The Digestive System by PIBANTU
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The document discusses the digestive system and the processes food goes through inside the body. It describes the organs that make up the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. Food is ingested, digested in the stomach through enzymes, absorbed in the small intestine, and finally egested from the body as waste. A flow diagram is provided to illustrate the passage of food through the digestive system.
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GIT PHYSIOLOGY 1 INTRODUCTION
The document provides an overview of gastrointestinal physiology:
1. The GI tract breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed, moving contents along through motility and mixing with secretions.
2. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food by enzymes from the mouth, stomach, pancreas and intestines.
3. Absorption then occurs as nutrients, water and electrolytes pass from the GI tract into blood vessels and lymphatics.
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75
3
Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
3.1 Describe the processes and organs involved in
digestion.
3.2 Explain how food is propelled through the gas-
trointestinal tract.
3.3 Identify the role of enzymes and other secre-
tions in chemical digestion.
3.4 Describe how digested nutrients are absorbed.
3.5 Explain how hormones and the nervous sys-
tem regulate digestion.
3.6 Explain how absorbed nutrients are trans-
ported throughout the body.
3.7 Discuss the most common digestive disorders.
True or False?
1. Saliva can alter the taste of food. T/F
2. Without mucus, the stomach would digest itself. T/F
3. The major function of bile is to emulsify fats. T/F
4. Acid reflux is caused by gas in the stom-ach. T/F
5. The primary function of the large intes-tine is to absorb water. T/F
6. Feces contain a high amount of bacteria. T/F
7. The lymphatic system transports all nutrients through the body once they’ve been absorbed. T/F
8. Hormones play an important role in digestion. T/F
9. Diarrhea is always caused by bacterial infection. T/F
10. Irritable bowel syndrome is caused by an allergy to gluten. T/F
See page 110 for the answers.
Digestion,
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M03_BLAK8260_04_SE_C03.indd 75 12/1/17 11:28 PM
76 Chapter 3 | Digestion, Absorption, and Transport
The digestion of food begins even before you take that first bite. Just the sight and smell of homemade apple pie stimulates the release of saliva in
the mouth. The secretion of saliva and other digestive juices starts a cascade of
events that prepares the body for digestion, the chemical and mechanical
processes by which the body breaks food down into individual nutrient
molecules ready for absorption. Food components that aren’t absorbed are
excreted as waste (feces) by elimination. Although these are complex
processes, they go largely unnoticed. You consciously chew and swallow the
pie, but you don’t feel the release of chemicals or the muscular contractions
that cause it to be digested or the absorption of nutrient molecules through
the intestinal lining cells. In fact, you may be unaware of the entire process
until about 48 hours after eating, when the body is ready to eliminate waste.
In this chapter, we explore the processes of digestion, absorption, and
elimination, the organs involved, and the other biological mechanisms that
regulate our bodies’ processing of food and nutrients. We also discuss the causes
and treatments of some common gastrointestinal conditions and disorders.
What Are the Processes and Organs
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LO 3.1 Describe the processes and organs involved in digestion.
Digestion, absorption, and elimination occur in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a mus-
cular tube approximately 20–24 feet long in an adult. Stretched vertically, the tube would
be about as high as a two-story building. It provides a barrier between the food within the
lumen (the hollow .
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The document summarizes the human digestive system in three stages: 1) Ingestion of food through the mouth and esophagus to the stomach. 2) Digestion of food through stomach acids and enzymes and mixing with bile and pancreatic juices in the small intestine. 3) Absorption of nutrients in the small intestine and removal of waste in the large intestine and rectum. The digestive, circulatory, nervous and endocrine systems work together through hormones and signals to break down and absorb nutrients from food while eliminating waste.
Quarter-4-Module-1-Structures-and-Functions-of-the-Digestive-System.pptx
The document summarizes the key processes of the digestive system:
1) Ingestion is taking food into the mouth and esophagus through chewing and swallowing. Digestion then breaks down food through mechanical and chemical processes in the stomach and small intestine.
2) Absorption occurs as nutrients pass from the small intestine into blood vessels.
3) Assimilation involves moving digested nutrients into body cells to be used for energy, growth, and cell repair.
4) Undigested waste is eliminated as feces through egestion. The five main processes are ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.
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The document summarizes the key processes of the digestive system:
1) Ingestion is taking food into the mouth and esophagus through chewing and swallowing. Digestion then breaks down food through mechanical and chemical processes in the stomach and small intestine.
2) Absorption occurs as nutrients pass from the small intestine into blood vessels.
3) Assimilation involves moving digested nutrients into body cells to be used for energy, growth, and cell repair.
4) Undigested waste is eliminated as feces through egestion. The five main processes are ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.
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The document discusses the digestive system and its functions. It describes the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, and the movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract. Key parts of the digestive system discussed include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. Accessory organs that aid digestion include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The document provides information on the roles and functions of these different parts of the digestive system.
Human Digestive System
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Human digestive system
The document summarizes the major components and functions of the human digestive system. It describes the main organs including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It also discusses the accessory organs of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste through a series of organs working together through mechanical and chemical digestion.
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The document describes the organs of the digestive system and their functions. It begins with an overview of digestion and the two types: mechanical and chemical. It then details each organ of the digestive tract, from the mouth to the large intestine, and their roles in breaking down food. The document also covers the accessory organs that produce enzymes and hormones to aid in chemical digestion, including the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It concludes with discussion questions about the digestive process and diseases related to digestion.
Digestive system
The digestive system is a group of organs that processes food and breaks it down into nutrients that the body can use. Food travels through the digestive tract, which includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. In these organs, food is broken down through both mechanical and chemical digestion. Nutrients are then absorbed into the bloodstream to feed the entire body while waste is excreted. Maintaining a healthy digestive system requires eating a balanced diet with fiber, limiting irritants, and using digestive aids.
Human digestive system
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that aid in digestion include the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food enters the mouth and is mechanically and chemically broken down as it moves through each component of the GI tract. Enzymes and acids in each organ further break down food into molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
Human digestive system
Human digestive system structure and function
overview
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine
Acessory organs:
Liver
gall bladder
Pancreas.
Human digestive system
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine.
Acessory organs:
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas.
MAJOR ORGANS The Mouth
pH: 7
The first part of the digestive system
the entry point of food.
Structures in the mouth that aids digestion
Teeth – cut, tear, crush and grind food.
Salivary glands – produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity.
saliva
moistens the food
contains enzymes (ptyalin or salivary amylase)
begins digestion of starch into smaller polysaccharides.
Function:
Mechanical digestion.
increasing surface area for faster chemical digestion.
The Esophagus
a tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
running through the Thoracic cavity.
Location:
lies behind windpipe (Trachea).
The trachea has as an epiglottis
preventing food from entering the windpipe,
moving the food to the esophagus while swallowing.
Food travels down the esophagus, through a series of involuntary rhythmic contractions (wave-like) called peristalsis.
Function:
The lining of the esophagus secretes mucus
lubricating
to support the movement of food.
Esophageal sphincter:
bolus reaches the stomach
must pass through a muscular ringed valve called the esophageal sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter).
Function:
prevent stomach acids from back flowing into the esophagus.
Stomach
J-shaped muscular sac
Has inner folds (rugae)
Increasing surface area of the stomach.
Function:
Stomach performs mechanical digestion
HOW By churning the bolus and mixing it with the gastric juices
secreted by the lining of the stomach.
GASTRIC JUICES HCl, salts, enzymes, water and mucus)
HCL helps break down of food and kills bacteria that came along with the food.
The bolus is now called Chyme.
Enzymes in stomach:
Acidic environment
HCl secreation
kill any microbes that are found in the bolus,
creating a pH of 2.
Mucus prevents the stomach from digesting itself.
Pepsin secreation
responsible for initiating the breakdown of proteins (in )food.
hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides.
pH is 2, the enzyme from the salivary glands stops breaking down carbohydrates.
Pyloric sphincter:
chyme moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
It passes through a muscular ringed sphincter called the pyloric sphincter.
stomach does not digest itself Why ?
Protective Mechanism:
three protective mechanisms.
First the stomach only secretes small amounts of gastric juices until food is present.
Second the secretion of mucus coats the lining of the stomach protecting it from the gastric juices.
The third mechanism is the digestive enzyme pepsin is secreted in an inactive protein c
Lesson plan in biology
The lesson plan aims to teach students about the digestive system. It includes objectives, subject matter, and procedures. The procedures involve motivating students with a puzzle activity about the digestive system. The teacher will then present and discuss the key parts and functions, including digestion and absorption in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and excretion. Students will work in groups to trace the food flow and discuss the importance. They will identify organs on a chart and answer evaluation questions to assess learning. For homework, students will research digestive disorders.
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The document summarizes the key stages and processes of the human digestive system. It begins with ingestion and the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. It then describes the roles of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. Specific digestive enzymes and processes are outlined for each section of the digestive tract, including the breakdown of carbohydrates.
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After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
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Digestion,
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M03_BLAK8260_04_SE_C03.indd 75 12/1/17 11:28 PM
76 Chapter 3 | Digestion, Absorption, and Transport
The digestion of food begins even before you take that first bite. Just the sight and smell of homemade apple pie stimulates the release of saliva in
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events that prepares the body for digestion, the chemical and mechanical
processes by which the body breaks food down into individual nutrient
molecules ready for absorption. Food components that aren’t absorbed are
excreted as waste (feces) by elimination. Although these are complex
processes, they go largely unnoticed. You consciously chew and swallow the
pie, but you don’t feel the release of chemicals or the muscular contractions
that cause it to be digested or the absorption of nutrient molecules through
the intestinal lining cells. In fact, you may be unaware of the entire process
until about 48 hours after eating, when the body is ready to eliminate waste.
In this chapter, we explore the processes of digestion, absorption, and
elimination, the organs involved, and the other biological mechanisms that
regulate our bodies’ processing of food and nutrients. We also discuss the causes
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LO 3.1 Describe the processes and organs involved in digestion.
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lumen (the hollow .
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The digestive system is a group of organs that processes food and breaks it down into nutrients that the body can use. Food travels through the digestive tract, which includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. In these organs, food is broken down through both mechanical and chemical digestion. Nutrients are then absorbed into the bloodstream to feed the entire body while waste is excreted. Maintaining a healthy digestive system requires eating a balanced diet with fiber, limiting irritants, and using digestive aids.
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Human digestive system
Human digestive system structure and function
overview
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
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small intestine
large intestine
Acessory organs:
Liver
gall bladder
Pancreas.
Human digestive system
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine.
Acessory organs:
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas.
MAJOR ORGANS The Mouth
pH: 7
The first part of the digestive system
the entry point of food.
Structures in the mouth that aids digestion
Teeth – cut, tear, crush and grind food.
Salivary glands – produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity.
saliva
moistens the food
contains enzymes (ptyalin or salivary amylase)
begins digestion of starch into smaller polysaccharides.
Function:
Mechanical digestion.
increasing surface area for faster chemical digestion.
The Esophagus
a tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
running through the Thoracic cavity.
Location:
lies behind windpipe (Trachea).
The trachea has as an epiglottis
preventing food from entering the windpipe,
moving the food to the esophagus while swallowing.
Food travels down the esophagus, through a series of involuntary rhythmic contractions (wave-like) called peristalsis.
Function:
The lining of the esophagus secretes mucus
lubricating
to support the movement of food.
Esophageal sphincter:
bolus reaches the stomach
must pass through a muscular ringed valve called the esophageal sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter).
Function:
prevent stomach acids from back flowing into the esophagus.
Stomach
J-shaped muscular sac
Has inner folds (rugae)
Increasing surface area of the stomach.
Function:
Stomach performs mechanical digestion
HOW By churning the bolus and mixing it with the gastric juices
secreted by the lining of the stomach.
GASTRIC JUICES HCl, salts, enzymes, water and mucus)
HCL helps break down of food and kills bacteria that came along with the food.
The bolus is now called Chyme.
Enzymes in stomach:
Acidic environment
HCl secreation
kill any microbes that are found in the bolus,
creating a pH of 2.
Mucus prevents the stomach from digesting itself.
Pepsin secreation
responsible for initiating the breakdown of proteins (in )food.
hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides.
pH is 2, the enzyme from the salivary glands stops breaking down carbohydrates.
Pyloric sphincter:
chyme moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
It passes through a muscular ringed sphincter called the pyloric sphincter.
stomach does not digest itself Why ?
Protective Mechanism:
three protective mechanisms.
First the stomach only secretes small amounts of gastric juices until food is present.
Second the secretion of mucus coats the lining of the stomach protecting it from the gastric juices.
The third mechanism is the digestive enzyme pepsin is secreted in an inactive protein c
Lesson plan in biology
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The Digestive System by PIBANTU
- 1. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM GRADE 9: NATURAL SCIENCES PIBANTU S
- 2. The digestive system is a process that break downs food into small particles that can be absorbed by the body Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals give us energy and are essential to the function of our cells
- 3. WHAT ORGANS DOES FOOD TRAVEL THROUGH? 1. Mouth: The mouth is used to chew food. 2. Oesophagus: Connects the mouth to the stomach
- 4. WHAT ORGANS DOES FOOD TRAVEL THROUGH? 3. Stomach: The stomach has substances called enzymes to help digest the food. 4. Small intestine: Absorption of the food particles takes place in the small intestine.
- 5. WHAT ORGANS DOES FOOD TRAVEL THROUGH? 5. Large intestine: Absorbs access water 6. Rectum: Temporarily stores waste undigested particles before it is egested.
- 6. PROCESSES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: 1. Ingestion: Food is taken into the mouth and is broken down using teeth and the aid of saliva. This is referred to the mechanical breakdown part of the process. The chewed food is now called a bolus and is pushed down the throat.
- 7. 2. Digestion : The bolus enters the stomach and with the aid of enzymes, is further broken down into simple molecules. This is referred to the chemical breakdown of the process.
- 8. 3. Absorption : Simple molecules released from chemical digestion enter the bloodstream through the membranes of the small intestine lining to be supplied to the rest of the body.
- 9. 4. Egestion : After traveling through the digestive tract, undigested or unwanted particles are passed out as faeces.
- 10. ACTIVITY: Draw a flow diagram to show the passage of food from when it is taken into the body until it is ejected from the body. Show the direction (flow) by using arrows .
- 11. REFERENCES: Andare2. (2013) Digestive system. Available from Slideshare at:https://www.slideshare.net/andare2/digestive-system-28246320 (Accessed 19 August 2022). Johan, SK. (2018) Digestive system. Available from Slideshare at:https://www.slideshare.net/SkJahan/digestive-system-ppt-90533871 (Accessed 19 August 2022). Santos-Fraile, I. (2019) Unit3-digestive system. Available from Slideshare at: https://www.slideshare.net/irenesanfra/unit3-digestive-system (Accessed 19 August 2022). Kar873. (2011) The digestive system. Available from Slideshare at: https://www.slideshare.net/Karl873/the-digestive-system-7769294 (Accessed 19 August 2022). DeLeon, R. (2016). Digestive system. Available from Slideshare at: https://www.slideshare.net/RosioDeLeon/digestive-system-58173664 (Accessed 19 August 2022).
- 12. IMAGE SOURCES: http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/308_notes_6.htm https://img.api.video/1624970174-21672.jpeg?auto=format&fm=jpg https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/d-illustration-showing-inside-stomach-doing- digestion-d-illustration-showing-inside-stomach-doing-digestion-172649395.jpg https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/3nw8qWaSyC4hLjwdRB1ObRxNkOw=/1340x1005/s mart/filters:no_upscale()/stomach_intestines-57ffd6795f9b5805c2ac495f.jpg https://images.nagwa.com/figures/explainers/219108176360/5.svg https://cdn.ps.emap.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/05/Fig-4-The-oesophagus- and-mechanism-of-swallowing_660.jpg https://stevegranthealth.com/wp-content/uploads/digestive-system-3-stomach.jpg https://i.pinimg.com/736x/90/f2/91/90f291ccfba7fb1140dbbec84d296653.jpg https://static.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/images/000/002/257/embed/The-large- intestine20161028-31233-ta0k1b.jpg?1522307245