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Cold War Heats Up
1.
2.
3. Postwar RecoveryPostwar Recovery
ď‚™ U.S. Wanted to:
ď‚™ Help repair war-torn European nations
ď‚™ Did not want to repeat mistakes that followed WWI
ď‚™ Led to a shift in American foreign policy
ď‚™ What was the major shift in foreign policy called?
5. Marshall Plan (1947)Marshall Plan (1947)
ď‚™ The Marshall Plan:
ď‚™ Asked European nations to draw up a program for economic
recovery
ď‚™ U.S. would then support program with financial aid
ď‚™ $13 billion to W. Europe over 4 years
ď‚™ Economies recovered quickly
ď‚™ U.S. strengthened trade ties
ď‚™ Soviet Union refused to participate in Plan
ď‚™ Named after Sec. of State George C. Marshall
ď‚™ See Marshall quote & Shipment chart on p. 645
ď‚™ Why did we want to help Europe?
7. The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift
ď‚™ By 1948 American, British, and French leaders are
convinced that Stalin was not going to allow the
reunification of Germany
ď‚™ West Germany=republic, capitalism
ď‚™ East Germany=communist
ď‚™ Berlin Capital of Germany
ď‚™ Also split into east & west
ď‚™ West Berlin used as a launching point to escape
communist E. Europe
ď‚™ Stalin wanted to stop this by forcing Western powers to
abandon West Berlin
8. The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift
ď‚™ Stalin implements a blockade of West Berlin in 1948
ď‚™ Truman did not want to start a war, or give up West
Berlin so…
ď‚™ W/ Britain started an airlift
ď‚™ 15 months, 200K flights, 13K tons of goods daily
 Read about “Operation Little Vittles” on p. 647
9. The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift
 Stalin’s Blockade ended May 1949
ď‚™ Airlift ended in Sept. 1949
ď‚™ Berlin remained a focal point of the East/West conflict
 Why didn’t Truman use military force to stop the
blockade?
10. United NationsUnited Nations
ď‚™ After WWII looked to
for protection, but…
ď‚™ Soviet Union used veto
power
 Weakened UN’s ability
ď‚™ W. Europe looked for
new solutions…
11. NATO! What is it?NATO! What is it?
• NATO=North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
• Formed in April of 1949
• U.S., Canada, & 10 Western
European nations pledged to
support each other against attack
• Collective Security
• Arguments against NATO
• Not a “peace program,” a
“war program,” half of the
world against the other half
• Mutual military assistance
• Soviet Response:
• Created the Warsaw Pact
• A military alliance between the
Soviet Union and its satellite
nations
• What are satellite nations?
12.
13. NATO! What’s with that?NATO! What’s with that?
ď‚™ Why is NATO needed?
ď‚™ The U.S. did not want to be the only nation in the
Western Hemisphere committed to fighting
communism
ď‚™ Other reasons???
14. Communist AdvanceCommunist Advance
ď‚™ Soviet Atomic Threat
ď‚™ Test atomic bomb in 1949
ď‚™ U.S. Response:
ď‚™ Truman approves a hydrogen bomb; much more
destructive than atomic bomb
ď‚™ Truman organized the Federal Civil Defense
Administration
ď‚™ Info on how to survive an attack, plans for building bomb
shelters, etc.
16. Communist AdvancesCommunist Advances
ď‚™ In China Mao Zedong rose to power 1949 & created a
Communist nation (the People’s Republic of China)
ď‚™ The defeated followers of Chiang Kai-shek fled to the
island of Taiwan & continued as the Republic of China
 “Loss of China” was viewed as a stain on Truman’s
record
ď‚™ Many called for increased effort to stop communism in
Asia
17.
18. Cold War at HomeCold War at Home
ď‚™ Fear of Communist spies created mass suspicion in the
U.S., a new red scare
ď‚™ Truman formed a federal employee loyalty program
that checked all new and existing federal employees’
backgrounds
ď‚™ The creation of this program added to American
suspicion
ď‚™ Accusation alone ruined reputations
19. Cold War at HomeCold War at Home
ď‚™ HUAC (The House Un-American Activities
Committee) est. in 1938
 Searched for communist infiltration of gov’t agencies
& Hollywood
20. HUACHUAC
• HUAC called a number
of Hollywood writers,
directors, and actors in
1947 to testify
• The Hollywood Ten
• Ten people ho refused to
answer the HUAC’s
questions were
imprisoned for contempt
of Congress
• Sentenced to jail (6
months—1 year)
• Hollywood studios
compiled a blacklist
• People that should not
be hired
• Ruined many
careers/reputations
21. Cold War at HomeCold War at Home
ď‚™ McCarran-Walter Act
(1952)
ď‚™ Re-affirmed quota
system on immigrants
ď‚™ Esp. limited immigration
from E. Europe & Asia
ď‚™ Vetoed by Truman, but
overridden by Congress
22. SPIES!SPIES!
ď‚™ Two famous spy cases reinforced fears that Soviet spies
in the U.S. were sharing American secrets with foreign
Communists.
ď‚™ Hiss had been a high-ranking government official
(State Dept.) was accused by a Time Magazine editor
of being a Communist
ď‚™ Accused of lying while on trial, locked up for 4 yrs.
23. SPIES!SPIES!
ď‚™ Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
ď‚™ Accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets
ď‚™ Convicted of espionage & executed in 1953
ď‚™ Soviet records opened at the end of the Cold War
suggest that both Hiss & Julius Rosenberg were guilty,
however Ethel was not.