The Church Of The Martyrs

The Church Of The Martyrs
"A church without youth is a church without a future. Moreover, youth without a church is youth
without a future." this is a quote from the former pope of Alexandria, Pope Shenouda III. Pope
Shenouda passed away about four years ago and his episcopate lasted for over 40 years. The Coptic
church has commonly been referred to by historians as the "Church of the Martyrs" (A Brief History
of the Christian Church). It was given this name due to the desire of martyrdom rather than the
multitude of martyrs. The five main points of its history are the origins of Coptic Orthodox
Christianity, monasticism, contributions to Christendom, the ecumenical councils and the church
today. It is believed that the Coptic church of Egypt was the first church ever created; it was founded
by Saint Mark in approximately 42 AD. (Osman) Saint Mark is also considered to be the first bishop
and pope of Alexandria. However, it wasn't until the late second century when Christianity was truly
established in Egypt. During the second century the roman emperors had begun to persecute the
Coptic Orthodox Christians formerly known as Copts; yet as previously stated these Copts would
not hide, instead they would openly worship unafraid of death, because it is said that martyrdom
isn't the end of a life, it is believed to be an entry to a new life. The very first persecution against the
Copts was in 68 AD when Saint Mark suffered martyrdom by pagan extremists. Then for seven
years in the early second century
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The Sermon 71 : On The Lord 's Resurrection
Pope St. Leo the Great
Sermon 71: On the Lord's Resurrection, I.; Delivered on Holy Saturday in the Vigil of Easter
Pope St. Leo the Great addressed the faithful on Vigil of Easter speaking on the Lord's resurrection.
He weaves through the sermon Christological theme of the Jesus Christ's hypostatic union,
particularly his humanity, in order to redeem mankind. The focus of this sermon is of no surprise for
the heresies of Nestorianism, Eutychianism, Docetism and Marcionism disputing Christ's humanity,
which were prevalent during his lifetime. This sermon on the Lord's resurrection is one encouraging
the faithful to grow in discipline of the body in order to contemplate the divine. The emphasis on the
body is taken up for two reasons. One, humanity is called to actively participate in the sacrifice and
resurrection of Christ in tangible ways. Christ is the perfect model to doing Gods will even with the
obstacles of human nature. Secondly, many heresies at the time deny Chris's humanity and thus
Pope Leo was emphasizing this vital Truth as a way to catechize his flock. Repeatedly in his
sermon, Pope Leo emphasized the hypostatic union of Christ, in particular his human nature, in the
resurrection. This is in direct opposition with the heresy of Marcion present during the pontiff's
lifetime. This heresy did not believe Jesus became fully human but rather his human–ness was a
façade, which he shed after the crucifixion for the "resurrection does not extend to the flesh"

Apollinarianism Research Paper
¬¬
Apollinarianism
Konstantin Martynyuk
Theology 154: Faith, Justice & the Catholic Tradition
April 5, 2017
Apollinarius was the bishop of Laodicea who developed the heretical position concerning the nature
of Christ. Originally, a supporter of orthodoxy against the Arians, his Christological teaching
becomes a heresy among scholars, at a synod in Rome in 374–380 and by the Council of
Constantinople in 381. The primary opponents of Apollinarius were Athanasius, the Cappadocian
Fathers (the two Gregories), and Epiphanius. ¬–The Church Fathers sought to defend themselves
against Apollinarius's teaching, especially when referring to the Incarnation. His Christology,
Apollinarism, denied the existence in Christ of a rational ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
However, when talking about the Incarnation, Apollinarius strays from the orthodox perception of
Christ and says that he has only one true (divine) nature. In accord with Church teaching,
Apollinarius believed that Jesus Christ has fully redeemed humanity. He is the only mediator
between God and man, a fact which led Apollinarius to maintain that if God were a unity, Christ
himself must be a unity. If the divine element was simply united with mankind, we would have two
sons, one of God by nature and the other by adoption. With this the flesh of Christ is not added to
divinity but establishes one nature with the God. The Treatise Against Apollinarius, or better known
by its Latin title, Antirrheticus, was created by Gregory of Nyssa to challenge this heretic teachings
of Apollinarius. St. Gregory of Nyssa wrote two works during the 380s opposing the teachings of
not just Apollinarius but his followers as well. Moving forward, the Incarnation showed that a
physical body was joined with the divine logos. Looking back to an assigned reading from earlier in
the semester, in the Gospel of John, the passage says "The Word became flesh and made his
dwelling among us." (John 1:14) Apollinarius interpreted this as the logos taking on flesh without
assuming a human mind, the source of evil. For Apollinarius, the logos was the sole life of Jesus
even down to the physical level. He thereby constitutes one living unity in which the soul directs
and the body

Jesus Christ, The Last Adam, By The Disobedience Of The...
Jesus Christ, the Last Adam, Offers Spiritual Life, Lost by the Disobedience of the First Adam
Alex Bogdanoff
DO601DE Christology
Deacon Michael Ross, PhD
16 February 2017
Utilizing Holy Scripture, JESUS CHRIST: Fundamentals of Christology, Roch A. Keresky,
Catechism of the Catholic Church, class lecture notes and writings of Church Fathers, I will present
Jesus as the last Adam, and will discuss that through the His obedience, the spiritual life, lost from
the fall of the first Adam, is offered by God. In St Paul's letter to the Romans he says of Adam and
Jesus, "just as through one transgression condemnation came upon all, so through one righteous act,
acquittal and life came to all." (Rom 5:18, NAB )
Paul uses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The good thief narrative serves as an explicit demonstration of the saving power (and intention) of
the last Adam, an illustration applicable for all the ages. Kereszty parallels Paul's distinction
between the two Adams by noting that through the first Adam's disobedience, "death, physical and
spiritual, began to reign over mankind", starting an "avalanche" of sin, but through "Jesus' obedience
offered is the grace of a new life with God."
Probably the most Christological of the Pauline writings is in the Letter to the Philippians. (2:6–11)
Read every Sunday in celebration of Vespers, the hymn describes the "emptying" of Christ, laying
aside His glory, assuming humanity, and being exalted to "Lord", through his obedience. Kereszty
uses verses 6 through 8 to differentiate between the first and last Adams. He attributes the fall of
Adam to his desire to "grab equality with God" . I can see how the snake's (Satan's) tempting lie to
eat of the forbidden fruit, "...you will be like gods, who know good and evil" (Gn 3:5), played into
or promoted this desire. Conversely, the last Adam abandoned "his status of equality with God" (v.
6–7), providing an avenue of salvation for all humanity. In Genesis God gives Adam a mandate to
take dominion, "lord" as a king would, over the earth (1:28), but due to his failure, he lost this
"lordship" to Satan, who gained authority over the earth. (1 Jn 5:19). Jesus

Hypatia Research Paper
Some people in this world, such as women are underestimated, especially in mathematics, but the
history of this subject isn't exclusively male. There once was a lady named Hypatia of Alexandria
who was a female mathematician and philosopher. Not many people have information about her
family life. That situation is not uncommon for this time period (not having any family background).
Even Hypatia's own birth is questioned, but most people believe she was born in c. 350 CE within
Alexandrea, Egypt. She was the daughter of Theon, who was also a well–known mathematician in
his day. Theon was her very own tutor in science, math, and philosophy which in their day would
probably be science. On top of tutoring her, Theon also placed her in the field of arts and activities
such as rowing, swimming, and horseback riding. Unfortunately, there isn't any ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of her students even wrote a letter claiming that one of her lessons included how to build an
astrolabe, which is a type of portable astronomical calculator. The astrolabe was also used for ship
navigation and devices for measuring the density of fluids. She even grew as a philosopher in what's
now called, Neoplatonic School. This school is a belief system in which everything stems from the
One and only. She would have lectures and draw a good amount of people out and just hope to get
more and more. Hypatia was very well known as a symbol for feminists. Even the English
clergyman, Charles Kingsley made her the known subject of a mid–Victorian romance. Everyone
knows that with public speaking come the strong haters. One day, a rumor spread that she was
avoiding Cyril (the head leader of the main religious body of the city) and Orestes to talk out their
differences. From that time on, Peter the Lector and his mob was out to get her, since she was the
easiest target and they were against her

A Greek Mathematician
"Reserve your right to think, for even to think wrongly is better than not to think at all,"– Hypatia.
Hypatia was Greek; however she was born in Alexandria, Egypt around 370 A. D. Born in a
magnificent Egyptian city that was the center of learning and knowledge. In a city that was founded
by the Greek hero Alexander the great. While traveling abroad in Athens, Greece, Hypatia attended
a school where she established her fame as a mathematician. On returning to Alexandria, she was
asked to teach mathematics and philosophy at the same institute as her father. Hypatia's father
Theon, a noted Greek mathematician and astronomer, refused to impose upon his daughter the
traditional role assigned to a woman and raised her as one who would have raised a son in the Greek
tradition; by teaching her his own trade. During a time when women were considered less than
human, such an idea was indeed revolutionary. Hypatia was in love with the various questions of
life; her father and the area of Alexandria were both major factors in the sharping of her scholarly
awareness. Hypatia is a great 4th century Greek Mathematician she was one of the ... Show more
The first two were "pure" the second two were "applied". Hypatia, according to Hesychius, worked
in the first three. She studied and taught both arithmetic and geometry for its own philosophic
discipline, not for its practical applications. Hypatia lectured on mathematics and philosophy, she
spoke of Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers, she based her teachings on those of Plotinus; the
founder of Neoplatonism. People from other cities came to study and learn from her. Hypatia was
loved and admired by her students. Much of what is known about Hypatia is the result of surviving
letters written by her most famous student, Synesius of Cyrene, who was to become the wealthy and
powerful Bishop of Ptolemais.

What Makes Us Humans?
Thought is what makes us humans. Our rationalism, our ability to make decisions based on our own
reason and knowledge, is what makes humans human and not animals. Now a day we all have
access to the largest library, the largest source of knowledge the world has ever known: the internet.
Over 2,000 years ago we had the Library of Alexandria, a place where intellectuals would gather to
discuss ideas and conduct research from over half a million books, a place where knowledge could
grow. In 332 BC Alexander the Great founded a city which he hoped would embody his dreams on
the mediterranean coast of Egypt. He thought on this for a bit and then decided that no better name
could be given to such a great city than that of his own and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hero was a geometer and inventor whose writings preserved a knowledge of the mathematics and
engineering of Babylonia, Egypt, and the Greco–Roman World. More than just this though, he
invented the first steam engine. The device consisted of a sphere mounted on a boiler by an axial
shaft with two canted nozzles that produce a rotary motion as steam escapes. This was, however,
very inefficient and only used to power toys and entertain visitors, so this design would generally be
ignored and would not provide a basis for modern steam engines (Still pretty cool though).
Hero 's Aeolipile (The First Steam Engine) Even after the burning of much of the library, men
continued to search far and wide for any scroll of consequence. Indeed it was after the library was
largely burned that it would reach its peak of around 700,000 books. Laws were even put in place to
preserve and expand the Great Library 's collection. One such law banned books from leaving the
city. Another had any new ship into the city inspected to search for any new books to expand the
library. To keep track of this massive collection, the city 's librarians came up with the World 's first
library catalog (Perhaps somewhat unsurprisingly). The books were sorted by, amongst other things,
author, title, and genre. Intellectuals from all over the known world would come and read this books,
and even sometimes make their own notes

Nestorius Research Paper
After the Council of Nicea, the controversy over Jesus' two natures started again. Now, it is over the
term: Theotokos: God bearing. Nestorius (d.451), bishop of Constantinople, objected to the popular
reference to Mary as the "Mother of God". To him, to call a human the "Mother of God" will call
into question the divinity of Jesus. Nestorius taught that God cannot have a mother; that no woman
can give birth to God. What Mary bore was not God, but humanity, the vehicle or instrument of
divinity. He preferred the phrase, Christotokos: "Christ bearing" or "the Mother of Christ" (Dorman
2001: 159–160).
Cyril of Alexandria bitterly disagreed. He suggested that Nestorius was proposing that Jesus had two
natures joined in a purely moral union and not in real organic union (Karkkainen 2003: 77). Out of
this came the concept that Nestorius was teaching that Jesus was not one person but two: one human
and one divine. However, it remained controversial whether Nestorius really meant what Cyril said.
For Nestorius actually repudiated this teaching (Karkkainen 2003: 77). He, in fact, only tried to
preserve the divinity as well as the humanity of Jesus (Dorman 2001: 159). He seemed to have
proposed that Jesus is a "conjunction" of the divine nature person and the human nature person, and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Antiochene bishops were late, thus Cyril (representing the Alexandrians) persuaded the
members present to endorse his view and Nestorius was condemned. When the Eastern bishops
arrived on June 26, 431, they held their own council, deposing Cyril and the local bishop, Memnon,
and rejected Cyril's position. When the papal delegation arrived on July 10, they supported Cyril. It
is this meeting that has gone down in history as the Third Ecumenical Council. This did not settle
the issue, because Cyril's position was just as questionable. Cyril spoke of one nature in Christ
which smacked of Apollinarius' Monophysitism (Karkkainen 2003:

Who Is Hypatia Of Alexandria?
Hypatia of Alexandria: Hypatia of Alexandria (350/370–415) was a mathematician and philosopher
who "helped preserve Ptolemy's Almagest and she wrote commentaries on Diophantus' number
theory and on the Conics of Apollonius." (Hypatia Lessons) She was a daughter of Theon
"astronomer and mathematician and the last to head the Museum at Alexandrian." (Hypatia Lessons)
He was also essential in spreading the works of Euclid and Ptolemy to future scholars. Hypatia gave
lectures to her students about philosophy and mathematics at the same institute as her father as well
as the possibility of giving lectures about the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle. Her students were
all male and included both Christian and non–Christians alike. People came from ... Show more
The exact layout of the library or the extent of the collections is not known. In Alexandria Library of
Dreams the author describes how Pseudo–Aristeas is one of the original sources that describes the
size of the library. "He has Demetrious tell Ptolemy that the Library now has more than 200,000
books, but he hopes to bring it up to 500,000 before long. Tzetzes tells us that the Palace Library
contained 400,000 "mixed" (symmigeis) books and 90,000 "unmixed" (amigeis.)"(Alexandria
library of dreams, 351).Papyrus scrolls made up most of the collection in the library because
papyrus only grew in the area around the Nile delta in Egypt. There was some controversy about the
library taking books/scrolls from trade ships in order to copy their contents, but they kept the
originals and gave the ships copies. (Picture) The stacks in the library was filled with works such as
mathematics, astronomy, physics, natural sciences and other subjects, in several different versions in
order to ensure accuracy. "The library pulled in copies of the past and present from all over the
Mediterranean, the near east, and Mesopotamia, and upon all available subjects." (Anceint_library,
1) Those documents were written in numerous languages and translated into Greek. The objective
was to attract scholars all over the world to access the knowledge as well as create new knowledge
(Anceint_library 2). There was also separate branches of the library, placed all over Alexandria. The
library served as repositories for literature, and other important works due to the generosity of the
Ptolemy's. "Added to this was the Hellenistic appreciation for all knowledge not just Greek and
Roman. Alexandria was ideally located between the East and West and became a place where ideas
of the world were debated and discussed." (Anceint_library 2) Alexandria was an international hub
for trade, leading producer of

An Independent Woman in the Film, Agora
When I was reading "Subverting Sex and Love in Alejandro Amenabar's Agora," I noticed how Paul
portrayed an aspect I had appreciated while watching the film Agora. As I watched the film Agora I
noticed how in contrast to the other movies we have seen in class the female character was not
defined by her relationship with men. For example, in the film Cleopatra, the female lead Cleopatra
was defined in terms of her relationship with men. Even though Cleopatra was involved in politics,
she and to win the love of Antony and Caesar in order to get power. Paul states this idea in
"Subverting Sex and Love in Alejandro Amenabar's Agora," when he states that Hypatia "cannot be
defined primarily through her relationships with men." (Paul, "Subverting Sex and Love in
Alejandro Amenabar's Agora," 230) As I watched the film Agora, I noticed how Hypatia voiced her
opinion in front of men with no fear and appreciated the scenes which portrayed her findings. For
example, in the scene in which Hypatia is with Aspasius and discovers the model of the ellipse, the
heliocentric model. To me, to have an Ancient Roman film portray the intelligence of a women was
a positive aspect of the movie Agora. Also, her students in the film, such as Synesius and Orestes
were loyal to her and tried to help her in the end of the film. Hypatia's bravery is also portrayed in
the scene in which "in class, she presents him with her bloodied menstrual rag, telling him that there
is little harmony or beauty in the

Arius On The Status Of Christ-Theoristic
4.7 Arius (c.250–c.336) on the status of Christ – Patristic
Arius disagrees with the incarnation of God. Arius insists that God is unchangeable.
Because the "Father is regarded as existing before the Son," Arius believes that the Son is a creature.
Arius did rank the Son differently out of all other creatures. Arius regards the Son by saying, "a
perfect creature, yet not as one among other creature; a begotten being, yet not as one among other
begotten beings." It is said that, "the consequences of this viewpoint were critiqued by many at the
time," and also that his views were known, "through the writings of his opponents."
4.15 Cyril of Alexandria (died 444) on Mary as the mother of God – Patristic
In this passage Cyril talks about how Mary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The three treatises by Damascus, are aimed "against those who rejected the use of icons." Damascus
argues that "the theological fact of the incarnation of Christ provides a solid formation for the use of
icons in devotion." Damascus explains many different physical items, such as icons, in worship and
adoration. An example of one of the physical items he used as icons is, "Was not the triply blessed
wood of the cross matter."
4.37 Thomas F. Torrance (1913–2006) on the Incarnation and Soteriology – Protestant
In this passage Torrence explored the relation of the doctrine of the incarnation to questions of
soteriology. Torrance explains, God's "conception and birth of the Virgin Mary, apart from a human
father, did not alter the fact that the birth of Jesus was truly of the flesh just like that of all other
human beings." Also on the grounds of Soteriology, Torrance explains that when the Son of God
became man which effected our salvation through humanity, it was the 'whole man.' In this passage,
Torrance shows the representation of a leading western theological to "evaluate and appropriate the
emerging Christological consensus of the Greek patristic

Hypatia of Alexandria was one of the first female mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher in
her time. She, also, was one of the prime female mathematicians, in her time, to have existing
records of her life and work. Hypatia was born 350 or 370 CE in Alexandria, Egypt and died in 414
CE. During that time period, Hypatia defied all odds in the educational field. However, even though
Hypatia made many achievements, she is most known for her infamous death.
Her father Theon of Alexandria was also a mathematician and an astronomer. He was one of the last
professors who taught at the University of Alexandria before the tragedy took place. Theon, in his
field of work, edited and commented on the final solutions text in math to make it easy for his
students to learn. Later on, Hypatia contributed to his later edition according to "Hypatia: Great
Mathematician or Geometry Teacher?" article by Faith L. Justice. Hypatia was raised in a way
where her father treated her as a son rather than a daughter. Theon in a sense ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As an apprentice to her father, Hypatia continued to preserve the Greek mathematical and
astronomical heritage just as her as her father did. According to the article "Hypatia" by Michael
Deak, "She is credited with commentaries (comments and explanations) on Apollonius of Perga's
Conic and Diophantus of Alexandria's Arithmetic, as well as an astronomical table." Apollonius of
Perga's Conic are theories created by Apollonius of Perga who was a Greek geometer, meaning he
was a mathematician who studied geometry. Specifically, the conic section dealt with hyperbolas,
parabolas, and ellipses. Diophantus of Alexandria's Arithmetic are theories created by Diophantus of
Alexandria, who was a Greek mathematician who studied algebra. Diophantus essentially brought
symbolism to the algebraic world. Hypatia, also, did a lot of commentaries on her father's work as

Critique Of Agora Critique
Agora Critique The 2009 feature film, Agora, which was directed by Alejandro Amenábar, depicts
the religious, political, and intellectual events in the city of Alexandria during the life of Hypatia, a
female philosopher. Since this film's primary goal is the entertainment of the audience rather than
accurate historical instruction, there are some fictitious or unproven details in the film that give an
erroneous impression of history to the common viewer. The movie gives a fair representation of the
turmoil within both pagan and Christian groups, but there is a slight bias towards the antagonization
of Christians. One way this prejudice takes shape is the film's failure to fairly represent the role of
St. Cyril of Alexandria amidst these chaotic times as it relates to his views on women in education,
his involvement in the death of Hypatia, and the expulsion of the Jews.
One aspect in which St. Cyril was wrongfully depicted was his attitude toward the role of women,
especially regarding their position in the world of academia. In the movie, Cyril reads a passage
from I Timothy which states that women should be submissive to men. He then attempts to pressure
Orestes into publicly condemning Hypatia for her involvement in political and intellectual affairs.
Women were thought to be inferior to men back then, and some Christians during this time period
did denounce intellectualism, believing that only God's Word was necessary. St. Cyril, however, did
not appear to share

Inaccuracies In Agora
Agora
There may have been some controversies about Hypatia's spiritual beliefs, however, her devotion,
knowledge, and perseverance can be admired by all. This movie depicted some accurate historical
facts and events surrounding the life of Hypatia in Alexandria. However, there were some
inaccuracies of events that were discovered. For example, The Great Library of Alexandria did not
exist in during this time period. During the center portion of the movie, there was a dramatized
scene where the Christians were attacking the Agora while the Pagans were in the library attempting
to save the important books. This was not a factual depiction of this event. The Great Library was
actually built in 288 B.C. and destroyed in 48 B.C. The movie's setting is based around the 4th
century A.D. which is a clear indication that the library was no longer in existence.* Another
example of the film's inaccuracy is the account and event of Hypatia's death. In the film, her death
was the result of her knowledge and her ability to reason which labeled her as a witch. In addition,
her death did not have anything to do with her religious beliefs or the fact that she was a woman.
Hypatia's death was due to politics. In the film, a follower of Cyril threw a stone at Orestes, the man
was arrested, tortured and later killed. In revenge, the Christians became outraged and agreed to kill
the person who Orestes loved most which was Hypatia ( ). Therefore, the film's depiction of Hypatia
being killed

The Omnipotence And Omniscience Of God Essay
William Maillis
PHL 111
Reaction Paper #2
Professor M. Scott Mayberry
13 December 2016
The Omnipotence and Omniscience of God
Does God exist in the universe, or does the universe exist in God? This is the question mankind
must answer when we discuss the attributes of God. Many times humanity attempts to place God in
the universe and placing universal laws and limitations on God, but God is not bound by the laws of
the universe, because the universe exists in God. If it true that God has created everything than how
can he be limited by anything? Only God could limit Himself, by His own choice to do so. Thomas
V. Morris in his article on the omnipotence of God asks; can God do everything that is logically
possible? Who's logic? Are we made in the Image and Likeness of God, or are we attempting to
make Him in ours? The difficulty is this: as humans, we are imperfect, with our viewpoints so
limited –is it God we connect to, or merely our own impression of Him? As imperfect humans, we
know only ourselves. We connect to others, but we can never truly go into anybody's mind but our
own. Every "person" exists in a specific manner, completely immersed in his individual awareness,
which is egocentric and exclusive. As human beings, we look towards reason and logic to try to
understand existence and our place in it. However, there is no human being who is omniscient, so
therefore our logic can be flawed, so what is logically possible?
In the article; Omniscience and human freedom: a

Nestorianism Controversy
The teachings of Nestorianism, centered on the similar teaching of the school of Antioch. The
teachings focused on the full humanity of Jesus, while disputing the titles of the "Virgin" Mary,
Jesus' mother. Nestorius the leader of the Nestorians and the bishop of Constantinople disagreed
with the Church that Mary was the God–bearer and "Mother of God." His disagreement with the
kerygma, liturgy and theology of the Church exposed the fundamental problem. This problem was
that the Nestorians did not want to recognize that through Jesus God suffered in the flesh.
This fundamental problem raised much controversy between the Nestorians and the Church. The
Nestorians refused to believe, that the divine spirit of God could also be in a human form.

Agora Analysis
The film Agora, directed by Alejandro Amenábar, is set in Alexandria Egypt around the year 400.
This time period is very soon after the legalization of the Christian religion in the Roman Empire,
and this fact is explicitly stated near the beginning of the movie. The plot follows the real–world
mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher Hypatia, although in the movie her age does not match
up with what it would have truly been at the time of the events which are depicted, including her
murder. She is shown as being consistently young throughout the movie although her murder
actually took place when she was in her fifties or her sixties. Two other key figures are Orestes and
St. Cyril the Christian Patriarch of Alexandria. The movie features the political struggle between
Orestes and St. Cyril as its central conflict along with the secondary conflicts of paganism and
Judaism versus Christianity. The main idea that the director seems to have intended for his audience
is that religion is opposed to civilized behavior and to intellectual and scientific progress. This is
made evident by his distortion of historical facts to fit his bias which will be discussed later. The
film was recorded on the island of Malta and was released in 2009. At that time and continuing into
the present day, entertainment media contained a noticeable anti–religious sentiment. That sentiment
is clearly expressed in this movie as religious people are consistently portrayed as stupid,
unthinking, and

Council Of Chalcedon Essay
However, a diverse group ranging from the monks at Constantinople to Egyptian bishops loyal to
Dioscorus opposed the definition. They considered themselves as Pro Nicene and anti Nestorian, but
they worried that the council was being heretic . Ultimately, the Chalcedonian definition stated that
after the incarnation, Christ was in two natures without mixture, change, division or separation .
Furthermore, part of the disagreement between the Eastern and Western Church was because the
definition stated that Christ is acknowledged in two natures, which come together into one person
and one hypostasis. The critics (some Eastern churches) understood this to side with western
Christology, they felt that it diverged from the teachings of Cyril of Alexandria who said that Christ
has one nature. The church of Alexandria felt that the definition should have stated that Christ is to
be acknowledged as "out of two natures" and not "in two natures". However, some scholars argue
that the language of "two natures" also derives from Cyril . Ultimately, the assertion of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the case of Nestorianism, if the incarnation was a case of a male son of Mary being indwelt by the
divine son of God, then Jesus Christ is not different from a Christian because Christians believe that
they are indwelt by the son. If that was the case, then the incarnation did not take place. This would
make the doctrine of atonement null and void because it would suggest that Christians were saved
by a human being leading to whether human suffering can atone for sins. In the case of
Eutychianism, if Christ's humanity was swallowed up in his divinity, then the incarnation (God
becoming man) did not really take place, but it seems to be more a case of man extinguished and
lost in God, thereby also making the incarnation null and

The Theology Of The Trinity
The Trinity
The Father: I AM that I AM. The first person of the Trinity: holy and eternal. He is the front of Deity
(autotheos). He has no source but Himself, He is utterly transcendent and unknowable: "No man can
come to the Father..." The Father is the ultimate source of the Godhead and of all things. The Son:
The Word of the Father. He is the second Person (hypostasis) of the Trinity. He is eternally begotten
of the Father, He is not made, "Begotten, not made." His source is the Father's Person (hypostasis),
so he is not Deity (autotheos), but Divine. His divinity is inherited from the Father, despite having a
source, He has always been. He never not existed. He was brought to the earth and carried by the
Virgin Mary after she was filled with the Holy Spirit. Jesus Christ was fully human and fully God,
two natures in one person: a hypostatic union. He was killed and resurrected, conquering Death
forever. He sits at the right hand of the Father, awaiting the day of final judgment. Humans can only
approach the Father through the Son. Holy Spirit: The Lord, the giver of life. He is the third Person
(hypostasis) of the Trinity. Despite having a source, he has always existed.
The Son and the Holy Spirit interact with one another and with the world. Through them we are able
to interact with the Father. At Christ (the Son's) baptism, the Holy Spirit descended like a dove upon
Him. The Father is fully God, the person of the Father s not the person of the Son

Cyril Of Alexandria
St. Cyril of Alexandria: Defense of the Theotókos Jobin Thomas Introduction to Church History
September 12, 2015 St. Cyril of Alexandria, the Bishop of Alexandria (which is a Mediterranean
port city in Egypt) is one of the most renowned Fathers and Doctor of the Church. He was conferred
the title Doctor of the Church by Pope Leo XIII in 1882. At the beginning of the 5th century,
theological controversies on the understanding of the mystery of the incarnation and the title of
Theotókos bestowed on Mary erupted. One St. Cyril's most prominent teachings is his defense of
Mary as the 'Theotókos' against Nestorius who preferred the term Chistotokos. Nestorius' denial of
the title of Theotókos implies that Mary was not the Mother of God, and therefore God had not
taken human form in the person of Jesus Christ. Mary was simply the mother of an exemplary man.
However, through a careful examination of St. Cyril's defense of Mary as the Theotókos, we will
come to see why Nestorius' position cannot be held and was condemned at the Council of Ephesus
in 431. Biography of St. Cyril of Alexandria Why St. Cyril of Alexandria was chosen for this report?
Who is Nestorius and what is Nestorianism? Nestorius was the Bishop of Constantinople (now ...
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The fact Jesus is a man with the human parentage of Mary, grows and advances as a human child
should (Lk. 2:49)...the latter body of evidence transcends the scope of a human prosopon and
amounts to claims of pre–existence that human beings cannot rightly make (Jn. 8:58), claims for
absolute status (Jn. 6:54), and signs of awesome power such as raising the dead (Mk. 5:35) and
walking on the sea (Mk. 6:45). These are all things beyond the range of a human prosopon and they
signal to the observer the existence of another kind of prosopon, one that manifests a divine physis
behind

Catal Hyuk
CHAPTER ONE: Before History IDENTITIES: Complex Society Paleolithic Venus Figurines
Metallurgy Social Class/Social Structure Lucy Neolithic Lascaux Cave Paintings Neolithic
Revolution Agricultural Revolution MAP: Olduvai Gorge Neander Valley Catal Huyluk Lascaux
CHAPTER TWO: Early Societies in SW Asia and Indo–European Migrations IDENTITIES: The
Epic of Gilgamesh Sargon of Akkad Hammurabi's Codes/Laws Stele Assyrians Economic
Specialization Stratified Patriarchal Society Elite, Commoner, Dependent, Slave Cuneiform Moses
Polytheism Cross–Cultural Interaction Cross–Cultural Exchange Semitic City–state Hammurabi
Indo–Europeans ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Augustine Constantine Visigoths Huns 476 ce Bishop of Rome CHAPTER 12: Cross–Cultural
Exchange on the Silk Road IDENTITIES: Monsoon Winds Taklamakan Desrt Missionaries
Epidemics Expatriate Merchants Bubonic Plague Bishop of Rome 476 ce Nestorians
Syncretic/syncretism Small Pox St. Augustine Manicheaism MAP: Kush Himalaya Mountains
Taklamakan Desert Taxila Persian Gulf Arabia Tyre Red Sea South China Sea Ceylon Bactria
Chang'an Hindu Kush Mountains Madagascar Kashgar Caspian Sea Palmyra Antioch Arabian Sea
Damasacus Guandzhou Pondicherry Samarkand Sumatra Java Parthia CHAPTER 13: The
Commonwealth of Byzantium IDENTITIES: Byzantine Commonwealth Caesaropapism Corpus
iuris civilis "Greek Fire" Schism Saint Cyril and Methodius Sasanids Hagia Sophia Theme System
Iconoclasm Fourth Crusade MAPS: Balkan Peninsula Egypt Constantinople Alexandria Kiev
Mediterranean

The Coptic Orthodox Christian Community
Preface
"One has to consult the sayings of the Fathers of the Church, as well as other ancient writers. This
helps us understand the historical changes which have occurred over the years. Reading the Fathers
can give meaning to many of the rubrics, many of which are not carried out properly because of lack
of understanding of their meaning".
The Coptic Orthodox Christian community is the largest and oldest Christian minority in the Middle
East today. While there is no accurate consensus of their size in Egypt, numerous accounts place
them between 8 to 12 percentages of Egypt's current population.2 And may be more.
Actually, Coptic people are the native Egyptians and the pure children of pharaohs.3
Historically, the word "Coptic" is derived ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The foundation of institutes of Coptic studies independently and within the framework of noted
universities came as a natural response to this growing pursuit of knowledge. Coptology was
established as perhaps the newest branch of the humanities, parallel to the other disciplines of
Egyptology, Papyrology, and Islamology. Then in 1976, the Coptologists of the world were
convened in Cairo by the Egyptian Department of Antiquities, and there they created the
International Association of Coptic Studies for the coordination of the expanding activities in the
exploration of the Coptic heritage. It was also on that occasion that the project of the Coptic
Encyclopedia was hailed as a much needed and long overdue research tool in an unusual field and as
a means of diffusing knowledge concerning one of the most glorious chapters in the story of
Christian

Essay on Book Banning and First Amendment Right
What is a banned book? A banned book is a book that has been removed from the shelves; it could
be from a library, classroom, or even the bookstore because of its content. A book could be banned
for many reasons, but it could be banned because it contains sex, violence, inappropriate language,
religious viewpoints, witch craft, and many more things because other people deem it inappropriate.
When someone bans a book they ban it for everyone else too. The First Amendment states that
"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise
thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably
assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When violences occurred between them, Cyril told the Jews to leave. The last great scholar Hypatia,
refused and was then murdered on Cyril orders and then burned the Great Library of Alexandria
down. It is said that their had to be some remains of the Library still existing
The burning of the Great Alexandria Library, maybe a mistake destroyed over 700, 000 scrolls.
Many of these scrolls were the only copies and the information they held are lost forever (Heather
Phillips p.4–6).
Even the Catholic Church supported censorship, in the seventieth century they wanted to censor
Galileo because he believed that they church was wrong about the planets revolving around Earth.
He believe that the sun was in the center and all of the plants revolved around it and they made him
burn all of his writings. As United States citizens, we have the right of freedom of expression; the
First Amendment of the United States constitution states, "Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
speech, or the press..." (First Amendment Oct. 20, 2013). As this concerns books, people should
have the freedom to choose what they want to read and what they don't want to read. By banning
books, our basic rights as US citizens are abused. Book banning affects many different people, from
the people who read books to the people who write them. Why do

The Rise and Fall of Alexandria Essay
A Literature Review of The Rise and Fall of Alexandria
Book Review of The Rise and Fall of Alexandria How the modern world was actually established is
often overlooked and attributed to the powers and domination of Athens and Rome. What authors
Justin Pollard and Howard Reid urge readers to understand, however, is the significance that the city
of Alexandria had on Western Civilization. Both authors have worked in British and American
television, and are accomplished in the film/documentary industry. Reid has also previously written
five other books. In their narrative book, The Rise and Fall of Alexandria, they seek to emphasize
just how important this little city was to the foundation of the modern world through accounts of ...
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7). He wanted Egypt as part of his growing empire. Not long after in 323 BC, however, Alexander
died and left this newly established city to his half brother and baby son. Alexander's childhood
friend, Ptolemy, soon came to rule over the city and Alexandria began rising. Ptolemy had plans for
the city and began building innovative roads and two sea harbors. With these new developments,
authors note, the "fundamental plan of the greatest city in the ancient world was complete." Houses,
slaves, cattle, and taxpayers were being taken from surrounding villages and given to the capital city
of Alexandria. When Ptolemy's son and successor (Ptolemy II) began his rule on the city, he, too,
threw himself into developing Alexandria and created a currency that could be used to sell and trade.
Structures were built, such as temples and the lighthouse, and Alexandria was becoming known as
"the light of the world" (p. 92).
Along with the furthering of physical growth to the city of Alexandria, there was also growth
politically and religiously. Ptolemy wished to fuse ancient thinking with the modern thinking of the
Greeks, so he devised a plan and created a cult through a fusion of two gods: the god of the dead and
the living bull. And this Greco–Egyptian cult was created and called Serapis. Through this newly
founded religion and the constant furthering of the city's buildings and technology, Alexandria began
to rise.
One of the main and most

Ipatia Research Paper
Hypatia of Alexandria
Hypatia, commonly addressed as Hypatia of Alexandria, was a mathematician, astronomer,
astrologist, and philosopher during the time of Ancient Greece. The city of Alexandria that Hypatia
lived in was originally part of Greece, until it was conquered by early Egyptians. Hypatia was born
around 350 – 370 CE and was raised by her father, Theon. Her father was a scholar of the Museum
of Alexandria, which was not, in fact, an actual museum. The Museum of Alexandria was roughly
similar to an academy, in the way that it was an early form of a school. The Museum also included
the Library of Alexandria, which was an area filled with papers and books filled with vast expanses
of knowledge. Theon was believed to have taught his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The name Hypatia, like most Greek names, has a definition; Hypatia's name in Greek is either
written as 'υπατος or Υπατια, which translates to words such as highest, exceptional, or supreme.
The name Hypatia is the female version of Hypatos; the name can also be translated to Russian,
where names vary from Ipatiy, which is "rare" and typically used for males, Ipati, which is similar to
Ipatiy, and is rare and typically used for males, to Patya, which is common and is a Russian
"diminutive" word. Many of the works Hypatia contributed to has been destroyed, this is mostly
because she stored most of her work in the Library of Alexandria, which was accidentally burned
during Caesar's conquest around 48 BC. She wrote many mathematical books about certain subjects,
she wrote thirteen books on algebra, which was her her favorite subject, and eight books on
geometry. Some historians though , believe she wrote the commentaries and made revisions on The
Astronomical Canon (possibly based on her father's commentary), a commentary on The Conics of
Apollonius (which leaded to the idea of hyperbolas, parabolas, and ellipses) and on

After the Way Called Heresy Book Review
Anthony Gonzales
Apostolic School of Theology
Throughout the line of church history, Oneness doctrine has suffered persecution,
Condemnation, and expulsion. Many believe that the dogma of the Trinity has been the True
doctrine of the early church, but the truth is that since the birth of the church which in the Book of
Acts. The Mighty God in Christ doctrine is in fact the doctrine of the early church. This Movement
did not die out in the third and fourth centuries, but has continued to grow and now is One of the
fastest growing Movements in the twentieth century. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many opposed this event by turning to Monasticism, these people wanted to devote their lives to
God, but despite of all of this Weisser notes that Oneness still exist.
Chapter 6
This chapter explains the events taking place in the eighth through fifthteenth centuries (middle
Ages). It is when secular leaders are struggling against the papacy for power. During this time the
crusades took place. The main problem in the middle Ages was between the pope and the king, this
desire for power caused the churches from the East and West to separate. This made the Cathari and
Waldenses to question the authority of the pope and placed Biblical authority over men.
Chapter 7
In chapter seven Weisser takes a deep look into the Reformation, and how the printing of pamphlets
in mass number can cause a greater influence than before. The Catholic Church had become very
corrupt and caused men like Martin Luther and John Calvin to push against the church abuse. These
men had different views, but for the most part they agreed. We also see the Oneness of God doctrine
in the sixth and seventeenth centuries. This was inspired by Michael Servetus and once again the
challenge of this pagan doctrine (Trinitarians) would last for two centuries.
Chapter 8
In this chapter Weisser explains how the Enlightenment period disagreed with the Reformation, this
caused separation within the Christian church. This period also brought the

Gender Inequality In Agora
"Synesius, you don't question what you believe, or cannot. I must." – Hypatia The historical film
Agora focuses on a lot of points such as, politics, social status, gender equality, religion and
astronomical views. The story revolves around one of the most glorified women in ancient
Alexandria, the mathematician/philosopher/astronomer, Hypatia. She is first seen lecturing to her
students about how things on Earth tend to fall down in a straight path downward. She demonstrates
this idea by dropping a handkerchief. Alongside her is the devoted slave, Davus, who seemed to
have a special feeling to his mistress. Two prominent characters are also introduced, namely, Orestes
(lover of Hypatia; later became the prefect of Alexandria) and Synesius (a faithful Christian; later
became the Bishop of Cyrene). The conflict in the movie starts when Pagan believers attack
Christians who insult their Gods' statues. The Pagan believers are forced to retreat back to the
Library of Alexandria due to the force of the unexpected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Women are almost given the same chance as men to show off what they can do and exercise their
rights since they were born. But I regret this gender inequality that happened before. I suddenly
think that, what if women have already been given equal chances as men before? I think the world
would go off a better course. Without a doubt, I admit that women are smarter than men. So think of
all the possibilities that might happen. With the given chances today, I still don't know why some
women still ask for gender equality.
To end this movie review in Agora, I would like to make it a point that what happened in the history
should remain as a history. Though this may lead to more developments in the future, it is best to
live some data forgotten in the past and keep the present rolling to the future. Never let the past
dictate the future. Never let your beliefs be swayed with hearsays. KEEP MOVING

Hypatia
A woman of great knowledge was known as Hypatia. Born between 351–370b A.D. in Alexandria,
Eygpt. Hypatia is known best for being a female Mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher.
Hypatia is of the first female mathematicians to even be considered knowledgeable.
She is the daughter of Theon of Alexandria, in whom is a teacher as well as a mathematician. Theon
was a professor at the University of Alexandria, later to become the director of the University.
Theon treated his daughter as much as an understudy, becoming her tutor. He taught her much about
art, philosophy, literature, and science. It was not only educational Theon pushed his daughter to,
but also becoming physically active such activates like horse riding, row, and swimming. Later to
advance her education in 400 A.D in Athens, Greece. In this time period, Hypatia was a privileged
woman to have the chance to accomplish and learn so much. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After leaving Athens, to head back to Alexandria, she was offered a position at the University of
Alexandria in which her father also taught at. Her teaching was of mathematics and philosophy. Her
class lectures had included the solutions of intermediate problems as well as the depiction of
Diaphanous'. Her lectures also included Plato and Aristotle. Hypatia had made her mark in this ear,
people from all around had come to catch her in action.
At this time period, mathematics was used to predict such things as where souls would be on such
future dates or "the locus of a given soul born under a certain planet"1. As well as astronomy and
astrology became to be known as the connection between religion and science. Through all of this,
Hypatia continued to establish herself by being visited by many scholars. Although it was the work
she had done with the assistance of her father that truly made her a remarkable

How God Became King Summary
Book Review
N.T. Wright releases "How God Became King: The Forgotten Story of the Gospels" with the
affirmation that the church has come to emphasis almost exclusively on Jesus' birth, death and
resurrection. Although, the gospels devote the majority of their time on Jesus' life. Jesus's life, death,
resurrection and rise did not hint the end of the old Israel story, but redirected it further to a
worldwide effort of adaptation. Wright addresses several New Testament documented interpreters
who present the gospels as simply "the prognosis of early Christian faith, reflecting the disputes and
predicaments of the early church," something Wright calls a "half–truth". Wright argues that
notwithstanding the gospels countless differences, none of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The essential problem Wright identifies in the introduction can be documented most clearly in six
ordinary, but unsatisfactory responses often provided by the church to the query "What are the
Gospels all about?, " which are: 1) teaching people how to go to Heaven, 2) recording Jesus's
exclusive ethical teaching, 3) depicting Jesus as a moral prototype for the people, 4) exhibiting Jesus
as the perfect sacrifice, 5) telling stories with which humans can recognize and then find direction,
and 6) signifying Jesus's spirituality. While each of these answers contains a portion of truth, Wright
contends they all fail to hold the heart of the Gospel accounts. According to Wright, "the gospels tell
of Jesus who embodied the living God of Israel and whose cross and resurrection really did unveil
and initiate the Kingdom of God." Wright then claims that the kingdom is apart of a greater
eschatological theology, which is concerned with what is believed to be the final events of history,
or the definitive destiny of humanity.
Robert Gundry presents a more critical review of N.T. Wright's "How God Became King: The
Forgotten Story of the Gospels." During his public ministry, Jesus taught extensively in words and
deeds about the kingdom of God. In How God Became King, N.T. Wright

Theological Controversy Of Nestorius
The early fifth century saw the rise of a new theological controversy, spearheaded by Nestorius,
Archbishop of Constantinople. Nestorius took issue with the designation of Mary as God–bearer,
Theotokos, and instead claimed she should be Christ–bearer, Christotokos. Cyril of Alexandria,
Patriarch of Alexandria, came out strongly against Nestorius and wrote On the Unity of Christ to
uphold Mary as Theotokos. For Cyril, the theology of Mary as God–bearer is essential and
necessary to understanding how the incarnation works. This Mariology is seen not only in On the
Unity of Christ, but also in a prayer he composed as well. In these two writings of differing scope
and purpose, Cyril argues that denying Mary as God–bearer also denies the incarnation, and
therefore the economy of salvation. Cyril argues three key points that must be true in order for the
incarnation to effectively save humanity: Jesus must be a fully divine and equal member of the
Trinity; Jesus must be fully man and assume all of human flesh; and Christ had to be born into the
world through Immaculate Conception. These are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cyril argues for Christ's divinity throughout On the Unity of Christ, such as when he characterizes
Christ as being "ineffably begotten by nature from the Father and coeternal with him" as explained
in John 1:14 (Cyril 53). Cyril then goes on to describe Christ as "God in an appearance like ours,
and the Lord in the form of a slave. This is what we mean when we say that he became flesh, and for
the same reason we affirm that the holy virgin is the Mother of God" (Cyril 55). Although God took
on flesh, no part of God's divinity was lost; rather, God's divinity became coexistent in Christ's
human

John 21 Outline
Main Idea and outline
John 21:1–19: After Jesus rose from the dead; He appears to His disciples by the sea where he has a
very special conversation with Peter to restore him and give him a call on his life.
1. Peter and six other disciples went back to their job (21:1–3)
A. Jesus reveals Himself to seven disciples again (v.1)
B. Peter and six other disciples went fishing and caught nothing.(v.v. 2–3)
A. Jesus helps them to catch the fish(21:4–6)
B. Disciples did not recognize Jesus(v. 4)
C. Jesus tells them where to cast the nest. They obey and succeed. (V.v. 5–6)
2. Jesus serves His disciples a breakfast (21:7–14)
A. Peter jumps in the water as soon as he realizes that it is Jesus talking to them.(v.7)
B. Jesus invites His disciples to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We must always be careful of creating "hidden meanings" in the Word of God."
https://www.blueletterbible.org/comm/guzik_david/studyguide_jhn/jhn_21.cfm
12 Jesus said to them, "Come and have breakfast." Now none of the disciples dared to ask him,
"Who are you?" because they knew it was the Lord. 13 Jesus came and took the bread and gave it to
them, and did the same with the fish. He is not only taking care of our spiritual needs, but also
physical. Just as the loving parent prepares food for his/her children Jesus roasts fish for His
disciples. In Mathew 6:32–34 He asked them not to worry about food and clothe but first to seek the
Kingdom of Heaven. I think here He reminds them again that He is their provider and they cannot
do 14 This was now the third time that Jesus appeared to the disciples after he was raised from the
dead. "The reference to the third time Jesus appeared probably enumerates only the appearances
reported in this Gospel (20:19–23; 20:26–29). The appearance to Mary Magdalene is not counted,
since it was an appearance to his disciples. It is extremely difficult to place all the appearances
reported in New Testament into chronological order. At least three sequences are possible."(Carson,

Nestorius Research Paper
Stupidity likes to take a shower in the morning. A wave loudly crashing against a shoreline slips on
a banana peel. Pinocchio is omni–present, much like candy. Tomorrow is like a painted flower, it
never wilts. These sentences are ridiculous, right? The way you are feeling right now after listening
to them is the exact same way the council felt about Nestorius' teachings. The council went even
farther than nonsensicality and called him a heretic. But, more on that later. Nestorius was born in
Syria in 386 AD, and was a priest and monk in the monastery of Euprepius. Theodore of Mopsuetia
taught him in clerical training in Antioch. His sermons were so phenomenal that Emperor
Theodosius II inaugurated him as Patriarch of Constantinople in 428 AD. Shortly after, Nestorius
became involved in two theological factions debating in their Christology. One side said the Jesus
was born as a man, and they called Mary Theotokos, meaning "God–bearer." The other side argued
that this title of Mary was incorrect because God could not be born on account of his eternal nature.
Nestorius tried to find a middle ground. He decided to call Mary Christokos, meaning "Christ–
bearer." He did this so it would not seem like God was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before the meeting was supposed to take place and any eastern bishops of Antioch arrived, Cyril
began the assembly. He sent letters summoning Nestorius. Cyril used the Nicene Creed to disprove
Nestorius, saying that Jesus' flesh did not turn into the godhead, and the nature of God did not turn
into flesh. He says Jesus became one with the flesh in a Hypostatic Union. Cyril proposed twelve
anathemas that were accepted by the church. They basically said if anyone does or does not do
something, they will be anathema. In other words, they will be condemned and basically sent to hell.
Nestorius declined the summons of Cyril and was therefore deprived of his dignity in the church and
detached from his college of

The Pros And Cons Of The Council Of Ephesus
To please the Council of Ephesus and the Church, Cyril of Alexandria and John of Antioch agreed
on a compromise that met the concerns of both sides. This compromise stated that Jesus was both
the "perfect God and perfect man composed of rational soul and body...consubstantial to the Father
as to his divinity and consubstantial to us as to his humanity" (Kereszty, pg. 248). This meant that
Jesus was a human of divine nature, recognizing these two physeis. Unfortunately, this compromise
did not last long. After Eutyches was convicted by the synod in Rome, he appealed to other Bishops.
This lead to the rise of the Monophysite movement, headed by Eutyches.
Monophysitism believed that Jesus had one nature rather than the Chalcedonian belief that

Emperor Justinian: Builder of the Byzantine Legend
š The writing in Bold refers to the Works Cited page where the info came from Justinian was a
Byzantine Emperor who helped to revitalize the Byzantine Empire that would leave a lasting legacy
for Western Civilization. During Justinianfs reign, the Byzantine Empire was at a time of decline.
With Justinianfs visions, he was able to lay out a foundation that would help the Byzantine Empire
live for many years to come. Justinian (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus) was born in 483 AD at
Tauresium in Illyricum in the Balkans of what is now central Europe. He was the nephew of
Emperor Justin. His uncle Justin had passed over the duties of governing the Empire to his wife
Lupicina, and nephew Justinian (Fortescue–Justinian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Byzantine Empire reached from Mesopotamia, all the way to Gibraltar, and reclaimed the role
as the largest and most powerful entity in both Europe and the Middle East (Whittow–Making of
Byzantium,38). One of the most important accomplishments that Justinian made was his reform of
the laws of the Byzantine Empire. Before Justinian became emperor, the laws were based upon
Theodosian Code. By his time, the code had become very confusing. Justinian was determined to
bring about these needed reforms (Fortescue–Justinian I, Roman Emperor). First, he appointed a
commission of ten lawyers to review, organize, and rewrite Byzantine laws into a single unified set
of laws. Thus came for the Justinian Code(Corpus Juris Civilis). The Institutes, a section of the
Justinian Code starts off with this excerpt that explains the objectives and principles of the Justinian
Code. gThe precepts of the law are these: to live honestly, to injure no one, and to give every man
his due. The study of law consists of two branches, law public and law private. The former relates
tot he welfare of the Roman state: the latter to the advantage of the individual citizen. Of private law
then we may say that it is of threefold origin, being collected from the precepts of nature, from those
of the law of nations, or from those of the civil law of Romeh(Halsall–Medieval Source book).
The Code was finally completed in

Christology; the Two Nature of Jesus Essay
An angel appeared before a woman named Mary and stated to her that she would give birth to a son.
She would name her son Jesus. Mary being a virgin gave birth to a child, conceived by God through
his Spirit. Jesus being conceived in a supernatural manner became man and God in one creation.
God became incarnate in this child who became known by the name of Jesus (Mathew 1:18–25) .
Jesus was a Palestinian Jew, born in a town south of Jerusalem, raised in Nazareth in a small village
in Galilee. Jesus was not any ordinary child. Jesus was the son of the living God. Not only was He
the son of Mary, He was foremost the Son of God. He was incarnated sent to us for the redemption
of all mankind. So how do we handle the incarnation of God? ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, the concept incarnation is at work in the New Testament. The Greek equivalent of
incarnate is found in scripture. The Greek equivalent of incarnate is in carne (en sarki) meaning that
God came in the flesh (1 Timothy 3:16; 1 John 4:2; 2 John 7). Jesus took on the form of man so that
he might bridge the gap between human creation and His father. God sent Jesus as a child to a lost
and dying world. Jesus came to us as human. He did not lay down his divinity and pick up humanity.
He came to us as both divine and human. Through this act God was revealed in a personal way to
humankind, and therefore in a way which is more adequate for a personal God to interact with his
creation. God now was an advocate to his people. He no longer had to communicate his words
through prophets, lawgivers, or even wise men. It allowed God to be united with humanity, so that
he might be able to bear their sins, and make atonement for them in one act of sacrifice and
reconciliation (2 Corinthians 5:19 – 21). What humanity itself could not do was done in human
beings by the Son of God (Romans 5:8) .
Historical Views The two natures of Jesus refers to the doctrine that the one person Jesus has two
natures, (Divine and Human). In theology this is called "the doctrine of the hypostatic union. " it
derives its meaning from the Greek word hypostasis (which is also

Hypatia Of Alexandria
The First Female Mathematician Mathematics has always been described as the purest science and
considered as one of the most important aspects in many countries around the world, especially
developed countries. Theoretically, the most significant requirements for a life of a mathematician is
the mathematical ability. Nevertheless, very few women get involve in this field, which creates a
myth, and slowly develops into a stereotype in society, that women are naturally not good at math.
However, many people would be surprised, that "the world's greatest living mathematician for a
time was a women" (Deakin 13). Hypatia of Alexandria was, indeed, a physically beautiful woman
who used her talent and intelligence to defy the stereotypes against ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hypatia of Alexandria, unfortunately, met a tragic end. Before going into the story of her death, it is
important to go back and examine the reasons behind it. According to Costa Giovanni in her journal
Hypatia, the Daughter of Theon, when Christian took root in Alexandria, Egypt, in A.D. 390,
frequent battles and riots broke out between those of opposing religions. Hypatia was a
Neoplantonist, which encourage logical reasoning rather than taking anything on blind faith. As a
result, with her exceptional level of knowledge and dignity, Hypatia became a center of all attention.
In reality, "many believed that Hypatia was such a great influence that Christianity would not
survive as long as she was alive" (Morrow and Perl

Informative Speech About Armenian Religion
General Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about specific topics about Armenian religion
Thesis: Today I will specifically talk about Armenian religion history, faith and beliefs, and a local
Armenian church located in Fresno.
I. Introduction:
A. Religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural system, and worldviews that relate to
humanity an order of existence.
II. Body
A. A common religion practice amongst Armenians is Christianity
1. Armenians have practiced Christianity dating back to the age of Apostles. Apostles are Jesus chief
disciples. And two Apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew were the first to preach the gospel in
Armenia.
a. Oriental orthodox Christianity is their specific faith within Christianity.

The Christian Idea Of The Kingdom Of God
In this paper I will emphatically argue the Christian idea of the "kingdom of god" in light of the
Luke 17.21 as I did research my own based on the Holy Qur'an and the Holy Bible alone. There may
be nothing intrinsically questionable about the previous interpretation ("inside of you").
Undoubtedly, because of the reality the entire verifiable past of Christian philosophy, this has been
the overwhelming making sense of the Greek content and it totally now not must prompt any risky
religious philosophy. Jesus would with no inconvenience were stating that the kingdom of God was
once not a ton an outside, political truth on the grounds that it used to be an inside, religious
actuality that exists free of administration, sincere or other vitality developments. Nonetheless, this
understanding/interpretation without uncertainty has – and proceeds with – to cultivate negative
philosophy, essentially among New Generation who take it as a sign that there is a celestial flash
inside everything about, just prepared to be acclaimed and took advantage of it. A dreadfully
identical making sense of can likewise be non–specific inside the (apparently) Christian thriving
movement as great.
In spite of how this interpretation would were mishandled, despite the fact that, the crucial inquiry
remains regardless of whether this is the five star interpretation or if the last interpretation ( 'among
you") is an additional right representation of Jesus ' implied that implies. It is my concentrated

First Council Of Nicea Analysis
Introduction Prior to the recognition and legalization of Christianity, there was no widely agreed
upon guideline that followers of Christ could abide by. The purpose of the ecumenical councils of
the fourth on fifth centuries was to establish a correct and universal doctrine of the Christian faith.
The church desired to define the person of Jesus Christ and abolish heretical ideas. At the time, these
attempts to establish orthodoxy were futile. Ideas about the faith varied immensely, and those who
did not agree with the instituted beliefs were labeled heretics. However, the combination of these
ecumenical councils and the discussions that stemmed from them provided the building blocks
needed to understand Christianity today. Looking back ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two bishops opposed each other over conflicting views on the person of Jesus Christ. Nestorius
believed that Jesus had two wills and therefore was also two persons. "Nestorius spoke of Jesus and
God the Word, while Cyril believed that Jesus was the Word." (Lane, 56) Nestorius also denied that
the Virgin Mary was theotokos, or "God–bearer." Cyril heard about this and was displeased,
requesting Nestorius to sign twelve anathemas. Nestorius refused and the emperor called for the
council. Cyril already had a tremendous amount of support from Rome and inevitably won over the
council. Nestorius was disposed of and the Virgin Mary was affirmed the theotokos. A document
called the Formula of Reunion was produced as a compromise. Consequently, the outcome of the
council only created confusion and Alexandria split from

The Church Of The Martyrs

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