The document discusses the CIMMYT Global Maize Program's role in the world's maize seed system and their products' performance relative to multinational companies. It finds that while CIMMYT products compete well in Latin America, in Eastern and Southern Africa they perform better in low-yield, short-season locations and are equivalent or better in high-yield areas. It also examines the implications of large mega-environments for maize breeding, finding little local adaptation beyond diseases, rainfall, and elevation.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
This document discusses precision farming and its benefits. Precision farming uses tools like GPS, sensors, and GIS to precisely vary the application of inputs like water, fertilizer and pesticides based on site-specific needs. This improves yields and quality while reducing costs, waste, and environmental impact. Adopting precision farming techniques could help increase yields by 39-150% for crops like tomatoes, chillies, capsicum, brinjal and bhindi. Precision farming also improves farm incomes and makes agriculture more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Widespread adoption will require collaboration between farmers, scientists, engineers and industry to develop the necessary technologies and equipment.
This document discusses crop management practices for rainfed farming. It begins by defining rainfed areas as those with arid, semi-arid, or sub-humid climates prone to drought. Improved practices for rainfed crops involve selecting short-duration, drought-resistant varieties and maximizing cropping intensity through mixed/intercropping. Key practices include fertilizer use, tillage, forage crops, agroforestry, weed management, and making mid-season corrections if drought occurs. The overall goal is to utilize more of the available rainwater and improve historically low and unstable yields for farmers in rainfed regions.
Dryland farming refers to cultivation of crops in regions receiving less than 750mm of annual rainfall without artificial irrigation. The document discusses dryland farming in India, including that over 69.5% of cultivated area is rainfed. It describes challenges like uncertain rainfall, drought, and poor soil quality. It provides strategies for dryland farming such as moisture conservation tillage, appropriate crops and cultivars with deep roots and drought resistance, and contingency crop planning for unpredictable rainfall. The document emphasizes maximizing production through alternative cropping patterns and conserving soil moisture.
This document discusses the resilient cotton production in Pakistan under changing climate conditions. It notes that cotton is a vital crop for Pakistan's economy and livelihoods. However, cotton production is facing challenges from abnormal weather like heavy rains and floods, as well as issues with seed quality, pests, and prices. The document analyzes cotton production and yield trends in Pakistan's provinces over time. It also examines how climate change is affecting temperatures and rainfall patterns, which is impacting when cotton is planted and harvested. The increasing temperatures are also encouraging the spread of new pests. Solutions are needed to help Pakistani cotton farmers adapt to these climate challenges.
Agro chick pea seed production presentation Amol Rathod
This document provides information about seed production of chickpeas. It discusses the importance of chickpeas as a food legume, describing its types and general plant characteristics. It also outlines the climatic requirements, growth and development stages, isolation distances, suitable soil types, and agronomic practices for chickpea cultivation such as field preparation, sowing, irrigation, and pest and disease management. Methods of harvesting, threshing, seed storage and field inspection are also summarized. The expected yield of chickpeas from the described variety is 6.5 to 8.0 quintals per acre.
Precision farming involves using new technologies and collected field information to optimize agricultural practices based on variability within fields. It aims to do the right thing, in the right place, at the right time. This tailors inputs like fertilizers and pesticides based on conditions and can improve crop yields while reducing costs and environmental impact. Precision farming uses tools like GPS, GIS, sensors and software to gather and analyze data on soil properties, climate and crop conditions to develop customized farm management plans. While promising, precision farming faces challenges in adoption related to costs, farm size and lack of expertise in developing countries.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
This document discusses precision farming and its benefits. Precision farming uses tools like GPS, sensors, and GIS to precisely vary the application of inputs like water, fertilizer and pesticides based on site-specific needs. This improves yields and quality while reducing costs, waste, and environmental impact. Adopting precision farming techniques could help increase yields by 39-150% for crops like tomatoes, chillies, capsicum, brinjal and bhindi. Precision farming also improves farm incomes and makes agriculture more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Widespread adoption will require collaboration between farmers, scientists, engineers and industry to develop the necessary technologies and equipment.
This document discusses crop management practices for rainfed farming. It begins by defining rainfed areas as those with arid, semi-arid, or sub-humid climates prone to drought. Improved practices for rainfed crops involve selecting short-duration, drought-resistant varieties and maximizing cropping intensity through mixed/intercropping. Key practices include fertilizer use, tillage, forage crops, agroforestry, weed management, and making mid-season corrections if drought occurs. The overall goal is to utilize more of the available rainwater and improve historically low and unstable yields for farmers in rainfed regions.
Dryland farming refers to cultivation of crops in regions receiving less than 750mm of annual rainfall without artificial irrigation. The document discusses dryland farming in India, including that over 69.5% of cultivated area is rainfed. It describes challenges like uncertain rainfall, drought, and poor soil quality. It provides strategies for dryland farming such as moisture conservation tillage, appropriate crops and cultivars with deep roots and drought resistance, and contingency crop planning for unpredictable rainfall. The document emphasizes maximizing production through alternative cropping patterns and conserving soil moisture.
This document discusses the resilient cotton production in Pakistan under changing climate conditions. It notes that cotton is a vital crop for Pakistan's economy and livelihoods. However, cotton production is facing challenges from abnormal weather like heavy rains and floods, as well as issues with seed quality, pests, and prices. The document analyzes cotton production and yield trends in Pakistan's provinces over time. It also examines how climate change is affecting temperatures and rainfall patterns, which is impacting when cotton is planted and harvested. The increasing temperatures are also encouraging the spread of new pests. Solutions are needed to help Pakistani cotton farmers adapt to these climate challenges.
Agro chick pea seed production presentation Amol Rathod
This document provides information about seed production of chickpeas. It discusses the importance of chickpeas as a food legume, describing its types and general plant characteristics. It also outlines the climatic requirements, growth and development stages, isolation distances, suitable soil types, and agronomic practices for chickpea cultivation such as field preparation, sowing, irrigation, and pest and disease management. Methods of harvesting, threshing, seed storage and field inspection are also summarized. The expected yield of chickpeas from the described variety is 6.5 to 8.0 quintals per acre.
Precision farming involves using new technologies and collected field information to optimize agricultural practices based on variability within fields. It aims to do the right thing, in the right place, at the right time. This tailors inputs like fertilizers and pesticides based on conditions and can improve crop yields while reducing costs and environmental impact. Precision farming uses tools like GPS, GIS, sensors and software to gather and analyze data on soil properties, climate and crop conditions to develop customized farm management plans. While promising, precision farming faces challenges in adoption related to costs, farm size and lack of expertise in developing countries.
Concise Oxford Dictionary defines Resilience as recoiling; springing back; resuming its original shape after bending, stretching, compression etc. With five components of crop production - space, water, energy, light, nutrients- limiting, there are biotic and abiotic stresses on crops to perform at thresh hold inputs yielding optimum output. Droughts and floods, extreme cold and heat waves, forest fires, landslides and mudslips, icestorms, duststorms, hailstorms, thunder clouds associated with lightening and sea level rise are throwing new challenges to farmers and farming. This dangerously narrow level of food base prompts to widen the base of grains, vegetables, fruits, spices, industrial crops, mushrooms and aromatic plants. The emphasis was so far on terrestrial plants, forest plants and lesser on aquatic and lower plants. The aquatic plants- fresh water, brackish water, marine- were not much explored for edible use except by Chinese, Japanese and S.E. Asian nations. Halophytes, ferns and sea weeds are so far climate resilient. The Indo-Burmese Centre of origin (Hindustan centre including North East) is abode of several plants of possible vegetable, fruit and spice values. Eighty thousand plants are reported to be of possible use, about 30,000 plants are found edible in nature and approximately 7,000 plants are cultivated by mankind at one time or another, of which 158 plants are grown by man at some point of time. Among these, 30 crops provide world’s food and only 10 crops supply 75% of the world’s food budget. Out of these only three crops-rice, wheat, maize provide 60% of the world’s food requirement.This dangerously narrow level of food base prompts to widen the base of grains, vegetables, fruits, spices, industrial crops medicinal plants, mushrooms, plantation crops, pulses, fibre crops, oil seeds and aromatic plants.The emphasis so far was more on terrestrial plants, forest plants and lesser on lower plants like lichens, micro algae, fungi and bryophytes. The aquatic plants-fresh, brackish, marine water were not much explored for edible use except by Chinese and Japanese.The food base of people in South East Asia is partly on cacti (dragon fruit), micro-algae (azola) and several leaf vegetables unlike in India.Halophytes, bryophytes, ferns and sea weeds are so far climate resilient and require lesser fresh water and energy. The Indo-Burmese Centre of origin (Hindustan centre including North East) is abode of several plants of possible vegetable, fruit, industrial, energy and spicy value. The projected climate resilient crops are edible chasmophytes, brahmakamal, tropical tuber crops, herbs like broad dhaniya (Burmese coriander) and black caraway, kale, ornamental gingers, speciality mushrooms and leafy vegetables of Mizoram unexploited and underutilized in the main land.
Three line system of hybrid seed productionmuruganjey
The document describes a three line system of hybrid seed production. It involves an A line that is male sterile, a B line that is fertile and maintains the same nucleus as the A line but with different cytoplasm, and an R line that can restore male fertility in the A line. When the A line is crossed with the B line, it produces a first generation hybrid that is heterozygous. The R line is then used to restore male fertility in the A line for large-scale seed production without needing extra parent lines. Key requirements for successful hybrid seed production using this system include selecting appropriate locations, seed fields, isolation, and cultural practices.
Khaira disease of rice is caused by zinc deficiency in the soil. It occurs on calcareous soils that have low zinc availability. Symptoms include dusty brown spots on leaves, stunted growth, and reduced fertility. Yield losses can be up to 25%. Management strategies include using zinc-efficient varieties, applying organic matter and zinc sulfate fertilizer to increase soil zinc levels, and acidifying the soil to improve zinc availability.
Seed is the basic input for crop production and modern plant breeding has played a key role in developing high-yielding varieties and hybrids. Good quality seeds of improved varieties can increase production by 20-25%. A seed consists of an embryonic plant surrounded by food and a protective coat. It completes the plant reproduction process. Seed technology aims to rapidly multiply popular varieties and ensure a timely supply of high quality seeds at reasonable prices. It maintains genetic purity and certification standards. The seed industry has increased India's food production and plays a critical role in agriculture.
CLASSIFICATION OF ALTERNATE LAND USE SYSTEMsubhashB10
This document discusses different systems for classifying alternate land use and agroforestry systems. It describes five classification approaches: 1) based on structural systems, which considers the components and their arrangements, 2) based on importance of components, 3) based on dominance of components, 4) based on temporal arrangements of components, and 5) based on allied components like sericulture or apiculture. Key systems described include agri-silvi, silvi-pastoral, and agri-silvi-pastoral systems.
This document discusses ideotype breeding, which aims to develop ideal plant models for specific environments. It outlines the steps in ideotype breeding, including developing a conceptual model, selecting base materials, incorporating desirable traits, and selecting an ideal plant type. Advantages are that it can break yield barriers and solve multiple problems at once. However, it is difficult to combine all desired traits and is a slow process compared to traditional breeding. The ideotype is also constantly evolving with new knowledge and demands.
The document provides information on the production technology of onion. It discusses the botanical classification of onion, describes different varieties of onion including their characteristics, and provides production statistics. Some key points:
- Onion is a herbaceous annual plant cultivated for its edible bulb. India is the second largest producer of onions globally.
- There are different varieties of onions classified by color - red, white, and yellow onions. Many popular Indian varieties are described along with their traits.
- Leading onion producing states in India are Gujarat, Punjab, and Maharashtra. The highest productivity is seen in Gujarat at 25 tonnes/hectare.
- Onion varieties suited
selection in clonally propagated crops assumtions and realitiesDivyaKarapati
- Clonally propagated crops reproduce asexually, preserving genotypes indefinitely but lacking genetic variation.
- A clone is a group of plants produced from a single plant through asexual reproduction. Clones are identical in genotype but can vary phenotypically due to environment.
- Genetic variation within clones can arise from somatic mutation, mechanical mixtures, or sexual reproduction. Selection of superior clones is used to breed new clonal crop varieties.
This document provides an overview of organic farming principles and history. It contains:
1) Definitions of organic farming emphasizing avoiding synthetic inputs and relying on natural systems and materials.
2) A brief history tracing traditional farming methods, then the rise of artificial fertilizers in the 18th-20th centuries.
3) Details on various organic farming methods like Rishi Krishi, Panchgavya Krishi, and Natural Farming which utilize natural inputs.
4) Principles of organic farming focused on soil health, ecology, fairness and care.
The document provides details about a Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) program conducted by the Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The 3-sentence summary is:
The RAWE program aims to provide practical agricultural experience to students through involvement in farm activities with local farmers, conducting surveys and farm planning, and extension education work in villages. Students are divided into groups and assigned villages to work in for a period of time. The program orientation provides training in participatory rural appraisal techniques to acquaint students with the socio-economic conditions of the villages.
This document describes the System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) method for increasing wheat yields. SWI involves widely spacing wheat plants to allow for better root and shoot growth through increased sunlight, aeration and organic matter. Key practices include line sowing seeds at 20x20cm spacing, using improved seeds, seed treatment, incorporating compost, and mechanical weeding. Trials in Uttar Pradesh found SWI increased the number of tillers per plant to 25-30 compared to 4-5 with normal methods. Panicle length and grains per panicle also increased. While harvest data was not yet available, SWI showed potential for 25% higher grain yields in a sustainable way with lower seed rates and chemical inputs
This document provides an overview of integrated nutrient management (INM). It begins with introductions and headings submitted by M. Ashok Naik to Dr. P. Kavitha regarding a report on INM. It then defines INM as the optimization of all plant nutrient sources, including organic, inorganic, and biofertilizers, to maintain soil fertility and maximize crop yields. The document discusses the concepts, components, classification, and advantages of INM. It also summarizes different organic manure sources like farm yard manure, compost, vermicompost, and their composition and benefits. Finally, it provides details on brown manuring as a no-till practice for organic matter addition and weed control.
This document discusses integrated farming systems as an approach to doubling farmers' incomes in India. It outlines seven strategies being pursued by the government, including irrigation, seeds/planting materials, post-harvest infrastructure, food processing, markets, loans, and allied activities. Integrated systems combine crop, livestock, fishery and other enterprises suited to local conditions. They improve productivity and income while recycling resources efficiently. Research studies show integrated systems providing higher returns than crops alone through diversification and optimal resource use. Adoption faces barriers like lack of awareness, inputs and markets that need addressing.
Complete idea about seed production in brief. Classification of seed. advantage and disadvantage of seed production , marketing channel and quality seed production.
Efficient crops and cropping systems in dry land agricultureSurendra Parvataneni
This document discusses efficient crops and cropping systems for dryland agriculture in India. It begins with an introduction to dryland farming and terminology. The main constraints in dryland farming are inadequate and erratic rainfall. Crop selection depends on length of growing period, genetic crop characteristics, and soil moisture availability. Common crops recommended are sorghum, pulses, groundnuts, and cotton. Cropping systems that can be used include mono-cropping, intercropping, relay cropping, and sequence cropping depending on rainfall and soil moisture storage capacity. Different regions of India are suitable for different cropping systems based on these factors.
Breeding for disease resistance in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]KK CHANDEL
The average yields of mungbean is low not only in India but also in the entire tropical and subtropical Asia mainly due to its susceptibility to many diseases causes significant yield losses
The document provides information about the College of Agriculture in Bhawanipatna, Odisha. It details the establishment of the college in 2009 under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology. It provides statistics about current student enrollment, staffing levels, and facilities available at the college including the library, nursery, and student plot. It also outlines some of the extension activities conducted by faculty members and achievements of the college and its students over the past year.
Harvesting Earlage & Snaplage Silage –Insights for SuccessDuPont Pioneer
Harvesting earlage increases yield by 10 to 15% compared to harvesting only the HM grain. Harvest moisture is key – targeting 38 to 42% final moisture helps maintain high yields and high quality.
Concise Oxford Dictionary defines Resilience as recoiling; springing back; resuming its original shape after bending, stretching, compression etc. With five components of crop production - space, water, energy, light, nutrients- limiting, there are biotic and abiotic stresses on crops to perform at thresh hold inputs yielding optimum output. Droughts and floods, extreme cold and heat waves, forest fires, landslides and mudslips, icestorms, duststorms, hailstorms, thunder clouds associated with lightening and sea level rise are throwing new challenges to farmers and farming. This dangerously narrow level of food base prompts to widen the base of grains, vegetables, fruits, spices, industrial crops, mushrooms and aromatic plants. The emphasis was so far on terrestrial plants, forest plants and lesser on aquatic and lower plants. The aquatic plants- fresh water, brackish water, marine- were not much explored for edible use except by Chinese, Japanese and S.E. Asian nations. Halophytes, ferns and sea weeds are so far climate resilient. The Indo-Burmese Centre of origin (Hindustan centre including North East) is abode of several plants of possible vegetable, fruit and spice values. Eighty thousand plants are reported to be of possible use, about 30,000 plants are found edible in nature and approximately 7,000 plants are cultivated by mankind at one time or another, of which 158 plants are grown by man at some point of time. Among these, 30 crops provide world’s food and only 10 crops supply 75% of the world’s food budget. Out of these only three crops-rice, wheat, maize provide 60% of the world’s food requirement.This dangerously narrow level of food base prompts to widen the base of grains, vegetables, fruits, spices, industrial crops medicinal plants, mushrooms, plantation crops, pulses, fibre crops, oil seeds and aromatic plants.The emphasis so far was more on terrestrial plants, forest plants and lesser on lower plants like lichens, micro algae, fungi and bryophytes. The aquatic plants-fresh, brackish, marine water were not much explored for edible use except by Chinese and Japanese.The food base of people in South East Asia is partly on cacti (dragon fruit), micro-algae (azola) and several leaf vegetables unlike in India.Halophytes, bryophytes, ferns and sea weeds are so far climate resilient and require lesser fresh water and energy. The Indo-Burmese Centre of origin (Hindustan centre including North East) is abode of several plants of possible vegetable, fruit, industrial, energy and spicy value. The projected climate resilient crops are edible chasmophytes, brahmakamal, tropical tuber crops, herbs like broad dhaniya (Burmese coriander) and black caraway, kale, ornamental gingers, speciality mushrooms and leafy vegetables of Mizoram unexploited and underutilized in the main land.
Three line system of hybrid seed productionmuruganjey
The document describes a three line system of hybrid seed production. It involves an A line that is male sterile, a B line that is fertile and maintains the same nucleus as the A line but with different cytoplasm, and an R line that can restore male fertility in the A line. When the A line is crossed with the B line, it produces a first generation hybrid that is heterozygous. The R line is then used to restore male fertility in the A line for large-scale seed production without needing extra parent lines. Key requirements for successful hybrid seed production using this system include selecting appropriate locations, seed fields, isolation, and cultural practices.
Khaira disease of rice is caused by zinc deficiency in the soil. It occurs on calcareous soils that have low zinc availability. Symptoms include dusty brown spots on leaves, stunted growth, and reduced fertility. Yield losses can be up to 25%. Management strategies include using zinc-efficient varieties, applying organic matter and zinc sulfate fertilizer to increase soil zinc levels, and acidifying the soil to improve zinc availability.
Seed is the basic input for crop production and modern plant breeding has played a key role in developing high-yielding varieties and hybrids. Good quality seeds of improved varieties can increase production by 20-25%. A seed consists of an embryonic plant surrounded by food and a protective coat. It completes the plant reproduction process. Seed technology aims to rapidly multiply popular varieties and ensure a timely supply of high quality seeds at reasonable prices. It maintains genetic purity and certification standards. The seed industry has increased India's food production and plays a critical role in agriculture.
CLASSIFICATION OF ALTERNATE LAND USE SYSTEMsubhashB10
This document discusses different systems for classifying alternate land use and agroforestry systems. It describes five classification approaches: 1) based on structural systems, which considers the components and their arrangements, 2) based on importance of components, 3) based on dominance of components, 4) based on temporal arrangements of components, and 5) based on allied components like sericulture or apiculture. Key systems described include agri-silvi, silvi-pastoral, and agri-silvi-pastoral systems.
This document discusses ideotype breeding, which aims to develop ideal plant models for specific environments. It outlines the steps in ideotype breeding, including developing a conceptual model, selecting base materials, incorporating desirable traits, and selecting an ideal plant type. Advantages are that it can break yield barriers and solve multiple problems at once. However, it is difficult to combine all desired traits and is a slow process compared to traditional breeding. The ideotype is also constantly evolving with new knowledge and demands.
The document provides information on the production technology of onion. It discusses the botanical classification of onion, describes different varieties of onion including their characteristics, and provides production statistics. Some key points:
- Onion is a herbaceous annual plant cultivated for its edible bulb. India is the second largest producer of onions globally.
- There are different varieties of onions classified by color - red, white, and yellow onions. Many popular Indian varieties are described along with their traits.
- Leading onion producing states in India are Gujarat, Punjab, and Maharashtra. The highest productivity is seen in Gujarat at 25 tonnes/hectare.
- Onion varieties suited
selection in clonally propagated crops assumtions and realitiesDivyaKarapati
- Clonally propagated crops reproduce asexually, preserving genotypes indefinitely but lacking genetic variation.
- A clone is a group of plants produced from a single plant through asexual reproduction. Clones are identical in genotype but can vary phenotypically due to environment.
- Genetic variation within clones can arise from somatic mutation, mechanical mixtures, or sexual reproduction. Selection of superior clones is used to breed new clonal crop varieties.
This document provides an overview of organic farming principles and history. It contains:
1) Definitions of organic farming emphasizing avoiding synthetic inputs and relying on natural systems and materials.
2) A brief history tracing traditional farming methods, then the rise of artificial fertilizers in the 18th-20th centuries.
3) Details on various organic farming methods like Rishi Krishi, Panchgavya Krishi, and Natural Farming which utilize natural inputs.
4) Principles of organic farming focused on soil health, ecology, fairness and care.
The document provides details about a Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) program conducted by the Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The 3-sentence summary is:
The RAWE program aims to provide practical agricultural experience to students through involvement in farm activities with local farmers, conducting surveys and farm planning, and extension education work in villages. Students are divided into groups and assigned villages to work in for a period of time. The program orientation provides training in participatory rural appraisal techniques to acquaint students with the socio-economic conditions of the villages.
This document describes the System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) method for increasing wheat yields. SWI involves widely spacing wheat plants to allow for better root and shoot growth through increased sunlight, aeration and organic matter. Key practices include line sowing seeds at 20x20cm spacing, using improved seeds, seed treatment, incorporating compost, and mechanical weeding. Trials in Uttar Pradesh found SWI increased the number of tillers per plant to 25-30 compared to 4-5 with normal methods. Panicle length and grains per panicle also increased. While harvest data was not yet available, SWI showed potential for 25% higher grain yields in a sustainable way with lower seed rates and chemical inputs
This document provides an overview of integrated nutrient management (INM). It begins with introductions and headings submitted by M. Ashok Naik to Dr. P. Kavitha regarding a report on INM. It then defines INM as the optimization of all plant nutrient sources, including organic, inorganic, and biofertilizers, to maintain soil fertility and maximize crop yields. The document discusses the concepts, components, classification, and advantages of INM. It also summarizes different organic manure sources like farm yard manure, compost, vermicompost, and their composition and benefits. Finally, it provides details on brown manuring as a no-till practice for organic matter addition and weed control.
This document discusses integrated farming systems as an approach to doubling farmers' incomes in India. It outlines seven strategies being pursued by the government, including irrigation, seeds/planting materials, post-harvest infrastructure, food processing, markets, loans, and allied activities. Integrated systems combine crop, livestock, fishery and other enterprises suited to local conditions. They improve productivity and income while recycling resources efficiently. Research studies show integrated systems providing higher returns than crops alone through diversification and optimal resource use. Adoption faces barriers like lack of awareness, inputs and markets that need addressing.
Complete idea about seed production in brief. Classification of seed. advantage and disadvantage of seed production , marketing channel and quality seed production.
Efficient crops and cropping systems in dry land agricultureSurendra Parvataneni
This document discusses efficient crops and cropping systems for dryland agriculture in India. It begins with an introduction to dryland farming and terminology. The main constraints in dryland farming are inadequate and erratic rainfall. Crop selection depends on length of growing period, genetic crop characteristics, and soil moisture availability. Common crops recommended are sorghum, pulses, groundnuts, and cotton. Cropping systems that can be used include mono-cropping, intercropping, relay cropping, and sequence cropping depending on rainfall and soil moisture storage capacity. Different regions of India are suitable for different cropping systems based on these factors.
Breeding for disease resistance in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]KK CHANDEL
The average yields of mungbean is low not only in India but also in the entire tropical and subtropical Asia mainly due to its susceptibility to many diseases causes significant yield losses
The document provides information about the College of Agriculture in Bhawanipatna, Odisha. It details the establishment of the college in 2009 under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology. It provides statistics about current student enrollment, staffing levels, and facilities available at the college including the library, nursery, and student plot. It also outlines some of the extension activities conducted by faculty members and achievements of the college and its students over the past year.
Harvesting Earlage & Snaplage Silage –Insights for SuccessDuPont Pioneer
Harvesting earlage increases yield by 10 to 15% compared to harvesting only the HM grain. Harvest moisture is key – targeting 38 to 42% final moisture helps maintain high yields and high quality.
This document summarizes recent activities and achievements in breeding the next generation of cassava varieties for Africa. It discusses approaches to enhance cassava productivity and market-preferred traits through improved varieties. Key points include:
1) National pre-release trials have identified varieties with specific adaptation to different agro-ecological zones and identified mega-environments for optimal resource use.
2) 12 varieties have been officially released in Nigeria within 3 years through an active variety release and delivery pipeline.
3) Research is developing micronutrient-dense varieties to address vitamin and mineral deficiencies, with candidates identified for on-farm testing of yellow-fleshed varieties with higher carotene.
4) Critical
Evaluation of stress resistant sweetpotato varieties and their low cost micro...ILRI
1) The document evaluates stress resistant sweet potato varieties and their low-cost micropropagation in Ethiopia. Variety trials identified 6 varieties in southern Ethiopia and 4 in eastern Ethiopia that were resistant to drought and sweet potato weevil.
2) Low-cost media was developed for micropropagation using locally available materials like cassava flour, starch, and table sugar. The substituted media reduced costs by 59.2% while still supporting good plant growth.
3) The identified resistant varieties and low-cost micropropagation techniques show promise for improving sweet potato production and availability in Ethiopia. Further testing of micropropagated plants and releasing top varieties is recommended.
Title: Partnerships for Research, Capacity Building, Innovation and Foresighting: Managing water for agriculture and food in ACP countries.
Date: 28 October, 2012
Speaker: Norman Uphoff, Cornell University, USA
Venue: GCARD2 Pre-Conference Meeting Punta del Este, Uruguay
Dr. Steve Pollmann - Sow lifetime productivity: Importance of monitoring in c...John Blue
Sow lifetime productivity: Importance of monitoring in commercial pork production - Dr. Steve Pollmann, from the 2012 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2012-leman-swine-conference-material
The document summarizes proficiency testing survey results from the College of American Pathologists (CAP) for HbA1c assays in the first quarter of 2012. The majority of methods tested showed biases within 0.3% of the NGSP reference values and CVs below 5%. However, some methods displayed larger biases or CVs, including the Bayer A1cNow method which is susceptible to interference from EDTA. Overall, 95.6-96.2% of laboratories passed the CAP survey acceptance criteria of ±7% for HbA1c levels. While assay performance has improved, the field still works to achieve CVs at or below 3.5% for all HbA1c levels.
This document discusses the effects of climate change on viticulture and wine quality. It provides data on global grape production and utilization, as well as the distribution of viticultural areas by climate zone. Climate change is increasing temperatures and decreasing precipitation in some areas. Higher temperatures can affect grape sugars, acids, phenolics, aroma compounds, and enzymes. Adaptations to climate change discussed include variety and rootstock selection, canopy management, irrigation, and anti-stress products. The optimal canopy structure depends on the climate zone and desired berry compounds.
The analysis of uranium isotopes abundance and ratios in the civilian populat...mzbell
This study analyzed urine samples from 21 symptomatic civilians in eastern Afghanistan after Operation Enduring Freedom to determine uranium isotope concentrations and ratios. The uranium/uranium-235 ratio was within natural levels, but uranium-234 and uranium-236 were detected in some samples. Total uranium levels were up to 100 times higher than normal, indicating contamination from a natural or non-depleted uranium source, possibly due to exposure from depleted uranium munitions or high natural uranium levels in the environment.
This document discusses the development of improved cocoa clones for farmers in the Philippines. It details the collection of 125 cocoa accessions maintained in a genebank, ongoing breeding studies and exchanges with other countries. Key facts include that around 10,000-15,000 cocoa farmers nationally produce an average of 6-7 thousand metric tons annually from trees yielding 1.3kg on average. Three new cocoa varieties were recently endorsed by the National Seed Industry Council. Seedlings of popular varieties like UF18, BR25, K2 and K1 are primarily available for sale in nurseries in Mindanao.
This document discusses the development of improved cocoa clones for farmers in the Philippines. It details the collection of 125 cocoa accessions maintained in a genebank, ongoing breeding studies and exchanges with other countries. Key facts include that around 10,000-15,000 cocoa farmers nationally produce an average of 6-7 thousand metric tons annually from trees yielding 1.3kg on average. Three new cocoa varieties were recently endorsed by the National Seed Industry Council. Seedlings of popular varieties like UF18, BR25, K2 and K1 are primarily available for sale in nurseries in Mindanao.
Petrobras announced strong financial results for the 2nd quarter of 2009. Oil production increased 6% compared to the first half of 2008 due to new platform startups. Lifting costs remained stable in US dollars despite higher oil prices. Net income doubled compared to the first quarter due to higher oil prices and sales volumes as well as cost cutting efforts. Capex continued to grow significantly, supported by expanding access to development banks and the capital market.
[Palestra] Brazilian Experience in Selection for Fertility in Zebu Breeds inc...AgroTalento
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The CIMMYT Global Maize Program: Progress and Challenges
1. The CIMMYT Global Maize Program:
Progress and Challenges
Gary Atlin and the GMP team
El Batan
22 June 2012
2. Outline
1. The role of GMP in the world’s maize seed system
2. How do our products compare to those of the multi-nationals?
3. Adaptation to mega-environments: implications for breeding
4. The role of managed stress testing in the breeding pipeline
5. Identifying donors and delivering markers for abiotic and biotic stress
tolerance
6. Applying high density genotyping to maize breeding and managing
the “data tsunami”
7. An “open-source” model for delivering the benefits of high-density
genotyping and genomic selection to small breeding programs
8. Some things to watch out for
3. 1. CIMMYT’s role in the world’s
maize seed system
.
Only source of freely available maize
parental lines
Our products support dozens of
independent regional seed companies in
Africa, Latin America, and Asia
Our products help local companies
compete with multinationals
We provide direct support to seed
companies in the commercialization of our
hybrids (DTMA, IMIC)
We are a key source of donors of drought
tolerance and disease resistance
4. CIMMYT’s maize breeding effort
• Africa: 5 line development breeders, 2 molecular breeders, 4
seed specialists, 1 physiologist, 2 biotic stress specialists
• Latin America: 4 line development breeders, 1 physiologist, 1
nutritional specialist, 1 molecular breeder, 1 seed specialist
• India: 1 line development breeder, 1 physiologist
• China1 molecular breeding lead, 1 pathologist/breeder , 1
bioinformaticist, 2 molecular geneticists
• ca. 10,000 lines genotyped with 500K SNPs via GBS
• ca. 5000 DH lines produced in 2011 in-house
• ca. 400,000 nursery and yield plots world-wide*
• At least 2 million phenotypic data points annually
• At least 25 billion genotypic data points annually
5. How do our products get to
farmers?
• Hybrids are marketed mainly through
regional seed companies
• OPVs are distributed mainly through
national subsidy schemes
6. 2. Where do we stand relative to the
multinationals?
Latin American tropics: PCCMCA trial 2011 (21 locations)
Grain Bad Husk
Yield Cover
Hybrid Pedigree (t/ha) (%) Ear rot (%)
MJ-9297 8.08 7.2 5.2
MH-9058 8.02 5.1 6.8
DK-357 Best Commercial Check 7.72 8.0 9.8
CIMMYT-2 CLRCW100/CLRCW96//CML494 7.68 5.2 9.5
CIMMYT-4 CML491/CLQ6316//CLRCWQ48 7.36 5.8 10.8
P4092W 6.93 3.3 6.5
P4063W 6.79 4.8 8.0
Heritability 0.91 0.89 0.91
LSD (0.05) 0.29 1.6 1.7
9. Regional on-farm trials in ESA (2010/11 season)
Days to
Name GY-Locations > 3 t/ha GY: Locs < 3 t/ha anthesis
CZH0616 5.96 2.37 64.4
CZH0946 4.48 2.22 56.8
CZH0837 5.62 2.08 62.7
SC627 4.82 2.03 64.6
SC403 4.61 2.03 57.8
ZM627 4.74 1.90 65.0
ZM309 4.09 1.74 55.1
ZM521 4.27 1.73 59.6
SC513 4.76 1.60 64.0
Farmers Variety 4.64 1.54 64.7
Pan53 5.39 1.51 64.5
Mean 4.87 1.80 62.30
n 30 19
H 0.80 0.72
10. Mean yield of CIMMYT hybrids in the 2005 and 2010 Early and
Intermediate Regional Hybrid Trials (EIHYB) for Southern Africa
Optimal Optimal Managed
<3 t/ha >3 t/ha drought+low N
CIMMYT hybrid mean, % of checks, 2005 102.3 104.3 86.9
CIMMYT hybrid mean, % of checks, 2010 101.9 104.8 107.2
Mean of checks 2005 (t/ha) 1.73 4.63 1.30
Mean of checks 2010 (t/ha) 2.11 6.24 2.09
No trials 2005 6 14 6
No trials 2010 7 29 6
11. Mean yield of CIMMYT hybrids in the 2005 and 2010
Intermediate and Late Regional Hybrid Trials (ILHYB) for
Southern Africa.
Optimal Managed
>3 t/ha drought+low N
CIMMYT hybrid mean, % of checks, 2005 92.0 88.0
CIMMYT hybrid mean, % of checks, 2010 94.5 101.8
Mean of checks 2005 6.08 1.57
Mean of checks 2010 7.29 2.08
No trials 2005 15 6
No trials 2010 24 7
12. So, overall, where do we stand?
1. In Latin America, our materials compete with the best
multinational products, but we are not ahead
• Low-cost three-way and double crosses are
competitive!
2. In ESA, our materials are superior in low-yield, short-
duration locations. We are equivalent or ahead in high-
yield locations
3. Investment by MNSCs is increasing in the tropics. We
need to increase our rates of gain, especially in
favorable rainfed
13. 3. Adaptation to mega-environments:
implications for breeding
1. Within and across huge regions, there is little local
adaptation that is not explained by local diseases,
elevation, and rainfall
- Breeding programs in Eastern and Southern Africa must
be fully integrated
- Germplasm moves easily from one continent to another
- We need efficient methods for transferring resistances to
adaptive diseases
- This means we need markers linked to QTLs!
- This means we need a marker-development pipeline!
14. Retrospective analysis in EIHYB and
ILHYB
Years: 2001-2009
Genotypes: 448
(24-65/year)
Maturity: early and late
513 trials with h² > 0.15 in
17 countries
α-lattice design with 3
reps
Weber et al. (2012a, b), Crop Science
15. Subdivision strategies of the TPE
Subdivision Typical environment
Climate A: Mid altitude, humid warm
B: Mid altitude, humid hot
C: Mid altitude, dry
D: Lowland, tropical humid
E: Lowland, tropical dry
Yield level low-yielding subregion, < 3 t ha-1
high-yielding subregion, ≥ 3 t ha-1
Geographic East
region South
Bänziger et al., 2006
16. ge( ys)
gs (sys)
2
2
2 2
( )
gy
ge
g
Variance components of maize grain yield in five different
subdivision systems of the undivided target population of
environments from 2001 to 2009: Southern Africa.
Early maturity group (n=219) †
VG VGS VGY(S) VGE(YS) VE
Climate 0.18±0.10 0.01±0.01 0.06±0.08 0.32±0.09 0.56±0.09
Altitude 0.15±0.09 0.01±0.01 0.07±0.10 0.33±0.09 0.56±0.09
Yield level 0.09±0.04 0.05±0.05 0.08±0.12 0.30±0.09 0.56±0.10
Geographic 0.19±0.09 0.00±0.00 0.06±0.12 0.33±0.09 0.57±0.10
region
Country 0.21±0.11 0.01±0.01 0.06±0.07 0.30±0.09 0.57±0.11
17. ge( ys)
gs (sys)
2
2
2 2
( )
gy
ge
g
Variance components of maize grain yield in five different
subdivision systems of the undivided target population of
environments from 2001 to 2009: Southern Africa.
Early maturity group (n=219) †
VG VGS VGY(S) VGE(YS) VE
Climate 0.18±0.10 0.01±0.01 0.06±0.08 0.32±0.09 0.56±0.09
Altitude 0.15±0.09 0.01±0.01 0.07±0.10 0.33±0.09 0.56±0.09
Yield level 0.09±0.04 0.05±0.05 0.08±0.12 0.30±0.09 0.56±0.10
Geographic 0.19±0.09 0.00±0.00 0.06±0.12 0.33±0.09 0.57±0.10
region
Country 0.21±0.11 0.01±0.01 0.06±0.07 0.30±0.09 0.57±0.11
18. Rank changes over yield levels in the
2011 Southern African regional trial
Top 10 of 54 entries in 14 high-yield trials and 9 low-yield trials
All trials High yield trials Low yield trials
PEX 501 PEX 501 CZH1033
SC535 X7A344W CZH0935
AS113 AS113 CZH1036
X7A344W SC535 CZH0928
AS115 AS115 CZH1031
013WH63 CZH0923 CZH0946
CZH0935 013WH63 CZH1030
CZH0923 013WH29 AS115
CZH1036 CZH0935 013WH63
013WH29 CZH1036 CZH0831
Mean yield 4.81 6.51 2.17
H 0.88 0.89 0.75
19. Rank changes over yield levels in the
2011 Southern African regional trial
Top 10 of 54 entries in 14 high-yield trials and 9 low-yield trials
All trials High yield trials Low yield trials
PEX 501 PEX 501 CZH1033
SC535 X7A344W CZH0935
Correlations among
AS113 AS113 CZH1036
X7A344W SC535 CZH0928
yield levels
AS115 AS115 CZH1031 All High
013WH63 CZH0923 CZH0946
CZH0935 013WH63 CZH1030 High 0.97
CZH0923 013WH29 AS115 Low 0.57 0.36
CZH1036 CZH0935 013WH63
013WH29 CZH1036 CZH0831
Mean yield 4.81 6.51 2.17
H 0.88 0.89 0.75
20. Some important points about maize hybrid
adaptation:
2. Genotype x trial interaction and field “noise” are
huge constraints on precision of screening
- Large multi-location testing networks drive gains
- Genotype x trial interaction and plot-to-plot variability in
managed stress trials is greater than in optimally-
managed trials
- Too much weight on low-H managed stress trials can
reduce gains
21. 2
g2ge
Means, variances, and H for ESA regional trials conducted
under optimal, managed drought (MD), low N, and random
abiotic stress* (RAB) 2001-9
Test No. Grain VG VGE VE Predicted H for testing
environment of yield in:
trials (t ha-1)
5 trials 20 trials
Int-late trials
Optimal 175 6.26 22.2 22.4 55.3 0.68 0.92
RAB 63 1.73 10.4 18.2 71.5 0.38 0.83
MD 22 2.11 17.6 15.7 66.7 0.49 0.90
Low-N 34 1.82 15.7 15.3 68.9 0.49 0.89
22. Managing field variation: developing
comprehensive field maps
EM38 Penetrometer NDVI
Kiboko Chiredz Harare
i
Soil penetration
resistance
(MPa)
23. 4. The role of managed stress testing in
the breeding pipeline
PH Zaidi, CIMMYT
24. Managed stress
screening
Notable border effect
indicates N depletion was
successful
60-80% yield
reduction
targeted for
both low N and
drought
25. Managed stress screening over 30
years led to the development of
the world’s most drought tolerant
maize germplasm
Edmeades, Lafitte, Bolaños, Bänziger
26. Pedigree selection for drought tolerance by CIMMYT
in eastern and southern Africa: Stage 1 evaluation
Management Season Sites Weight
Optimal Main 3-5 ?
Managed low N Main 1 ?
Managed drought Dry 1 ?
3000+ genotypes per year in Stage I testcross evaluation
Screens weighted based on their (assumed) importance in the target
environment (= southern and eastern Africa)
27. We select in selection environments (SE) to
make gains in the target population of
environments (TPE) via correlated response
rG(SE-TPE)
HSE
SE CR1(TPE-SE) = i rG √H
SE σP(SE)
TPE
28. Using managed-stress data to improve breeding
gains is complicated!
rGSS Stress
Hstress
rGSN
rG(SE) rGNS
rGNN Non-stress
Hnonstress
Hnonstress > Hstress
SE TPE
All of the rG’s are positive
29. Using managed-stress data to improve breeding
gains is complicated!
rGSS Stress
Hstress
rGSN
rG(SE) rGNS
rGNN Non-stress
Hnonstress
Hnonstress > Hstress
SE TPE
All of the rG’s are positive
30. Genetic correlations for yield between low-N and random abiotic
stress (RAB) target environments and optimal, managed drought,
and low-N selection environments: ESA 2001-9
Selection environment Random abiotic stress*
Genetic correlation
Early maturity group
Optimal 0.80
Managed drought 0.64
Low-N 0.91
Late maturity group
Optimal 0.75
Managed drought 0.76
Low-N 0.90
31. 5. Success in identifying donors for
abiotic and biotic stress tolerance
• A massive effort has been undertaken by the
breeders and physiologists to characterize AM sets
to identify donors for drought, heat, and low N
tolerance
• George has established a large hot-spot screening
network to characterize donors for MSV, GLS,
turcicum, tar spot, rust, ear rots
• Sudha and Babu have implemented a pipeline for
developing breeder-ready markers.
• MSV is in validation now
32. 5. Success in identifying donors for abiotic and
biotic stress tolerance
CIMMYT donors of drought and heat tolerance identified through
screening in multiple environments in Mexico, Africa, and Asia
Grain yield (t ha-1)
Pedigree Colour Texture Drought Drought + Well-
heat watered
DTPWC9-F24-4-3-1 White Flint 3.10 1.43 6.97
DTPYC9-F46-1-2-1-1-2 Yellow Flint 3.07 1.58 7.12
La Posta Sequia C7-F64-2-6-2-2 White Flint 3.06 1.39 7.72
Check (CML442/CML444) 2.36 0.96 7.70
Number of locations 7 3 7
H 0.64 0.50 0.84
Trial mean 2.58 1.13 6.88
Finally on the DTMA website!
…but these lines are at least 15 years old!
34. Association Mapping for Disease Resistance
MSV – Harare 2010 data (Heritability = 0.79) GLS-combined analysis (Heritability = 0.6)
35. Msv1 –Case Study
QTL mapping in three populations and identification of consensus interval
Initial interval identified about 75-132Mb on chr1 for Msv1
Large F2 populations screened for the flanking markers of Msv1 and other
QTLs
PZE01132220936
PHM14104_23
PZE0175698629
QTL isogenic recombinants identified
PZA00529_4
PZA02090_1
PZA03527_1
PZA02614_2
PZA03651_1
Chr.1 Chr.3 Chr.4 Chr.8
Msv1
R R R
S S S
Phenotyping of recombinants under artificial disease pressure in field
conditions at Harare and IITA green house facilities
Association analysis in DTMA panel with 55K SNP chip and GBS
genotypes identified SNP hits in the same interval
The SNP hits and other markers in the interval used in further linkage
mapping on recombinants for fine-scale mapping
The mapping confidence interval reduced to 7Mb
8 SNPs in this interval tested for validation in breeders’ populations
Initial results are encouraging!
Further reduction in interval to a probable gene-based marker
expected with the recombinants in this interval
36. 6. Applying high density genotyping to maize
breeding and managing the “data tsunami”
Genotypic data
tsunami (25 billion
data points
annually)
maize breeder
37. Reduced representation sequencing for rapidly
genotyping highly diverse species
RJ Elshire, JC Glaubitz, Q Sun, JA Poland, K Kawamoto,
ES Buckler, and SE Mitchell
Institute for
Genomic Diversity http://www.maizegenetics.net/
38. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS)
Genomes
Genome
representations
SNP: ATGACATATCAG
Polymorphism within
the fragments SNP
ATGAAATATCAG
39. Main genotyping options used by
CIMMYT
Low density: KasPar uniplex assays through KBiosciences
• KBio uniplex SNP assays: cost $20 to develop
• CIMMYT has about 3000, can share
• KBio SNPs are used for low-density QTL mapping, tracking
specific (“forward breeding”) @ ca. $.10 per data point ($20/DNA
sample for 200 markers)
- Heterozygote calls are easily made
• Genotyping x sequencing for GWAS, genomic selection, and soon
forward breeding @ $20/DNA sample for 500K+ markers
• - ca 50% missing data that must be imputed
- Heterozygotes are not easily called, but heterozygote calls
probably don’t matter for GS applications
40. Status of our breeding informatics effort
• All breeders, but not all phenotypers, are routinely generating
pedigrees in the IMIS database
• All lines have Genotype Identification Number (GID) to link pedigree,
phenotypic data, and genotypic data
• We have no high-density genotype database. Relational databases do
not work with more than 100K data points per element. Flat files are
searched with custom scripts. New database systems are being
developed by Cornell
• We have mixed-model software for combined analysis available via
SAS and R scripts in Fieldbook, in routine use by breeders.
• Plan is for all lines entering replicated testing to be genotyped at high
density next year
• Statistical support is excellent, informatics support is inadequate
41. Current status of high-density genotyping
application in CIMMYT GMP
• All new CIMMYT lines have GID and are in IMIS
pedigree database
• Over 10000 breeding lines have been GBS’d by
the Cornell IGD
• Past phenotypic data are poorly linked to pedigree
and genotype data
• No database capable of storing and searching
500+K allele calls in place
• GS pipeline is conceptualized but not in place;
models are developed de novo for each GS
experiment
42. Where should we be in two years?
• Over half of breeding lines should be DH
• All lines entering replicated field trials should
be genotyped at high density
• All phenotypic data should be linked through
the GID to pedigree and genotype
• Imputation, allele calling, and prediction
pipeline should be delivering predictions to
breeders
• SAGA should be operational
43. Lessons from our experience with high-
density genotypic data
• As a rule of thumb, 25% of the PYs in a modern maize breeding
program in a MNSC are devoted to breeding informatics
• Breeding informatics and breeding pipeline teams must be
closely linked
• If you have no database, you have no molecular breeding
program
• Pedigree and phenotypic databases must be linked and in very
good condition
• Development teams are led by breeders or other agricultural
scientists, preferably with programming skills.
• Development scientists are the interface between breeders and
programmers
• These scientists do not manage breeding programs but are
devoted full-time to application development
• Support must be available in real time.
44. At Pioneer, molecular breeding scientists
support the adoption and use of new tools
Line Line Line
breeder breeder breeder
1 2 3
MB
scientist
App team 1 App team 2 App team 3
45. What is genomic selection?
• Much research shows that the inheritance of quantitative traits like
yield in maize is controlled by many genes with small effects. QTL-
based breeding approaches do not work well for such traits
• Genomic selection (GS) is the selection of genotypes for
advancement or use as parents based on a high-density marker
genotype, rather than phenotype
• GS differs from older QTL-based breeding approaches in that it uses
all markers in a prediction of performance (genomic estimated
breeding value) GEBV
• Low-cost genotyping systems make selection based on high-density
markers feasible
• Bioinformatics requirements and breeding methods are complex
• Being used by multinational companies
• Networked approaches needed for small companies
46. Genomic selection systems can be used to:
- Discard unpromising lines based on genotype for
disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance
- Predict the best lines within a full-sib family for
advancement of lines that have not been
phenotyped
- Drastically reduce breeding cycle time through the
use of recurrent selection schemes with selection
based on genotype rather than phenotype
47. Basic steps in the GS process:
1. A set of lines (training population) is genotyped at high density.
- These lines can be unselected testcrosses in the breeding
pipeline
2. Lines are phenotyped in testcross and/or per se.
3. Effects of markers or haplotype alleles are estimated.
4. Sum of marker effects in a line is the Genomic Estimated Breeding
Value (GEBV)
5. GEBVs are calculated on the next cohort of unselected lines and
used to predict their performance
6. GEBVs can be calculated for any trait for which the training
population has been phenotyped
7. Accuracy of the GEBV is expressed as the correlation between the
phenotype and the GEBV. Depends on population size, heritability,
marker number
8. The accuracy of a GEBV doesn’t need to be 1. It just needs to be
close to √H for the screening system
(see Heffner et al. 2009 Crop Sci. 49:1-12)
48. Factors that affect GS accuracy
1. Relatedness between training and
selected populations
2. Training population size
3. Broad-sense heritability in the phenotyping
system used for model training
4. Marker density
49. Advantages of GS for stress-prone environments
• GS allows programs to select for traits for which they cannot
screen, if they can have access to haplotype effects from other
programs
• Breeding cycle times could be reduced five-fold, greatly increasing
gains
• Sharing haplotype effects permits novel and synergistic ways to
network small breeding programs
• GS networks could make available to NARS and SME breeding
programs tools, methods, and scale now only available to
multinationals
50. There are 3 main ways to use GS in cultivar development
1. Incorporate GEBVs into a conventional pedigree
breeding pipeline to discard lines with weaknesses.
As number of DH lines increases, we will need to discard many lines without
phenotyping, based on GEBV
First use will be for defensive traits, with slightly higher H than yield.
Breeder will receive a two-way table of GEBVs for all traits, and discard lines
predicted to have a serious weakness.
Breeders will assess the reliability of predictions by comparing validation r
with √H achieved in field testing.
To achieve gains, many more lines must be genotyped than phenotyped
Entry GY-Opt GY-DT GLS Ear rot
CKL001 4.69 1.4 2.5 14.5
CKL002 5.24 4.2 4.0 3.8
CKL003 7.15 3.1 2.2 4.9
r between geno. and pheno. in training pop 0.34 0.22 0.62 0.58
√H 0.80 0.55 0.85 0.80
51. Empirical results to date
Zhao et al Theor Appl Genet (2012) 124:769–776
- For grain yield, r across half-sib pops summing to 788 lines: 0.54
Albrecht et al, 2011:
-For grain yield, r=0.7 when prediction and validation sets contain
close relatives; 0.5 for prediction across distantly related families
- Crossa et al 2010
-For yield and other traits, r up to 0.79
- These are all huge over-estimates of GS accuracy!!
52. GS prediction ability across breeding groups for grain yield (GY)
and anthesis date (AD) on 55K markers.
GY AD
Breeding populations 0.12±0.28 0.02±0.25
• Cross-validation studies that use random lines with population structure
overestimate GS accuracy
• Markers simply assign the lines to groups, and the means of the groups predict
the phenotype
• Not relevant to real breeding situations
53. 2. Use GEBVs to select unphenotyped DH lines within
full-sib families for advancement from Stage 1 to
Stage 2 .
As number of DH lines increases, we will need to discard many lines without
phenotyping, based on GEBV
We know predictions are very poor across families, and only work for close
relatives in high-LD populations
Models can be trained on part of a large full-sib family, then used to advance
some ungenotyped lines to Stage 2
Example
A set of 200 DH lines is extracted from an elite cross
All lines are genotyped
50 are phenotyped and used as a training set to build a GS model
Best lines from training set are advanced based on phenotype
Best lines from unphenotyped group are advanced based on GEBV
Should result in modest gains from increased selection intensity
54. Correlation between GEBV and phenotype within
full-sib families: mean of cross-validation in 6 bi-
parental populations
Mean
Size of training pop accuracy
50 0.38
70 0.40
90 0.41
√H 0.70
No. of lines 236.5
No. of markers 240.2
No. of trials 4.33
55. 3. Set up closed synthetic populations of key inbreds,
and conduct recurrent selection
Advantages for GS are greatest with rapid-cycling
Closed populations where a few elite parents contribute
equally ensure that marker allele effect estimates relate
directly to the population under selection
High LD low marker density required
Improved populations can be used directly or as sources
of new inbreds
Most CIMMYT breeding programs have now set up these
populations in the A and B heterotic groups, and are
beginning to phenotype
56. 7. Implementing an open-source GS
network
“Open-source” breeding networks can provide
companies with proprietary lines, but allow
haplotypes to be shared
Sharing haplotype effects allows phenotyping done by one program to
benefit another, even if they don’t test the same lines.
Small programs could receive unique, unphenotyped DH lines (say,
500 ) from a “hub” program, with a GEBV predicting their performance
Lines would then be testcrossed
Company would phenotype the testcrossed set, and contribute the
phenotypes to the “training population” for the next cycle
Company advances the lines with the best performance into product
testing.
58. “Open-source” genomic selection breeding plan
Rapid-cycle
marker-only
selection
Line extracted, genotyped: untested,
proprietary DH lines provided to
companies based on GEBVs
59. “Open-source” genomic selection breeding plan
Rapid-cycle
marker-only
selection
Line extracted, genotyped: untested,
proprietary DH lines provided to
companies based on GEBVs
Phenotyping: company 1 Phenotyping: company 2 Phenotyping: company 3
60. “Open-source” genomic selection breeding plan
Rapid-cycle
marker-only
selection
Line extracted, genotyped: untested,
proprietary DH lines provided to
companies based on GEBVs
Phenotyping: company 1 Phenotyping: company 2 Phenotyping: company 3
61. “Open-source” genomic selection breeding plan
Rapid-cycle
marker-only
selection
Line extracted, genotyped: untested,
proprietary DH lines provided to
companies based on GEBVs
Phenotyping: company 1 Phenotyping: company 2 Phenotyping: company 3
Commercialization:company 1 Commercialization: company 2 Commercialization: company 3
62. Distribution of roles in an open-source
breeding network
Hub program
• Manages rapid-cycle source pops
• Extracts DH lines
• Genotypes DH lines at high density
• Coordinates managed stress screening
• Estimates GEBVs
• Updates model with new phenotypic data from partners
• Maintains database
63. Distribution of roles in an open-source
breeding network
Partner (spoke?) programs
• Receive and own proprietary DH lines with GEBV
• Phenotype, and contribute phenotypes to model
• Commercialize and deliver to farmers the best lines on the basis
of their own phenotyping
• Form new pedigree breeding populations, provide to hub for DH
line extraction, genotyping
Does this model make sense for pre-breeding in
China?
64. Advantages of open-source network model
• Small programs can access haplotype effect estimates for stresses,
environments, and traits for which they cannot do evaluation
• Partners benefit from the phenotyping done by other network
members, without having to share germplasm
• The small partner program accesses DH lines without the cost of
setting up a DH facility
• Lines are proprietary- only haplotype (marker) effects are shared
• The hub program provides partners with efficient DH, genotyping,
and informatics pipeline services, with economies of scale
• Low-cost out-sourced genotyping allows breeding programs to focus
on screening, selection, seed production, and marketing
The open-source GS network model can provide SMEs
and NARS with powerful breeding technologies now only
available to multinationals
65. Things to watch out for:
• Projects vs pipelines
• Over-weighting and inappropriate use of managed
stress data
• Failure to deliver the products of molecular breeding
to the product development pipeline
• Failure to exploit synergies and economies of scale
across regions
• Failure to exploit synergies and economies of scale
across maize and wheat
• Failure to come to grips with our data and breeding
informatics needs
• Thinking small about our science
66. The CIMMYT biparental populations: the
world’s largest resource for GS, GWAS in
tropical maize
• 28 biparental populations from DTMA and WEMA
MARS pops
• >200 lines/pop, over 5000 lines in total
• All elite Africa-adapted parents or drought donors
• Several linked half-sib families
• All genotyped with ca. 200 SNPs
• 100 lines per family GBS’d
• Imputation will permit assignment of genotypes for
>500K SNPs to each of the >5000 lines
• Phenotyped in 3-4 drought and 3-4 optimal
environments
• We will find genes for drought tolerance and disease
resistance, and pilot GS methods that work
67. Conclusions
1. GMP is the world’s most important source of elite and stress-resistant
germplasm, and the only large “open” public breeding program
2. Our germplasm is competitive with MNSC hybrids in most of our
target regions, and usually superior in low-yield environments
3. Gains in favorable conditions are inadequate. We must remain
competitive in commercial systems to interest seed company partners
4. We need to think hard about how to use managed stress data
5. Our drought and heat-tolerant germplasm is well-characterized and
unequalled: it needs to be used.
6. Using our stress-tolerant germplasm requires development of
breeder-ready markers
7. We have made no gains on maximum DT since the end of the
physiology breeding program
8. We have unparalled resources for genetic and breeding research for
development. Are we up to the task?
Editor's Notes
The existence of genotype-by-environment interactions in the TPE may indicate that subdivision is necessary. However, it is not always true that small differences between environments require specifically-adapted varieties or that selection response can be increased by dividing the TPE. Whether to select across the TPE or separately in each subregion has to be validated for each breeding program individually.Same data used, but restricted to rDS and WW