT Architecture

28. WoT Requirements
¤ Things discovery
¤ Identification, position
¤ Multi-user access
¤ E.g. Network of temperature sensors
¤ Privacy and access control
¤ Health applications
¤ Low-level abstraction
¤ Several languages, Several hardware

29. State of the art: The Webinos Project
The webinos project will define and deliver an Open Source Platform
and software components for the Future Internet in the form of web
runtime extensions, to enable web applications and services to be
used and shared consistently and securely over a broad spectrum of
converged and connected devices, including mobile, PC, home media
(TV) and in-car units.

30. Webinos features
¤ Cross-platform
¤ Windows, Linux, OSX, Android
¤ Cross-domain
¤ PC, Handsets, Entertainment, Automotive,
Embedded systems (Pandaboard)
¤ As soon: Raspberry PI
¤ Service Discovery
¤ User Management
¤ Security

31. Webinos Personal Zones
¤ A Personal Zone Virtually
contains a set of devices
owned by a user
¤ PZ can include non-IP
devices (BT, ZigBee)
¤ Devices authenticate
themselves to the PZH
¤ PZHs can be bridged for
inter-user communication

32. Webinos Personal Zones

33. Webinos Device/PZP Architecture
33

34. Raspberry PI
The SoC is a Broadcom BCM2835. This
contains an ARM1176JZFS, with
floating point, running at 700Mhz, and
a Videocore 4 GPU. The GPU is
capable of BluRay quality playback,
using H.264 at 40MBits/s. It has a fast
3D core accessed using the supplied
OpenGL ES2.0 and OpenVG libraries.

35. Arduino

36. Contacts
¤ Giuseppe La Torre
¤ giuseppe.latorre@dieei.unict.it
¤ http://opensource.diit.unict.it/glatorre