This document discusses the different pronunciations of verbs ending in "ed" in the past tense. There are three possible pronunciations: /t/, /d/, or /id/. The pronunciation depends on whether the final sound of the verb's infinitive form is voiced or voiceless. Verbs ending in voiceless sounds like /p/, /k/, /f/ take on the /t/ pronunciation. Verbs ending in voiced sounds like /b/, /g/, /v/ take on the /d/ pronunciation. Verbs ending in /t/ or /d/ sounds take on the /id/ pronunciation. Examples are provided to illustrate each case.

1. FB Kh
Mrs. FB Kh
Pronunciation
Final « ed
» Sounds

2. Today we are going
to work on
pronunciation.
In particular we
are going to focus
on words that end
in “ed”.

3. « ed » marks the end of
regular verbs in the past
simple tense.
Although all simple past
tense verbs end with an
“ed”, they can have three
different pronunciations.

4. Why the Sound Changes
Place your fingertips on the front of your neck, and pronounce the
following words. What do you feel on your fingers when you say the
underlined sound?
vow | fake (vvv | fff)
zebra | snake (zzz | sss)
–> When we pronounce voiced sounds, our vocal chords vibrate when
we say those sounds. /v/ /z/. Did you feel the vibration?
–> When we pronounce voiceless sounds, our vocal chords do not
vibrate. /f/ /s/. No vibration.

5. This vibration or lack of vibration
then carries forward to the
following sound in the word.
Therefore, this vibration or lack of
vibration explains why we
pronounce the past tense of verbs
in three voiced or voiceless
ways: /t/, /d/ or /id/.

6. The “ed” pronunciation is
determined by the final sound of
the verb in the infinitive: Is it a
voiced consonant, an unvoiced
consonant, or a vowel sound?

7. « ed »
says /t/
stop - jump - cook - like
laugh – staff – kiss - dance
/p/
/f/ /s/ /s/
/p/ /k/ /k/
/f/
/f/
/p/
/s/
/k/

8. fix - fax – fish - crash
watch -
march
/ks/ /∫/ /∫/
/t∫/
/ks/
/t∫/

9. Stopped - jumped - cooked - liked
laughed – staffed – kissed - danced
/t/ /t/ /t/ /t/
/t/ /t/ /t//t/

10. fixed - faxed – fished - crashed
watched - marched
/t/ /t/
/t/ /t/
/t/ /t/

11. Verbs ending in voiceless
sounds /p, k, θ, f, s,ks, , t / causeʃ ʃ
the “-ed” ending to be
pronounced as the voiceless [t]
(with no vocal chord vibration).

12. /p/ “He popped a balloon.” /papt/
/k/ “They talked a lot” /takt/
/θ/ “th”: “She frothed a cup of
milk” /frawθt/
/f/ “I laughed at the movie.”/læft/
/s/ “She kissed a frog.” /kist/
/ /ʃ “sh”: “We brushed it off.” /bruʃt/
/t /ʃ “ch”: “I reached around for it.”
/riytʃt/

13. « ed » says /d/
rob – sob – beg - bug
/b/ /b/ /g/ /g/

14. judge – page – call - fill
roam – claim – rain -
clean
/
d /ᴣ
/
d /ᴣ
/l/ /l/
/m/ /n//n//m/

15. declare – repair – save -
believe
close – gaze – breath -
bang
/r/
/z/ /ð/ /ŋ/
/r/ /v/ /v/
/z/

16. delay – die – follow -
enjoy
study – agree - view
/ei/ /ai/ / /əƱ
/
i/Ↄ
/i/ /u//i:/

17. robbed – sobbed– begged -
bugged
judged – paged – called-
filled
/d/ /d/ /d/
/d/ /d/ /d/ /d/
/d/

18. roamed – claimed – rained -
cleaned
declared – repaired – saved -
believed
/d/
/d/ /d/ /d/ /d/
/d/ /d/ /d/

19. closed – gazed – breathed -
banged
delayed– died – followed -
enjoyed
/d/ /d/ /d/ /d/
/d/ /d/ /d/ /d/

20. studied– agreed -
viewed
/d/ /d/ /d/

21. Verbs ending in the
voiced sounds /b, g, ð,
v, z, , d , m, n, ŋ, r, l/ʒ ʒ
cause the “-ed” ending
to be pronounced as a
voiced /d/.

22. /b/ “It bobbed up and down.” /babd/
/g/ “He begged her to stay.” /bɛgd/
/ð/ “She breathed loudly.” /briyðd/
/v/ “They loved it.” /luvd/
/z/ “We raised her expectations.” /reyzd/
/d /ʒ “They bridged the gap.” /bridʒd/
/m/ “I claimed it was mine.” /kleymd/
/n/ “They banned new members.” /bænd/
/ŋ/ “She banged into the chair.” /bæŋd/
/r/ “He cleared it up.” /kliyrd/
/l/ “I rolled up the paper.” /rowld/

23. « ed » says
/id/need – load - decide
count – visit - locate
/d/
/t/ /t/ /t/
/d/ /d/

24. decided
counted– visited -
located
/id/ /id/ /id/
/id/ /id/ /id/

25. Verbs ending in the sounds /t/
or /d/ will cause the “-ed” ending
of a verb to be pronounced as the
syllable/ d/.ɪThe most common mistake, and the most
serious pronunciation problem, is always
adding a second syllable for the “-ed” at the
end of the past tense word.
A second syllable with the "-ed" ending is only
necessary when the last sound (not the last
letter) is a /t/ or /d/,

26. /t/ “I visited the Empire State
Building.” /vizitid/
/t/ “She edited the research
paper.” / ditɛ id/
/d/ “We ended the game early.”
/ ndɛ id/
/d/ “He breaded the chicken.”
/br dɛ id/