The document discusses the consumer research process, encompassing both secondary and primary research methods used by marketers to understand consumer behavior. It details qualitative methods such as focus groups and in-depth interviews, as well as quantitative techniques like surveys and experimentation. Additionally, the document emphasizes the importance of defining research objectives and the need for validity and reliability in data collection to make informed marketing decisions.

1. The Consumer
Research Process
METAS Adventist College (NEHU)
Prepared By,
Mr. Nishant Agrawal

2. The Importance of the Consumer
Research Process
Largely Influenced by Psychology, sociology, and anthropology
• Marketers must understand customers
effective:
to design
–
–
–
marketing strategies
products
promotional messages
Chapter Two Slide 7

3. The Consumer Research Process

4. The Consumer Research Process
•
•
Secondary research
Primary research
– Qualitative research includes focus groups and in‐depth
interviews
– Quantitative
research
observational research, experimentation, and survey
Chapter Two Slide 9

5. 6 steps in
Research
1 Define the problem and research
‐ not too broad or narrow
Develop the research plan
Collect the information
Analyze the information
Present the findings
Make the decision
objectives
2
3
4
5
6

6. Developing Research Objectives
• Defining purposes and objectives helps ensure an
appropriate research design.
• A written statement of objectives helps to define the
type and level of information needed.

7. Discussion Questions
• Assume you are planning to open a new pizza
restaurant near your campus.
– What might be three objectives of
for your new business?
a research plan
– How could you gather these data?

8. •
•
Secondary Data
Data that has been collected
for reasons other than the
specific research
hand
project at
Includes
external
internal
data
and

9. Types of Secondary Data
Internal Data
Data generated in‐house
May include analysis of customer
files
Useful for calculating customer
lifetime value
External Data
Data collected by an outside
organization
Includes federal government,
periodicals, newspapers, books,
search engines
Commercial data is also available
from market research firms
•
•
•
•
•
•

10. U.S. Census Data
weblink

11. Discussion Questions
Personal Privacy
• Many people do not like the fact that their personal
used for marketing.
data are
• How can marketers justify their need for data?
• How can they acquire data and maintain customer privacy?

12. Designing Primary Research

13. Qualitative Collection Method
Depth Interview
Also called one‐on‐one interview•
• Usually 20 minutes to 1 hour
• Non‐structured
• Session is usually recorded
Interpreted by trained researcher•

14. Examine Options for Interviews

15. Qualitative Collection Method
Focus Group
•
•
8‐10 participants
Respondents are recruited through
questionnaire
Lasts about 2 hours
a screener
•
•
•
Always taped or videotaped to assist analysis
Online focus groups are growing

16. Focus Group Discussion Guide
Chapter Two Slide 22

17. Qualitative Collection Method
Projective Techniques
• Research procedures designed to identify consumers’
subconscious feelings and underlying motivations
– Done one on one & in closed settings
• Consist of a variety of “tests”

18. Common Projective Exercises
Table 2.1
people cannot easily locate and verbalize their true feelings toward a product category or brand.
Description
Word
Associations
The researcher has a list of words, some of them to be studied and some just as
“filler.” The researcher asks the respondent (s) to react, one-at-a time, to each word
by stating or (in a focus group setting) writing on a pad the first word that comes to
mind, and to explain the link.
Sentence
Completion
The researcher has a series of incomplete sentences that the respondent (s) needs to
complete with a word or phrase.
Photo/Visual
for Storytelling
The researcher creates/selects a series of photos of consumers, different brands or
products, range of print ads, etc., to serve as stimuli. The respondents are asked to
discuss or tell a story based on their response to a photo or some other visual
stimulus.
Role Playing Is quite similar to storytelling; however, instead of telling a story, the participant (s)
will be given a situation and asked to “act out” the role (s), often with regard to a
product or brand, or particular selling situation.

19. Qualitative Collection Method
Metaphor Analysis
• Based on belief that metaphors are the most basic method of thought and
communication
– much of communication is nonverbal and that people do not
think as much in words as they do in images
• Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET) combines collage
research and metaphor analysis to bring to the surface the mental models
and the major themes or constructs that drive consumer thinking and
behavior.
– Respondents are asked to find pictures that describe their
thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about products, companies, and
brands.
– The results are then combined to see if there are common
themes or constructs that consumers mention in their results
Chapter Two Slide 25

20. Qualitative Collection Method
“Looking‐In”
• Look at information from threads and postings on social media, including
blogs and discussion forums
– Emerging field of consumer research that works to interpret online
conversations
• Methodology to capture consumers’ experiences, opinions, forecasts,
needs, and interests
– Growth in social marketing, there are increasing conversations and
comments online regarding products and brands

21. Designing Primary Research

22. Quantitative Research
• The objective of quantitative research is to
develop mathematical models, theories and/or
hypotheses phenomena.
• Quantitative methods can be used to verify which of such
hypotheses are true.
• Qualitative research, on the other hand, asks broad
questions and collects data from participants.

23. Data Collection Methods
Observational Research
• Helps marketers gain an in‐depth understanding of
the relationship between people and products by
watching them buying and using products
• Helps researchers gain a better understanding of
what the product symbolizes

24. Data Collection Methods
Mechanical Observational Research
• Uses mechanical or electronic device to record consumer behavior or
response
– electronic traffic counters, video technology
• Consumers’ increased use of highly convenient technologies will create
more records for marketers
– frequent shopper cards / smart cards‐freq
• Audits are a type of mechanical observation which monitor sales

25. Foxwoods Casino Uses Mechanical
Observational Research

26. Data Collection Methods
Experimentation
• Can be used to test the relative sales appeal of many
types of variables
• An experiment is usually controlled with only some
variables manipulated at a time while the others are
constant
• Test markets are conducted on a single market area
• Experimentation can be conducted in laboratories or in
the field

27. Discussion Questions
• What might direct marketers test in experiments?
• How can they use the results?
Chapter Two Slide 31

28. Surveys
Data Collection Methods
Personal Interview
Mail
Telephone
Online

29. MAIL TELEPHONE
PERSONAL
INTERVIEW
ONLINE
Cost Low Moderate High Low
Response
rate
Low Moderate High
Self-
selection
Geographic
flexibility
Excellent Good Difficult Excellent
Interviewer
bias
N/A Moderate Problematic N/A
Interviewer
supervision
N/A Easy Difficult N/A
Quality of
response
Limited Limited Excellent Excellent
Table 2.2 Comparative Advantages

30. Validity and Reliability
• If a study has validity, it collects the appropriate data for the
study.
– Validity asks the question of whether the data is really applying to the
objectives you have set
• A study has reliability if the same questions, asked of a similar
sample, produce the same findings.
– Reliability tells you, the researcher, if the results would be repeated if
conducted on a similar group at the same time.

31. Attitude Scales
*Semantic differential is a type of a rating scale designed to measure objects, events, and
concepts.

32. Example

33. Customer Satisfaction
•It is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company
meet customer expectation.
•It is defined as "the number of customers whose reported experience with
a firm, its products, or its services exceeds specified satisfaction goals.“
•In researching satisfaction, firms generally ask customers whether their
product or service has met or exceeded expectations.
•Thus, expectations are a key factor behind satisfaction. When
customers have high expectations and the reality falls short, they will be
disappointed

34. Customer Satisfaction Survey

35. Customer Retention
• Customer retention refers to the ability of a company or product
to retain its customers over some specified period.
• Successful customer retention involves more than giving the
customer what they expect. Generating loyalty of the brand might
mean exceeding customer expectations.
• Customer retention has a direct impact on profitability.
• It is the measure of how well the customer STAYS and STAYS
ENGAGED with the organization OR with specific products and
services

36. Customer Satisfaction Measurement
• Customer Satisfaction
Surveys
– Analysis of
Expectations versus
Experience
Mystery Shoppers
Customer Complaint
Analysis
•
•

37. Sampling and Data Collection
• Samples are a subset of the population
used to estimate characteristics
entire population.
of the
• A sampling plan addresses:
–
–
–
Whom to survey
How many to survey
How to select them
• Researcher must choose
non‐probabililty sample.
probability or

38. Data Analysis and Reporting Findings
• Open‐ended questions are coded and quantified.
• All responses are tabulated and analyzed.
• Final report includes executive summary, body,
tables, and graphs.
Chapter Two Slide 37

39. Secondary Research vs.
Primary Research
Advantages Disadvantages
Secondary research
e.g census
• Inexpensive
• Easy to access
• Immediate
• Often outdated
• Potentially unreliable
• May not be relevant
Primary research • Applicable & useable
• Accurate & reliable
• Up-to-date
• Expensive
• Not available immediately
• Not always readily accessible

40. Thank You…!!!