This document provides a history of the development of the World Wide Web and related technologies. It discusses pioneers like Vannevar Bush, Douglas Engelbart, and Ted Nelson who conceived of early hypertext systems. It outlines the creation of the first web browser and server by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in the 1980s and 1990s. It also summarizes the role of the W3C in establishing open web standards and enabling the internet of things through applications of web technologies.

1. Expanding the Web beyond
desktop and mobile
to the Web of Things
Webinos IoT Workshop,
Oxford
23 July 2013
Dave Raggett <dsr@w3.org>

2. 2
Before the Web

3. 3
Vannevar Bush
● Scientific advisor to President Roosevelt
● “As We May Think” published July 1945 in
The Atlantic Monthly
● A conceptual machine (the Memex) that can
store vast quantities of interlinked information
● Same article describes the Cyclops Camera:
● "worn on forehead, it would photograph
anything you see and want to record”

4. 4
Douglas Engelbart
● Mid-1960's Inventor of
the computer mouse, he
led work on hypertext
and graphical user
interfaces at SRI
International

5. 5
Ted Nelson
● 1960 – launches Project Xanadu
● Goal: a networked pay-per-document hypertext database
encompassing all written information
● 1965 – Ted coins the term “Hypertext”
● in "A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and
the Indeterminate". 20th National Conference, New York,
Association for Computing Machinery

6. 6
Other Pioneers
● Alan Kay
● Object oriented computing and window based
graphical user interfaces in the 70's whilst at
Xerox PARC
– “The best way to predict the future is to invent it!”
● Bill Atkinson
● Developer of the Apple Hypercard system
– Hypermedia apps with a stack of cards, graphics
and simple scripting, first released in 1987

7. 7
CERN – birthplace of the Web
● International research
centre for high energy
physics located near
Geneva
● Large Hadron Collider
(LHC) Atlas detector
● Probing conditions at
earliest moments of
the Universe

8. 8
Tim Berners-Lee
● Friend of a friend at Oxford, we first meet in '92
● 1980 Develops “Enquire” as a simple hypertext
system whilst consulting for CERN
● 1989 Project proposal for World Wide Web
● 1994 Founds W3C to lead the Web to its full potential

9. 9
Enquire
> ENQUIRE
Enquire V 1.1
Hello!
Opening file (PSK-PCP)VAC-V1:ENQR...
PSB Vacuum Control System (concept) < O>
--- ------ ------- ------
[ 1] described-by: Enquiry System
An experimental system for which this is a test.
[ 2] includes: Vacuum History System
Records and displays slow changes in pressure.
[ 3] includes: Vacuum equipment modules
Perform all the hardware interface
[ 4] includes: Control and status applications programs
Provide operator interaction from the consoles.
[ 5] described-by: Controle du System a Vide du Booster 11-2-80
Operational specification of the software
[ 6] includes: PSB Pump Surveillance System PCP 228
Allows rapid monitoring of pressure changes
[number ]

10. 10
1990 – WWW Architecture

11. 11
The Web expands ...
1. TBL's Next Computer at CERN
2. PC from early '90's 3. MacbookPro 6. HTML5 in the Car (QNX)
5. Connected TV
4. Smart Phone (Nexus S)

12. 12
What is the W3C?
● International community where Members, a full-time staff and
the public collaborate to develop Web standards
● Led by Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee and CEO Jeff Jaffe
● Hosted by MIT, ERCIM, Keio and Beihang
● Community Groups open to all at no fee
● Business Groups get more staff support
● Technical Working Groups
● Develop specs into W3C Recommendations
● Participants from W3C Members and invited experts
● W3C Patent process for royalty free specifications

13. The Open Web Platform

14. 14
The Open Web Platform

15. 15
Advantages of the
Open Web Platform
● HTML5 and the Open Web Platform as the obvious choice
when you want to reach out to many devices
● Non-proprietary open standards, that
can be implemented free of royalties
● Huge pool of developers
● Reduced learning curve, and lower cost
– Compared to languages and SDKs for iOS, Android, Windows 8, ...
● Avoid overheads associated with native app stores
● New – HTML for system applications
● Trusted apps with rich connection to the device
– http://www.w3.org/2012/sysapps/

16. 16
Rich access to
device capabilities
● Mouse, touch and key press events
● Location, motion, proximity and orientation
● Microphone, camera and ambient light
● Address book and calendar data
● Battery status and vibration
● Notifications
● Network information
● Others, e.g. NFC and secure elements

17. 17
The Internet of Things

18. 18
What is the Internet of Things?
● Continuing advances in integrated circuits and networking
technologies
● This has made it practical to deploy a wide range of
connected sensors and actuators
● Smart phones with a multiplicity of sensors
● Sensors arrays designed for long battery life
● RFID, NFC and bar codes for physical objects
with a virtual world presence
● IoT research work focus on low level communication
● But until now, little effort on easy app development

19. 19
What makes the IoT
interesting?
● What are some of the use cases?
– Smart cities
– Smart homes
– Smart healthcare
– Smart retail
● What are some of the challenges?
● Security, privacy, scalability, open ecosystems
● What are some of the things we can expect next?
● Open platforms, open markets and open standards

20. 20
Which Sectors will benefit from
the IoT and IoS?
From an unpublished survey in 2013 by Compose project

21. 21
Which factors influence IoT
solution purchasers?

22. 22
Smart Cities
● Collecting and exploiting information to make cities
more efficient and better places to live and work
● Transport
– Journey planning (car, bus, tram, metro, train, walking, cycling)
– Parking (directions to parking space, finding your car)
– Smarter control over traffic lights
● Smart utilities – e.g. electricity, gas, and water
● Finding out what's on and where (location based search)
– Shopping, entertainment, sports, ...
● City planning based upon richer data

23. 23
Smart City Expo
World Congress 2012
http://www.smartcityexpo.com/

24. 24
Smart Homes
● Lots of opportunities for the IoT in your home
● Security and remote monitoring
● Heating, lighting, and watering the plants
– Saving you money on your utility bills
– Based upon your habits, weather forecast, ...
● Services that span your personal devices
– Entertainment, journey planning, ...
● Home healthcare (see smart healthcare)
● Smart warranties for white goods
– Enabling 3rd
parties to monitor health of your devices
– Proactive service appointments at your convenience

25. 25
Smart Healthcare
● As we live longer healthcare costs are rising
unsustainably
● Smart sensors and actuators will enable more
people to be treated at home under the remote
supervision of their local doctor
● Offering better quality of life, better outcomes and
reduced costs
● But, we need to rise to the challenges of privacy
and security

26. 26
Smart Retail
● Tags on products will enable more and better information
● Provenance – where was this made, and were the suppliers treated fairly?
● Will I (or a member of my family) have an allergic reaction to
eating this food, and what recommendations are there for safe alternatives?
● Help with planning my meals – healthy recipes for those on a budget
● I want to see independent reviews before purchase!
● What other items of clothing would complement this one?
● I want to see how I would look in a given combination of clothes
● Tailor made clothing manufactured to fit me perfectly
● What products do my friends (or the celebrities I follow) recommend?
● Instant check out – no more queuing at the busy sales tills
● Third party services to help my manage my budget

27. 27
Smart Meters
Enable people to learn to reduce their consumption, and lower the cost
of their bills. If lots of people do this, we can reduce risk of power cuts
from overloaded power grids, and help the environment!
Electricity meter – Southern Electric (UK)
Gas meter – British Gas

28. 28
Open source hardware
● For DIY projects

29. 29
Publishing your sensor data
http://cosm.com/

30. 30
Web of Things
● Applying web technologies to reduce the
cost of implementing services
● RESTful HTTP, Web Sockets, etc. for communication
● JavaScript APIs acting on local proxies
● Overlay networking model to hide information that is
best dealt with at a lower level of abstraction
● Rich descriptions and live context management
● Distributed processing (in devices and in the cloud)
– Sticky policies for privacy and access control
● Re-establishing control over your personal devices,
apps, services and data
– Personal Zones

31. 31
EU FP7 Compose Project
● Enabling open markets of services for the Internet of Things
http://www.compose-project.eu/

32. 32
● Scalable cloud based services
● CouchDB for JSON, and Sparql for linked data
● Smart service objects in the cloud as proxies for sensors and actuators
● Hiding details of communication with the devices
for optimization of battery and network
● Services as compositions of smart objects and other services
● Some generating data, others presenting UI components
for embedding in web pages and apps
● Biological metaphors with pipelined services for perception and actuation
● APIs using RESTful HTTP or JavaScript proxy objects
● JSON and JSON-LD for service descriptions
● Suite of APIs for open markets of services
● Registration, discovery, payments, updates, reviews and reputation management

33. 33
Objects as Proxies for Services
hidden messaging layer
script
Internet
Object
API
script
Object
Scripts running within web run-time, or embedded agent or cloud, e.g. using node.js
Device Device
API

34. Public / Private
script
Private
Agent
NAT or Firewall
script
Public
Agent
script
Public
Agent
NAT or Firewall
script
Private
Agent
Appliance,
Phone or
Laptop
Appliance,
Phone or
Laptop
Cloud server Cloud server

35. 35
Webinos Project
● EU FP7 project to create a platform for apps spanning desktop,
smart phones, tablets, connected TVs and cars
● Trusted Web apps based upon a suite of APIs
● Secure mutual authentication of devices
● Webinos hub for 24x7 access from the Internet
● Webinos as a basis for apps for the Internet of Things

36. 36
Personal Zones
TV
Phone
Tablet
Laptop
House Car
Hub TV
Phone
Laptop
Security
Car
Hub
Getting the most out of my devices
Inter zone
peer to peer
social apps
InternetPersonal apps
shared with others
and available 24x7
Webinos – a pioneering non-proprietary
cross device Secure Web Platform
Multiscreen/multidevice apps
Home
Healthcare
Trusted Applications with rich
access to device Capabilities
Lighting
http://www.webinos.org/

37. 37
Re-establishing control over
your devices and personal data
● Today companies provide services, but require
centralization of personal data over which you have
little control, making it hard to switch companies
● Personal Zones provide an architecture
for reclaiming control!
● You decide what/when to share with 3rd
parties
● This facilitates intent based smart search!
● Your data is managed within your zone,
by the services you install
● This works well for IoT devices!

38. W3C Community Groups
● W3C has created Community Groups so that
developers, designers, and anyone passionate
about the Web has a place to have discussions
and publish documents.
● A W3C Community Group is an open forum,
without fees, where Web developers and other
stakeholders develop specifications, hold
discussions, develop test suites, and connect
with W3C's international community of Web
experts.
http://www.w3.org/community/

39. 39
W3C Community Group
for the Web of Things

40. 40
What is the Web of Things
● Web technologies to facilitate the development of applications
and services for the Internet of Things, i.e. physical objects and
their virtual representation
● This includes sensors and actuators, as well as physical objects
tagged with a bar code or NFC
● Some relevant Web technologies include HTTP for accessing
RESTful services, and for naming objects as a basis for linked
data and rich descriptions, and JavaScript APIs for virtual
objects acting as proxies for real-world objects

41. 41
Web of Things CG – Aims
● To accelerate the adoption of Web technologies as a basis
for enabling services for the Internet of Things
● Collect use cases as a basis for requirements
● Document architecture for the Web of Things
● Review existing standards and their applicability
● Identify gaps where new standards are needed
● Help to create broader awareness
● Engage with the developer community to share experiences
http://www.w3.org/community/wot/charter/

42. 42
Web of Things CG
● Goal: accelerate the adoption of Web technologies as a basis for
enabling services for the Internet of Things
● Collect use cases as a basis for identifying requirements
● Develop materials describing an architecture for the Web of Things
● Review of existing standards and their applicability
● Identify gaps where new standards would be appropriate
● Develop proposals for new standards as needed
● Identify opportunities for creating broader awareness of the Web of Things
● Engage with the developer community to gather implementation experience
● Help realise the potential of the Web of Things
● Free for everyone to join
● http://www.w3.org/community/wot/

43. 43
Any other questions?
Dave Raggett <dsr@w3.org>
Join W3C to help drive the Web to its full potential – http://www.w3.org/