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1. Kalar Private Technical Institute
Department of Nursing
Semester: 1st
Date: 10/2/2024
Subject: anatomy
Digestive system
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Prepared by:
1) Mostafa Salm
2) Dunya Habib
3) Neshtyman Omar
4) khayal Salam
5) Roshna Hussein
6) Zahra Luqman
Supervised by:
Mr . Karwan Ahmed

2. Slide number slide contents
3 Introduction
4-5 Function of digestive system
6-15 Component of digestive system
16 Conclution
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3. Digestive system
The digestive system is a complex network of organs and tissues responsible for
breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and utilized by the body. It
plays a crucial role in providing the energy and essential components necessary for
growth, repair, and maintenance of the body's tissues and organs.
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4. Digestive system function
1- Ingestion: The process of taking in food and liquids through the mouth.
2- Mechanical Digestion: Breaking down food into smaller pieces through chewing (mastication) in
the mouth and churning in the stomach, which increases the surface area for enzymatic action.
3- Chemical Digestion: Enzymatic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler forms that can be
absorbed. This occurs primarily in the stomach and small intestine with the help of digestive
enzymes.
4- Absorption: The process by which nutrients, water, and electrolytes are taken up from the
digestive tract into the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
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5. 5- Transport: Movement of digested food (chyme) and waste products through the digestive tract via peristalsis,
a series of coordinated muscular contractions that propel contents forward.
6- Storage: Temporary storage of food in the stomach and large intestine before further digestion or
elimination.
7- Elimination: Expulsion of indigestible materials and waste products from the body as feces through
defecation.
8- Homeostasis: Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance within the body by absorbing water and electrolytes
from digested food and eliminating excess or waste products.
9- Immune Function: The digestive system plays a role in immune defense by preventing the entry of harmful
microorganisms or toxins through the intestinal barrier and by hosting a large population of beneficial
bacteria that help protect against pathogens and support immune function
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6. components of the digestive system
1) Mouth
2) Liver
3) Esophagous
4) Small intestine
5) Rectum
6) Large intestine
7) Stomach
8) Salivary glands
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7. Mouth
The process of digestion begins in the mouth, where food is broken
down mechanically through chewing and chemically through the action
of saliva, which contains enzymes that start the breakdown of
carbohydrates.
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8. Esophagus
After being chewed and mixed with saliva, food travels down the esophagus, a
muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Peristalsis, rhythmic
contractions of smooth muscles, helps move food along this passage.
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9. 9
Three Views of the Entrance to the Esophagus From Far Away to Close-up
Swallowing Crescent (1 of 3) Closed esophagus (2 of 3) Open Esophagus (3 of 3)
Endoscopic View of Esophageal (Acid) Reflux
Liquid in the lower esophagus (1 of 2) Acid reflux in the lower esophagus (2 of 2)

10. Stomach
The stomach serves as a storage organ and a site for further digestion. It secretes
gastric juices containing enzymes and acids that break down proteins and kill bacteria
present in the food. The stomach also churns food to mix it with gastric juices,
forming a semi-liquid substance called chyme.
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11. Small intestine
The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occur. It is divided into
three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver
help break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the
intestinal lining.
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12. Liver
The liver plays several roles in digestion, including producing bile, which is stored in the gallbladder
and released into the small intestine to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats.
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13. Pancreas
The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that are released into the small intestine to further break
down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
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14. Large intestine (colon)
The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes from the remaining indigestible food particles,
forming feces. Beneficial bacteria in the large intestine also help break down certain substances and
produce vitamins.
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15. Rectum and Anus
The rectum stores feces until they are expelled through the anus during defecation.
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16. In conclusion, the digestive system is a vital component of human physiology,
responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and utilized
by the body. Through a series of complex processes involving various organs,
enzymes, and hormones, the digestive system ensures that essential nutrients are
extracted from food while waste products are efficiently eliminated.
The efficiency and health of the digestive system are crucial for overall well-being
and are influenced by factors such as diet, hydration, lifestyle choices, and
underlying medical conditions. Maintaining a balanced diet rich in fiber, vitamins,
and minerals, staying hydrated, and engaging in regular physical activity can help
support optimal digestive function.
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Sources
1) https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/7041-digestive-system
2) https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/digestive-
system#:~:text=The%20digestive%20system%20is%20a,as%20carbohydrates%2
C%20fats%20and%20proteins.
3) https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-
system-how-it-works
4) https://www.britannica.com/science/human-digestive-system
5) https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/your-digestive-system
6) https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/1090.htm

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