The document summarizes key events in the escalation of the Cold War in the late 1940s. It describes the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe, the Berlin Airlift when the Soviets blocked access to West Berlin, and the formation of NATO as a military alliance between Western nations. It also discusses growing fears of communist influence in the US government and Hollywood during this period, fueled by investigations into suspected Soviet spies.

2. The Cold War Heats UpThe Cold War Heats Up
 Assignment consists of the notes on the next two slides

3. Terms to Know:Terms to Know:
 Marshall Plan
 Berlin airlift
 NATO
 Collective security
 Warsaw Pact
 HUAC
 Hollywood Ten
 Blacklist
 McCarran-Act

4. The U.S. Responds to theThe U.S. Responds to the
Cold WarCold War
In Europe Regarding Nuclear
Weapons
At Home

5. Atomic AgeAtomic Age
 What is the atomic age?
 See Truman quote on p. 644
 Devastation caused by the atomic bombs dropped on
Japan and the effects of the Soviet Union to acquire this
technology instilled fear in world leaders.

7. Postwar RecoveryPostwar Recovery
 U.S. Wanted to:
 Help repair war-torn European nations
 Did not want to repeat mistakes that followed WWI
 Led to a shift in American foreign policy
 What was the major shift in foreign policy called?

8. London, 1944
Dresden, Germany; 1946

9. Marshall Plan (1947)Marshall Plan (1947)
 The Marshall Plan:
 Asked European nations to draw up a program for economic
recovery
 U.S. would then support program with financial aid
 $13 billion to W. Europe over 4 years
 Economies recovered quickly
 U.S. strengthened trade ties
 Soviet Union refused to participate in Plan
 Named after Sec. of State George C. Marshall
 See Marshall quote & Shipment chart on p. 645
 Why did we want to help Europe?

10. See map of Germany on p. 646 in text

11. The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift
 By 1948 American, British, and French leaders are
convinced that Stalin was not going to allow the
reunification of Germany
 West Germany=republic, capitalism
 East Germany=communist
 Berlin Capital of Germany
 Also split into east & west
 West Berlin used as a launching point to escape
communist E. Europe
 Stalin wanted to stop this by forcing Western powers to
abandon West Berlin

12. The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift
 Stalin implements a blockade of West Berlin in 1948
 Truman did not want to start a war, or give up West
Berlin so…
 W/ Britain started an airlift
 15 months, 200K flights, 13K tons of goods daily
 Read about “Operation Little Vittles” on p. 647

13. The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift
 Stalin’s Blockade ended May 1949
 Airlift ended in Sept. 1949
 Berlin remained a focal point of the East/West conflict
 Why didn’t Truman use military force to stop the
blockade?

14. United NationsUnited Nations
 After WWII looked to
for protection, but…
 Soviet Union used veto
power
 Weakened UN’s ability
 W. Europe looked for
new solutions…

15. NATO! What is it?NATO! What is it?
• NATO=North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
• Formed in April of 1949
• U.S., Canada, & 10 Western
European nations pledged to
support each other against attack
• Collective Security
• Arguments against NATO
• Not a “peace program,” a
“war program,” half of the
world against the other half
• Mutual military assistance
• Soviet Response:
• Created the Warsaw Pact
• A military alliance between the
Soviet Union and its satellite
nations
• What are satellite nations?

16. NATO! WhatNATO! What’s with that?’s with that?
 Why is NATO needed?
 The U.S. did not want to be the only nation in the
Western Hemisphere committed to fighting
communism
 Other reasons???

17. Communist AdvanceCommunist Advance
 Soviet Atomic Threat
 Test atomic bomb in 1949
 U.S. Response:
 Truman approves a hydrogen bomb; much more
destructive than atomic bomb
 Truman organized the Federal Civil Defense
Administration
 Info on how to survive an attack, plans for building bomb
shelters, etc.

18. Duck & Cover!Duck & Cover!

19. Communist AdvancesCommunist Advances
 In China Mao Zedong rose to power 1949 & created a
Communist nation (the People’s Republic of China)
 The defeated followers of Chiang Kai-shek fled to the
island of Taiwan & continued as the Republic of China
 “Loss of China” was viewed as a stain on Truman’s
record
 Many called for increased effort to stop communism in
Asia

21. Cold War at HomeCold War at Home
 Fear of Communist spies created mass suspicion in the
U.S., a new red scare
 Truman formed a federal employee loyalty program
that checked all new and existing federal employees’
backgrounds
 The creation of this program added to American
suspicion
 Accusation alone ruined reputations

22. Cold War at HomeCold War at Home
 HUAC (The House Un-American Activities
Committee) est. in 1938
 Searched for communist infiltration of gov’t agencies
& Hollywood

23. HUACHUAC
• HUAC called a number
of Hollywood writers,
directors, and actors in
1947 to testify
• The Hollywood Ten
• Ten people ho refused to
answer the HUAC’s
questions were
imprisoned for contempt
of Congress
• Sentenced to jail (6
months—1 year)
• Hollywood studios
compiled a blacklist
• People that should not
be hired
• Ruined many careers
• See pictures on p. 650

24. Cold War at HomeCold War at Home
 McCarran-Walter Act
(1952)
 Re-affirmed quota
system on immigrants
 Esp. limited immigration
from E. Europe & Asia
 Vetoed by Truman, but
overridden by Congress

25. SPIES!SPIES!
 Two famous spy cases reinforced fears that Soviet spies
in the U.S. were sharing American secrets with foreign
Communists.
 Hiss had been a high-ranking government official
(State Dept.) was accused by a Time Magazine editor
of being a Communist
 Accused of lying while on trial, locked up for 4 yrs.

26. SPIES!SPIES!
 Julius & Ethel Rosenburg
 Accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets
 Convicted of espionage & executed in 1953
 See their pic on p. 651
 Soviet records opened at the end of the Cold War
suggest that both Hiss & Julius Rosenburg were guilty,
however Ethel was not.