This study describes the use of the TB6600 motor driver for the stepper motor on CNC machine. Based on the analysis of the performance of the TB6600 motor driver, in order to produce an optimal stepper motor of Nema23 on CNC machine, three stepper motors are needed as the CNC engine drives for the X, Y and Z axeo be connected to the TB6600 motor driver. The motor is then controlled by Raspberry Pi via Mach3 Interface Board of Breakout Board. The softness of motion and safe working temperature for the stepper motor of Nema23 on CNC machine are obtained by varying the control of the micro-step switches and controlling current switches. The results show that 32 steps of micro-step control produce smoother resonance and movement than smaller micro-steps. In addition, the current control of 1 A generates the best motor driver output with a lower temperature for all three stepper motors.
Ergonomic improvement in operator seat and controls of small tractoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In this study, a control strategy is presented to control the position and the feed rate of a table of a milling
machine powered by three-phase induction motor, when machining pieces constituted by different types of
materials: steel, brass and nylon. For development of the control strategy, the vector control technique was
applied to drive the three-phase induction machines. The estimation of the electromagnetic torque of the
motor was used to determine the machining feed rate for each type of material. The speed control was
developed using fuzzy logic Takagi-Sugeno (TS) model and the estimation of the electromagnetic torque
using the artificial neural network (ANN) of the least mean square (LMS) algorithm type. The induction
motor was fed by a three-phase voltage inverter hardware driven by a digital signal processor (DSP).
Experimental results are presented.
Development Of Industrial Automatic Multi Colour Sorting and Counting Machine...theijes
Sorting of the products in the industry is very difficult task and continuous manual sorting creates issues. It is very desirable to create a machine that identify the objects and relocate them if the object meets certain criteria. This paper presents a solution to sort the coloured objects with the help of the robotic arm. The objects when placed on the conveyor belt are sorted based on colour sensing and are relocated to specific location. When an object moves from one location to another on the conveyor belt, the sensors give the input to the microcontroller which then give the command to the robotic arm to do the task. TCS3200 colour sensor is used for detection of the colour of the object. DC motors are used to move the conveyor belt, gripper and the lifter. Arduino Nano microcontroller is used to give the commands. L293D motor driver is used to drive the motors and LCD display makes the system user friendly
Design and implementation of robot control system for multistory buildingsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The advancement of technology, make robots have more attention from researchers to make life of mankind comfortable. This paper deals with the design of an itemized control system prepared for window cleaning/maintenance of towers and multistory buildings which can be aided to simulating human activities. These activities (washing, coating, wiping, climbing, and maintenance events) normally achieved by specialized personal. The designed control system was prepared to guide the units of the required job to move freely along the outside surface of a window with a fairly enough area and mediate time for achieving the desired goal. The system design is implemented using Arduino kit, due to facilities in program and control of cleaning windows through infer the stepper motor movement and rotation. The controller has been achieved as real time system (30 msec.), it is done throw control of three stepper motor by taken in consideration the speed of the motors (π/3000 rad/sec) and the time can be adjustable within the cleaning area that the device covering it.
Ergonomic improvement in operator seat and controls of small tractoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In this study, a control strategy is presented to control the position and the feed rate of a table of a milling
machine powered by three-phase induction motor, when machining pieces constituted by different types of
materials: steel, brass and nylon. For development of the control strategy, the vector control technique was
applied to drive the three-phase induction machines. The estimation of the electromagnetic torque of the
motor was used to determine the machining feed rate for each type of material. The speed control was
developed using fuzzy logic Takagi-Sugeno (TS) model and the estimation of the electromagnetic torque
using the artificial neural network (ANN) of the least mean square (LMS) algorithm type. The induction
motor was fed by a three-phase voltage inverter hardware driven by a digital signal processor (DSP).
Experimental results are presented.
Development Of Industrial Automatic Multi Colour Sorting and Counting Machine...theijes
Sorting of the products in the industry is very difficult task and continuous manual sorting creates issues. It is very desirable to create a machine that identify the objects and relocate them if the object meets certain criteria. This paper presents a solution to sort the coloured objects with the help of the robotic arm. The objects when placed on the conveyor belt are sorted based on colour sensing and are relocated to specific location. When an object moves from one location to another on the conveyor belt, the sensors give the input to the microcontroller which then give the command to the robotic arm to do the task. TCS3200 colour sensor is used for detection of the colour of the object. DC motors are used to move the conveyor belt, gripper and the lifter. Arduino Nano microcontroller is used to give the commands. L293D motor driver is used to drive the motors and LCD display makes the system user friendly
Design and implementation of robot control system for multistory buildingsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The advancement of technology, make robots have more attention from researchers to make life of mankind comfortable. This paper deals with the design of an itemized control system prepared for window cleaning/maintenance of towers and multistory buildings which can be aided to simulating human activities. These activities (washing, coating, wiping, climbing, and maintenance events) normally achieved by specialized personal. The designed control system was prepared to guide the units of the required job to move freely along the outside surface of a window with a fairly enough area and mediate time for achieving the desired goal. The system design is implemented using Arduino kit, due to facilities in program and control of cleaning windows through infer the stepper motor movement and rotation. The controller has been achieved as real time system (30 msec.), it is done throw control of three stepper motor by taken in consideration the speed of the motors (π/3000 rad/sec) and the time can be adjustable within the cleaning area that the device covering it.
With inspiration to develop an own 3-D printing machine, we aimed at developing one by own. As the first step, we thought of working on 2-D drawing machine although using 3 axis of movement, so that it can be further extended towards a fully working rapid prototyping machine. The working model we develop comprises of 3 Stepper motors controlled by a motor driver IC, that gets its signal from Arduino Uno. At end of project, our model is been able to draw any 2-D image that can be uploaded directly in a desktop, which gives the appropriate command signals through an algorithm to Arduino itself.
Cnc tooling for cnc machine(130670119596)Kushal Shah
we have seen what the NC machine is and its various
parts, it is easier to understand what the CNC machine is. CNC is
the short form for Computer Numerical control. We have seen that
the NC machine works as per the program of instructions fed into
the controller unit of the machine. The CNC machine comprises of
the mini computer or the microcomputer that acts as the controller
unit of the machine. While in the NC machine the program is fed
into the punch cards, in CNC machines the program of instructions
is fed directly into the computer via a small board similar to the
traditional keyboard.
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
Esign and fabrication of a shearing machine for glass fiber sleeves using ste...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper gives the reader an insight in to the work we went through to invent the concept for an automated fiber glass sleeve cutting machine. The challenge given to us by the Industry was to design and fabricate the shearing machine that can cut fiber glass sleeves in a given desired length automatically on a large scale. The length of the sleeve given to us is in range of 20mm-50mm. We set out to invent a simple but strong concept resulting in a machine with minimal complexity which will reduce the cost of production, time required to cut the sleeve and also improve the ease of maintenance. This paper is testament to how we achieved a supposedly complex automation using simple mechanical automation. To support our concept we also set out to fabricate a proposed machine to prove this concept will work.
Keywords: Shearing, Plc, Fiber glass sleeves, Ladder programming, Hmi
Speed Control of PMSM by Sliding Mode Control and PI ControlIJMTST Journal
In order to optimize the speed-control performance of the permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)
system with different disturbances and uncertainties, a nonlinear speed-control algorithm for the PMSM servo
systems using sliding-mode control and disturbance compensation techniques is developed in this paper.
First, a sliding-mode control and PI control method based on one novel which allows chattering reduction on
control input while maintaining high tracking performance of the controller. Then, an PI control extended
sliding-mode disturbance observer is proposed to estimate lumped uncertainties directly, to compensate
strong disturbances and achieve high servo precisions. Simulation results PI control better than the SMC
control both show the validity of the proposed control approach.
With inspiration to develop an own 3-D printing machine, we aimed at developing one by own. As the first step, we thought of working on 2-D drawing machine although using 3 axis of movement, so that it can be further extended towards a fully working rapid prototyping machine. The working model we develop comprises of 3 Stepper motors controlled by a motor driver IC, that gets its signal from Arduino Uno. At end of project, our model is been able to draw any 2-D image that can be uploaded directly in a desktop, which gives the appropriate command signals through an algorithm to Arduino itself.
Cnc tooling for cnc machine(130670119596)Kushal Shah
we have seen what the NC machine is and its various
parts, it is easier to understand what the CNC machine is. CNC is
the short form for Computer Numerical control. We have seen that
the NC machine works as per the program of instructions fed into
the controller unit of the machine. The CNC machine comprises of
the mini computer or the microcomputer that acts as the controller
unit of the machine. While in the NC machine the program is fed
into the punch cards, in CNC machines the program of instructions
is fed directly into the computer via a small board similar to the
traditional keyboard.
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
Esign and fabrication of a shearing machine for glass fiber sleeves using ste...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper gives the reader an insight in to the work we went through to invent the concept for an automated fiber glass sleeve cutting machine. The challenge given to us by the Industry was to design and fabricate the shearing machine that can cut fiber glass sleeves in a given desired length automatically on a large scale. The length of the sleeve given to us is in range of 20mm-50mm. We set out to invent a simple but strong concept resulting in a machine with minimal complexity which will reduce the cost of production, time required to cut the sleeve and also improve the ease of maintenance. This paper is testament to how we achieved a supposedly complex automation using simple mechanical automation. To support our concept we also set out to fabricate a proposed machine to prove this concept will work.
Keywords: Shearing, Plc, Fiber glass sleeves, Ladder programming, Hmi
Speed Control of PMSM by Sliding Mode Control and PI ControlIJMTST Journal
In order to optimize the speed-control performance of the permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)
system with different disturbances and uncertainties, a nonlinear speed-control algorithm for the PMSM servo
systems using sliding-mode control and disturbance compensation techniques is developed in this paper.
First, a sliding-mode control and PI control method based on one novel which allows chattering reduction on
control input while maintaining high tracking performance of the controller. Then, an PI control extended
sliding-mode disturbance observer is proposed to estimate lumped uncertainties directly, to compensate
strong disturbances and achieve high servo precisions. Simulation results PI control better than the SMC
control both show the validity of the proposed control approach.
Disturbance Observer And Optimal Fuzzy Controllers Used In Controlling Force ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
SPEED SYNCHRONIZATION OF MASTER –SLAVE D.C. MOTORS USING MICROCONTROLLER, FOR...Editor IJMTER
In textile industry many processes require speed synchronization of more than one motors involved in the process. Rolling of cloth should be synchronized with the speed of weaving spindle to avoid damage and motor speed synchronization is vital in conveyor belt driven by multiple motors. Abrupt load variations may cause hunting or oscillatory behavior in d. c. machines. This behavior can be detrimental to the process. The digitally controlled d. c. machines can have much aggravated phenomenon owing to poor sampling period selection. Traditionally processes are synchronized through mechanical transmission system consisting of a line shaft gears, pullers etc. Among the available software mechanisms master-slave synchronization is a widely used technique. Multi-motor applications have become very attractive field in industrial applications replacing in traditional mechanical coupling. Many textile applications involved synchronized speed motors. For example wrapping of clothes should be synchronized with the speed of weaving spindle to avoid damage and Similarly in some cases the speed of long conveyor belt driven by multiple motors is need to be constant. In such types of applications master slave technique is used as a software mechanism to synchronize the speed of different motors to avoid damage.
As per VTU CAD/CAM/CIM Module -4 18ME72-Part-A
Computer Numerical Control: Introduction, components of CNC, CNC programming, manual part programming, G Codes, M Codes, programming of simple components in turning, drilling and milling systems, programming with canned cycles. Cutter radius compensations.
Robot Technology: Robot anatomy, joints and links, common robot configurations, robot control systems, accuracy and repeatability, end effectors, sensors in robotics.
Geometric modeling: Wire frame, surface and solid modeling - Engineering analysis;
design review and evaluation, automated drafting.
Numerical control: Need - advantages and disadvantages – classifications – Point to
point, straight cut and contouring positioning - incremental and absolute systems – open
loop and closed loop systems – DDA integrator and Interpolators – resolution – CNC and
DNC.
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC): need – relays - logic ladder program –
timers, simple problems only - Devices in N.C. systems: Driving devices - feed
back devices: encoders, moire fringes, digitizer, resolver, inductosyn, and
tachometer.
Today the coil winding machine is one of most accessible machines from the industrial sector, which can winding the coil onto spool, bobbin and so on. The coil winders are varying based on the potential and level of the speed. Because, these machines <a> coil winding machine </a> are categorized from multi speeded machines to fixed speed levels with different sorts and classes, like medium, extensive and additional substantial machine that performing according to the speed level.
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, snake optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to find the optimal gains of an enhanced controller for controlling congestion problem in computer networks. M-file and Simulink platform is adopted to evaluate the response of the active queue management (AQM) system, a comparison with two classical controllers is done, all tuned gains of controllers are obtained using SOA method and the fitness function chose to monitor the system performance is the integral time absolute error (ITAE). Transient analysis and robust analysis is used to show the proposed controller performance, two robustness tests are applied to the AQM system, one is done by varying the size of queue value in different period and the other test is done by changing the number of transmission control protocol (TCP) sessions with a value of ± 20% from its original value. The simulation results reflect a stable and robust behavior and best performance is appeared clearly to achieve the desired queue size without any noise or any transmission problems.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
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Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
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• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
The characteristics of TB6600 motor driver in producing optimal movement for the Nema23 stepper motor on CNC machine
1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control
Vol. 18, No. 1, February 2020, pp. 343~350
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i1.12781 343
Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA
The characteristics of TB6600 motor driver in producing
optimal movement for the Nema23 stepper motor
on CNC machine
M. Khairudin1
, R. Asnawi2
, A. Shah3
1,2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia
3
Faculty of Technical and Vocational, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Mar 29, 2019
Revised Jul 3, 2019
Accepted Jul 18, 2019
This study describes the use of the TB6600 motor driver for the stepper
motor on CNC machine. Based on the analysis of the performance of
the TB6600 motor driver, in order to produce an optimal stepper motor of
Nema23 on CNC machine, three stepper motors are needed as the CNC
engine drives for the X, Y and Z axeo be connected to the TB6600 motor
driver. The motor is then controlled by Raspberry Pi via Mach3 Interface
Board of Breakout Board. The softness of motion and safe working
temperature for the stepper motor of Nema23 on CNC machine are obtained
by varying the control of the micro-step switches and controlling current
switches. The results show that 32 steps of micro-step control produce
smoother resonance and movement than smaller micro-steps. In addition,
the current control of 1 A generates the best motor driver output with a lower
temperature for all three stepper motors.
Keywords:
Micro-step
Performance
Stepper motor
Timing
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
M. Khairudin,
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Email: moh_khairudin@uny.ac.id
1. INTRODUCTION
The development of industry in the era of industrial revolution 4.0 which led to automation has
penetrated the manufacturing industry. Manual machines that are often used for manufacturing such as lathes,
milling machines, shaping machines, etc. have now morphed into automatic machines. Among them,
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is the type of machine automation that is most often used in
the manufacturing industry.
In the past, production activities in the industry used machines that were only operated by human
power or operators. However, the risk of human error and the great amount of cost have forced industry
players to find more effective ways to minimize accidents caused by human error and save production costs
without disrupting the production process. The amount of material used in the production process these days
also requires the industry to employ more human resources to work on the process. Ultimately, current
technological developments not only affect the communications and computer industry, but also
the manufacturing industry. As a result, many large-scale industrial machines today are equipped with
automatic systems. One of the most widely used automatic machines is the Computer Numerical Control
(CNC) machine. The working principle of the CNC machine is to make tasks that are previously done
2. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 1, February 2020: 343 - 350
344
manually to be automatic. This is made possible by entering workmanship data such as length, width, and
shape to be processed into the computer system connected to the machine. The use of many CNC machines
brings many benefits, namely its ability to minimize the occurrence of human errors, save costs, last longer
than manual machines, reduce production or scrap waste, and have a higher level of accuracy. The types of
CNC machines include the CNC 5 Axis milling machines, CNC lathes, CNC plasma cutting machines, CNC
milling machines and indentation making machines.
Rotary motors and ball screws have been used in the construction of a CNC machine to obtain
the desired motions. To produce a high-speed operating machine with a low cost, the technique employs
linear motors to obtain machining assessment with composite material [1]. In a study aimed to build
a machine with several motions, a CNC milling machine is supported with 5-axis and integrated with a robot
consisting of 2 main components, namely human-machine interface and numerical control kernel through
a multiprocessor system in a single IC of FPGA [2]. It is found that a smart controller TMS320C240 stepper
motor has been used to control acceleration and deceleration for intelligent spherical camera pan and tilt
institutions through an exponential curve [3]. Meanwhile, a cost-effective and modified CNC Machine
system has been developed by improving the electronics controller to achieve a friendly CNC machine user
that serves as learning media in the workshop for students [4]. Furthermore, an improvement was done on
a conventional lathe machine that can be operated as a CNC machine through robust movement for spindle
using the QFT method by controlling three stepper motors for the axis movement of X, Y, and Z,
respectively [5, 6].
A CNC was designed by positioning the cutting spindle and fused deposition modeling heat extruder
in place of the rotary stage to overcome the misalignment through the sensors of IR [7]. Various solid-based
rapid prototypes processed through fused deposition modeling with no support material were developed to
verify the powder-based rapid prototyping processes in the manufacturing as the powder was able to operate
with itself as supporting material [8]. In order to improve machine quality, increase productivity, save time,
eliminate accidents, enable monitoring, as well as build up equipment life, a study conducted by [9] proposed
the exchange standard for numerical control of product data complicant, which is necessary to open
the control system for CNC milling machine. Another study analyzes the performances of motion accuracy
for industrial robots by the CNC controller through studying the corner paths based on the running speed
difference [10]. Current motor driver controllers are supported by CNC milling machines in real-time
through the method of on-line chatting detection. Moreover, a spindle transfer function based on velocity is
constructed through monitoring the parameters of control performances and reading the frequencies of
responses function [11].
Furthermore, to obtain the desired quality motion of the CNC machine, a lot of techniques have been
proposed by previous studies. One testing technique uses GO1 G-code to create the control of CNC motion
through a test bench that can be generated by a test in concert with actual formal specification [12].
The multi-axis controller design of CNC which embedded motion achieves several fault-tolerant methods in
various motions, namely parabolic, trapezoidal, exponential, and S-curve [13].
Generally, machining processes, especially CNC, generate noises from the motor rotations. In regard
to this, low-frequency noises from CNC machine processes were measured, ultimately resulting in the efforts
to meet the legislation for permissible noise ranges [14]. The development of a machining system normally
includes the use of several sensors, especially for manufacturing systems such as CNC. For the automatic
milling and cutting of lathe machines, multi-axis pressure sensor characterization profiles are used to
minimize timing development and enable suitable benchmarking combined with three-axis forces and torques
and three-axis translational sensors developed by [15].
To control the stepper motor as a main actuator on the CNC machine, several techniques have been
proposed by previous studies. Simplifying a torque modulation through micro-stepping is a technique to
achieve position control of stepper motors. A torque modulated for micro-stepping technique was
implemented by simplifying the current tracking control theorem to acquire the high profiles for the current
tracking that was not required for the high profiles of position tracking [16]. Relevant to assessing
the challenges in controlling high-performance drives of a stepper motor, the Spatio-temporal robust control
is imperative for ensuring the high precision and efficiency of micro-stepping for stepper motor [17].
To estimate a dynamic sensorless load angle, a conventional transfer function analyzer method is
operated through half and full micro-stepping as presented by [18], which reveals the system’s capability to
track the reference of position and indicate the robustness of torque. Furthermore, it is necessary to analyze
a stepper motor behavior in order to identify and develop a control system especially in CNC machine
system. A technique using standing wave ultrasonic to control the stepper motor was used in order to obtain
the desired position and motion by implementing the square driving source to drive the stepper motor [19].
This study analyzes the performance of the TB6600 motor driver in producing optimal movement on
the stepper motor of Nema23 on CNC machines. Accuracy in setting the width of the step distance on
3. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Characteristics of TB6600 motor driver in producing optimal movement for Nema23.... (M. Khairudin)
345
the micro-step and the amount of current entering the motor will greatly affect the pattern and softness of
CNC machine movements. It is highly necessary to adjust the width of the steps on the micro-step and
the amount of inflow on the motor. This study faces a number of challenges in determining the variation
in controlling the micro-step switches and controlling the current switches to obtain a smooth motion and
safe working temperature for the stepper motor of Nema23 on CNC machines. Compared to the smaller
micro-steps, micro-step control with 32 steps produces smoother resonance and movement. Meanwhile,
the current control of 1 A generates the best motor driver output with a lower temperature for all three
stepper motors.
A motor driver or motion controller is a movement controller of an electronic circuit [20-22]. In this
case, the driver adjusts the motor rotation direction and speed. There are many types of motor controller
drivers with different specifications depending on the motor used [23-25]. The TB6600 motor driver is
a TB6600HG IC-based stepper motor driver. Some of the features of the TB6600 motorbike driver are as
follows: (1) single chip-based, (2) suitable for bipolar stepper motors of Nema17, Nema23, Nema34,
(3) suitable for stepper motors with four cables, six cables, and eight cables, (4) available for forward and
backward rotation, (5) having six micro-step regulator switches which cover 1/1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 and 1/32,
(6) having the minimum input voltage of 10Vdc and the maximum input voltage of 42Vdc, and (7) having
a step pulse LED indicator. Many things need to be considered in operating the TB6600 motor driver,
starting from setting how many step widths of the motor will rotate, to setting the current supply which will
affect the motor performance.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
The following is an analysis of the performance testing of the TB6600 motor driver as a Nema23
stepper motor drive on a CNC machine including micro-stepping settings and current settings for the TB6600
motor driver. Micro-stepping is the step width setting of the motor when spinning. In this study, micro-step
settings were done by changing three micro-step switches, namely S1, S2, and S3. The following is the step
width data from the micro-step in the TB6600 motor driver, as seen in Table 1. Based on Table 1, the S1
switch was ON when the width of the micro-step step was below 4 steps, then it was OFF when the width of
the micro-step step was more than 4 steps up to 32 steps. The S2 switch was ON at a certain step, but it was
OFF when the step exceeded 16. Meanwhile, the S3 switch turned OFF-ON alternately.
It is necessary to pay attention to the number of output currents when operating this TB6600 motor
driver. The output current must be in accordance with the specifications of motor current consumption
because if the output current is greater than the specifications of motor current consumption, the motor will
heat up quickly and will affect the performance of the motor itself. The setting of the number of output
currents from the driver can be seen in Table 2.
Table 1. Various switches condition for micro-step setting
Micro-step
Switches
S1 S2 S3
1 ON ON OFF
2A ON OFF ON
2B ON OFF OFF
4 OFF ON ON
8 OFF ON OFF
16 OFF OFF ON
32 OFF OFF OFF
Table 2. Current Settings for various switches
Current
(Ampere)
Switches
S1 S2 S3
0.5 ON ON ON
1 ON OFF ON
1.5 ON ON OFF
2 ON OFF OFF
2.5 OFF ON ON
3 OFF ON OFF
3.5 OFF OFF OFF
Table 2 explains the schematic variation of switches S1, S2 and S3 to get the best performance
conditions for stepper motors. When the number of output currents from the driver was low, the S1 switch
was ON and vice versa. In S2 switch, there were variations in conditions, e.g. when the number of high
output driver currents was precisely the amount of 3A, the S2 switch turned ON. Meanwhile, on S3 switch,
the ON condition was only shown when the number of currents was small, and when the amount of large
current was OFF.
All optical inputs were isolated to prevent the device from noise and short circuits. This input can be
set via hardware cabling, not through switch settings such as micro-step. The factors affecting the input
settings were the enable, direction, and pulse ports. On ports powered by 5 VDC, high and low inputs
resulted in non-active and active conditions, respectively. Meanwhile, the direction of the port with 5 VDC
input with high and low inputs obtain clockwise and counter clockwise directions. In order to stimulate
the pulse, 5 VDC was acquired.
4. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 1, February 2020: 343 - 350
346
During the installation, motor drivers were not changed or connected to the supply cable, motor
cable, or other inputs when the power was on because it could cause damaged drivers. The process of
TB6600 motor driver with CNC machines wiring required a long time and high accuracy. The materials
needed in the process of wiring TB6600 motorbike drivers were Raspberry Pi, TB6600 motor driver,
breakout board (BOB) Mach3 interface board, power supply, NEMA23 stepper motors, and connectors.
The wiring scheme for stepper X, Y, and Z motors with three TB6600 motor drivers for each motor can be
seen in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Wiring Schemes for assembling motor driver TB6600
Based on Figure 1, wiring the TB6600 motor driver was done when installing the source cable from
the power supply. Blue and yellow cables were for the current and voltage, while the black cable was
the ground. The Raspberry Pi was connected via the raspberry GPIO pin to pin 11 to pin 36 using the DB25
cable to the parallel port of the BOB Mach3 interface board. Then, USB BOB input was connected to
the Raspberry USB port output which functioned as the 5VDC supply on the BOB. Then, the BOB Mach3
interface board was connected to the motor driver TB6600.
The next process was connecting the output 5VDC BOB to Ena (+5V), Dir (+5v), and Pul (+5V)
before the P2 BOB was connected to Pul (-PUL) motor driver X. P3 BOB was then connected to Dir (-Dir)
motor driver X. After wiring the X motor driver, the same process was employed to Y motor driver by
connecting P4 BOB to Pul (-PUL) and P5 BOB to Dir (-Dir). A similar method should be used to install
the Z motor driver by connecting P6 BOB to Pul (-PUL) Z motor driver and P7 BOB to the Dir (-Dir) motor
driver Z.
The motor driver output was then connected to the Nema stepper motor23. In wiring, the motor
driver output should match the coil contained in the Nema23 stepper motor. Then, B-stepper motor coil had
to be connected to the B-motor driver port, as well as the B+, A-, and A+ coils, in accordance with
the initialization. At last, the TB6600 motor driver input voltage source was connected to the power supply
output voltage. The +12 VDC output power supply needed to be connected to the VCC port of the motor
driver and the power -12VDC output to the ground port (GND) motor driver. Meanwhile, X, Y, and Z
stepper motor movements were programmed on Raspberry pi. The flowchart used in the Raspberry pi process
can be seen in Figure 2.
5. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Characteristics of TB6600 motor driver in producing optimal movement for Nema23.... (M. Khairudin)
347
Figure 2. Software flow diagram for raspberry pi
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
TB6600 motor driver components may work if the width of the micro-step and the amount of
motor driver output current are set in accordance with the specifications of the stepper motor used. In order to
get the effective TB6600 motor driver variable switch setting, it is necessary to adjust the width of
the micro-stepping step and the amount of input current in the TB6600 motor driver.
3.1. Micro-step setting
Micro-step is a step width controller that will be carried out by a stepper motor. If the step width is
set larger (1 step), the motor rotation step will be greater; whereas, if the step width is set smaller (32 steps),
the motor rotation step will be smaller. This micro-step setting will affect the smoothness of the motor
rotation when spinning. Thus, if the width in the step is set small (32 steps), the vibrations caused by
the motor rotation will be smaller in number.
Influencing the smoothness of motor rotation, micro-step setting will also affect the length of time
the motor rotates. As an illustration, if there are two objects walk at the same distance (one meter), they may
differ in the number of steps. One object takes one step, but the other one may take 32 steps. It will definitely
be faster to use one step. Based on this analogy, this study tries to find a good arrangement that makes CNC
machines work optimally later. Several measurements and analyses are presented in Table 3.
Based on Figure 3, it can be indicated that in case 1, the micro-step wide-degree scheme is arranged
based on the variations on the X motor driver with a number of variations and 6 kinds of rare micro-step
widths. Meanwhile, the width of the micro-step in the Y motor driver is designed similar to the Z motor
driver with one variation in the width of the micro-step (1 step). Case 1 shows that it takes the longest when
the the micro-step step is 8 or 16 in width. Meanwhile, it takes the shortest, when the micro-step for the X
motor driver is 32 in width while the Y and Z motor drivers still use micro-step 1. The difference between
the longest and fastest time in case 1 is 0.11 s.
Table 3. Effect of micro-step on timing work
Motor
Driver X
Motor
Driver Y
Motor
Driver Z
Time (s)
1 1 1 1 213.23
2 2a 1 1 213.20
3 4 1 1 213.16
4 8 1 1 213.24
5 16 1 1 213.24
6 32 1 1 213.13
7 1 2a 1 213.31
8 2a 2a 1 213.16
9 4 2a 1 213.32
10 8 2a 1 213.31
11 16 2a 1 213.31
12 32 2a 1 213.31
13 1 1 1 213.23
14 2a 2a 2a 213.26
15 4 4 4 213.28
16 8 8 8 213.34
17 16 16 16 213.60
18 32 32 32 213.65 Figure 3. Correlation between micro-step and timing
Meanwhile, in case 2, the arrangement of the wide-degree of micro-step scheme in the X motor
driver is the same as in case 1, but the width of the micro-step in the Y motor driver is the same (2a).
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The width of the Z motor driver stays in one wide variety of micro-step steps, namely 1. Case 2 shows that
the long process occurs when the micro-step degree is 4 in width. Meanwhile, the shortest time takes place
when using a micro-step (2a) for X motor driver and Y motor driver, while the Z motor driver still uses
micro-step 1. The difference between the longest and shortest time in case 2 is 0.16 s.
In Case 3, the micro-step width scheme is set in 6 variations of the micro-step degree width for X,
Y, and Z motor drivers. The results show that each degree of width in the micro-step increases in the amount
of working time in X, Y, and Z motors. Therefore, the longest time is reached by using small steps (32 steps).
The difference between the longest and shortest time in case 3 is 0.42 s. The longer the processing time is,
the smoother the X, Y, and Z motors are in forming the circle. The increase in time spent is not very
significant, because it only increases in the range of milliseconds. Thus, it does not matter if small steps
(32 steps) are used since there is still an impact on the smoothness in the circle making process.
Figure 3 shows that when the step width on the micro-step is set smaller (32 steps), it will make
the motor takes longer to spin. This can be seen in the latest data, in which data 13 to data 18 increase in
time. Although the difference in the duration of spinning is not too significant, only in milliseconds, in this
study, the authors suggest using the 32 step-width because the time difference between step settings is not too
much. Moreover, when viewed from the resonance aspect of motor vibration when spinning, the drivers will
be smoother if they are 32 steps in width. Table 3 contains the data of the durations of the motorbike in
successfully making a circle with a diameter of 10 cms. The visualization of the machine while working
through the application can be seen in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Visualization of machine work in the application
3.2. Current settings
Similar to the micro-step, if TB6600 motor driver is used, the amount of output current can be
adjusted to the amount of current consumption of the stepper motor used. There are three switches, from ON
to OFF, that can be adjusted until they form a combination described in Table 2. This current switch setting
has an impact on the amount of torque produced by the motor. If the current consumed by the motor is
enough, the torque produced by the motor will be optimum. Meanwhile, if the current consumed by
the motor is smaller than the specifications, the torque produced by the motor will be less than the maximum.
In addition to the amount of torque influenced, setting the current will also have an impact on
the temperature of the motor while working. If the motor driver output current is set to exceed the motor
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Characteristics of TB6600 motor driver in producing optimal movement for Nema23.... (M. Khairudin)
349
current consumption specification, the temperature will rise faster; whereas, if the motor driver output current
is set smaller than the motor current consumption specification, the motor temperature tends to be stable.
This can be seen in Table 4.
Table 4. The effect of current on the increasing motor temperature (o
C)
Current
(Ampere)
Temperature (
o
C) Motor X Temperature (
o
C) Motor Y Temperature (
o
C) Motor Z
beginning end delta beginning end delta beginning end delta
0.5 33 33.6 0.6 33.4 33.6 0.2 31.8 32 0.2
1 33.7 34.3 0.6 34.3 34.8 0.5 31.8 32.1 0.3
1.5 33.4 35.6 2.2 33.9 35.3 1.4 31.8 32.1 0.3
2 33.3 35.6 2.3 33.1 35.3 2.2 31.2 31.7 0.5
2.5 33 38.9 5.9 33.1 38.4 5.3 30.8 32.2 1.4
3 33.7 42.4 8.7 32.3 39.6 7.3 30.8 32.3 1.5
3.5 32.7 42 9.3 32 41 9 31.8 33.3 1.5
Table 4 presents the data of the rising temperature that occurs because of the motor driver
output current in making a circle with a diameter of 1 cm. Meanwhile, Figure 5 shows the increasing number
of motor driver output currents and the increase of motor temperature. The figure also shows that
the temperature of the X, Y and Z motors has increased. The temperature drastically changes in X and Y,
21.4% and 21.9%, respectively, due to the maximum current consumption of X and Y stepper motors
(1.5 amperes).
In addition, the maximum motor current consumption for the Z stepper motor is up to 4 amperes.
As shown in Figure 5, most changes in the temperature of the motorbike are small, only at 4.5 percent.
Therefore, it is assumed that the best setting of the motor driver output current is around 1 ampere because
the temperature changes in motor X, Y and Z are 1.7%, 1.4%, and 0.9%. With a relatively small temperature
change, it is expected that the engine will last longer.
Figure 5. The correlation between current and temperature change
4. CONCLUSION
The study on TB6600 motor driver performance as a Nema23 stepper motor controller on a CNC
machine has shown good performance results with the selection of step widths and the amount of current
input into the motor driver. Switch settings on the TB6600 motor driver affect the effectiveness of
the performance of three installed stepper motors namely X, Y and Z as they move towards the X, Y and Z
axes on CNC machines. The micro-step switch settings will affect the time and smoothness of the stepper
motor while working. Moreover, the setting of the current switch will affect the temperature of the stepper
motor while spinning.
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