For free download Subscribe to https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTfiZ8qwZ_8_vTjxeCB037w and Follow https://www.instagram.com/fitrit_2405/ then please contact +91-9045839849 over WhatsApp.
Internship report on working of CNC and PLC in BHEL, Jhansi
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machining is the process through which computers control machine-based processes in manufacturing. The kinds of machines controlled include lathes, mills, routers and grinders – all used for manufacturing of metal and plastic products.
For free download Subscribe to https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTfiZ8qwZ_8_vTjxeCB037w and Follow https://www.instagram.com/fitrit_2405/ then please contact +91-9045839849 over WhatsApp.
Internship report on working of CNC and PLC in BHEL, Jhansi
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machining is the process through which computers control machine-based processes in manufacturing. The kinds of machines controlled include lathes, mills, routers and grinders – all used for manufacturing of metal and plastic products.
THIS REPORT IS USEFULL TO THE STUDENT WHO ARE TRAINING FROM BHEL HARIDWAR OR ANY OTHER PLACE ON CNC MACHINES. IT PROVIDES A DETAILED REPORT OF 60 PAGES.
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
The Industrial Automation System is used Industry 4.0. In this presentation we describes about the three important systems used in industrial automation.
THIS REPORT IS USEFULL TO THE STUDENT WHO ARE TRAINING FROM BHEL HARIDWAR OR ANY OTHER PLACE ON CNC MACHINES. IT PROVIDES A DETAILED REPORT OF 60 PAGES.
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
The Industrial Automation System is used Industry 4.0. In this presentation we describes about the three important systems used in industrial automation.
Modern Machine Tools:
CNC machines: Introduction, principles of operation,
Types – Vertical machining centres and horizontal machining centres,
major elements, functions, applications,
controllers,
open loop and closed loop systems
Types of automatic machines,
Transfer machines
Numerical Control (NC) machine tools – CNC types, constructional details, special features, machining centre, and part programming fundamentals CNC – manual part programming – micromachining – wafer machining
Numerical control (NC) machine tools - CNC: types, constructional details, special features - design considerations of CNC machines for improving machining accuracy -structural members - slide ways - linear bearings - ball screws - spindle drives and feed drives.
CNC Programming for Begainer.
1.Easy Mehtod.
2.Complete Theoritical Knowledge.
3.Motion and coordinate system for NC machine.
4.Axes convention of VMC & HMC.
5.How to make Part Programming.
6.Coordinates System.
7.Programming Format.
8.List of G Codes And M Codes.
9.How to Use of Above Codes In Programme.
10.Reference Point and Return of Machine.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
5. • Development of computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines is an outstanding
contribution to the manufacturing industries. It has made possible the automation of the
machining process with flexibility to handle small to medium batch of quantities in part
production.
• Initially, the CNC technology was applied on basic metal cutting machine like lathes, milling
machines, etc. Later, to increase the flexibility of the machines in handling a variety of
components and to finish them in a single setup on the same machine, CNC machines capable
of performing multiple operations were developed. To start with, this concept was applied to
develop a CNC machining centre for machining prismatic components combining operations like
milling, drilling, boring and taping. Further, the concept of multi-operations was also extended
for machining cylindrical components, which led to the development of turning centers.
• ADVANTAGE OF CNC MACHINES
•
• Higher flexibility
• Increased productivity
• Consistent quality
• Reduced scrap rate
• Reliable operation
• Reduced non productive time
• Reduced manpower
• Shorter cycle time
• High accuracy
• Reduced lead time
• Automatic material handling
• Lesser floor space
• Increased operation safety
•
6. • Numerical control (NC) is a method employed for controlling the motions of a
machine tool slide and its auxiliary functions with input in the form of numerical
data. A computer numerical control (CNC) is a microprocessor-based system to
store and process the data for the control of slide motions and auxiliary functions
of the machine tools. The CNC system is the heart and brain of a CNC machine
which enables the operation of various machine members such as slides, spindles,
etc. as per the sequence programmed into it, depending on the machining
operations.
• The main advantage of a CNC system lies in the fact that the skills of the
operator hitherto required in the operation of a conventional machine is removed
and the part production is made automatic.
• The CNC systems are constructed with a NC unit integrated with a
programmable logic controller (PLC) and some times with an additional external
PLC (non-integrated). The NC controls the spindle movement and the speeds and
feeds in machining. It calculates the traversing path of the axes as defined by the
inputs. The PLC controls the peripheral actuating elements of the machine such as
solenoids, relay coils, etc. Working together, the NC and PLC enable the machine
tool to operate automatically. Positioning and part accuracy depend on the CNC
system's computer control algorithms, the system resolution and the basic
mechanical machine accuracy. Control algorithm may cause errors while
computing, which will reflect during contouring, but they are very negligible.
Though this does not cause point to point positioning error, but when mechanical
machine inaccuracy is present, it will result in poorer part accuracy.
• This chapter gives an overview of the configuration of the CNC system,
interfacing and introduction to PLC programming.
7. A CNC System basically consists of the following
1) Numerical Control unit (NCU)
2) Servo-control unit
3) Operator control panel
4) Machine control panel
4) Other peripheral device
5) Programmable logic controller (PLC)
8. System machines have a Numerical Control unit known as NCU. The NCU has following
functions:
Execution of the NC program.
Maintaining communication with the i/os.
The NCU is accommodated in housing – the NCU box. It also contains a power supply unit and a
plug-in fan unit. The NCU which is the central processing unit of the 840D control. It contains the
NC-CPU and the PLC-CPU.
The NCU is the heart and brain of a CNC system. It accepts the information stored in the
memory as part program. This data is decoded and transformed into specific position control
and velocity control signals. It also oversees the movement of the control axis or spindle
whenever this does not match the programmed values, a corrective action is taken.
All the compensations required for machine accuracy (like lead screw pitch error, tool wear
out, backlash, etc.) are calculated by the NCU depending upon the corresponding inputs made
available to the system. The same will be taken care of during the generation of control signals
for the axis movement. Also, some safety checks are built into the system through this unit and
the NCU unit will provide continuous necessary corrective actions.
9. Fig shows a OP10 Sinumerik 840D CNC system's operator control panel. The operator
control panel provides the user interface to facilitate a two-way communication
between the user, CNC system and the machine tool. This consists of two parts:
Video Display Unit (VDU)
Keyboard
The OP displays the status of the various parameters of the CNC system and the
machine tool. It displays all current information such as:
#complete information of the block currently being executed
#Actual position value, set or actual difference, current feed rate, spindle speed
#Active G functions
#Main program number, subroutine number
#Display of all entered data, user programs, user data, machine data, etc.
#Alarm messages in plain text
#Soft key designations
10. A keyboard is provided for the following purposes:
Editing of part programs, tool data, and machine parameters.
2)Selection of different pages for viewing.
3)Selection of operating modes, e.g. manual data input.
4)Selection of feed rate override and spindles speed override.
5)Execution of part programs.
11. is the direct interface between operator and the NC system,
enabling the operation of the machine through the CNC system. Fig
shows the MCP of Hinumerik 3100 system.
•
• During program execution, the CNC controls the axis motion,
spindle function or tool function on a machine tool, depending
upon the part program stored in the memory. Prior to the starting
of the machine process, machine should first be prepared with
some specific tasks like,
• Establishing a correct reference point
• Loading the system memory with the required part program
• Loading and checking of tool offsets, zero offsets, etc.
• For these tasks, the system must be operated in specific operating
mode so that these preparatory functions can be established.
12. Generally, the CNC system can be operated in the following modes:
Manual mode
Manual data input (MDI) mode
Automatic mode
Reference mode
Input mode
Output mode, etc.
Manual mode: In this mode, movement of a machine slide can carried out manually by pressing the particular jog
button (+ or -). The slide (axis) is selected through an axis selector switch or through individual switches (e.g., X+, X-,
Y+, Y-, Z+, Z-, etc.). The feed rate of the slide movement is prefixed. CNC system allows the axis to be jogged at high
feed rate also. The axis movement can also be achieved manually using a hand wheel interface instead of jog
buttons. In this mode slides can be moved in two ways:
Continuous
Incremental
Continuous mode: In This mode, the slide will move as long as the jog button is pressed.
Incremental mode: Hence the slide will move through a fixed distance, which is selectable. Normally, system allows
jogging of axes in 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, increments. Axis movement is at a prefixed feed rate. It is initiated by
pressing the proper jog+ or jog- key and will be limited to the no of increments selected even if the jog button is
continuously pressed. For subsequent movement the jog button has to be released and once again pressed.
13.
14. matches the NC to the machine. PLCs were basically introduced as
replacement for hard wired relay control panels. PLC help us in reducing the
Hardwired controls of machine. They provide a platform from where
implementation of logic as well as their diagnosis (fault finding) becomes
much simple. PLC is replacing the concept of relay logic control. The PLC are
reusable and can be programmed to perform various functions like On
Delay Timers, Off Delay timers, Binary counter, BCD Counters etc. This
multifunctional quality of PLC is very useful economically as the designer
can implement most of the functions by using a single PLC block. PLCs are
now available with increased functions, more memory and large
input/output capabilities. Fig.7 gives the generalized PLC block diagram.
• In the CPU, all the decisions are made relative to controlling a machine or a
process. The CPU receives input data, performs logical decisions based upon
stored programs and drives the outputs. Connections to a computer for
hierarchical control are done via the CPU.
•
15. The principle of operation of a PLC is determined essentially by
the PLC program memory, processor, inputs and outputs.
The program that determines PLC operation is stored in the
internal PLC program memory. The PLC operates cyclically, i.e.
when a complete program has been scanned, it starts again at
the beginning of the program. At the beginning of each cycle,
the processor examines the signal status at all inputs.To execute
the program, the processor fetches one statement after another
from the programming memory and executes it. The PLC
programs are stored in the data card in the case of CPU313. In
case of 840D/810D CNC system it is stored in the NCU card itself.
The program can be uploaded from the PLC to PG or vice versa
using STEP7 software. The FC and FB are called in the OB1. The
PLC processes the OB1 cyclically and evaluates all the inputs.
The change in status of inputs is evaluated and the programmed
out can be switch On/Off with the help of the STEP7 Program.