The document summarizes the events leading up to and following the independence of Latin American countries from Spain in the early 19th century. It describes the political unrest in the late 18th century, the influence of the American and French revolutions, and the pro-independence movements and publications in Britain and Latin America. It also discusses British military interventions in Spain and Latin America during this time period and the involvement of British, Irish and Scottish mercenaries in the wars of independence.

1. Bicentenary: the birth of a continent known as Latin America Aquiles Alencar-Brayner Curator, Latin American Collections [email_address]

2. Latin American Independence

4. Antonio de Ulloa y Jorge Juan, Relacion historica del viage a la América meridional, hecho de orden de S. Mag …. Madrid, 1748 BL G.7226-30

5. Pre-Independence Era: European Publications Guillaume Raynal. Histoire philosophique et politique des établissemens et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes . La Haye, 1774. BL 582.e.9-15

8. Anti-Napoleonic Protest in Sp. Am. Papeles varios. Mexico, 1820 BL 9180.3.6

9. Independentist publications in Britain Juan Pablo Viscardo y Guzman. Letter to the Spanish Americans (written apparently in 1791. Translated from a French copy). London, 1808. BL 8175.b.18 William Burke. Aditional Reasons… London: J.Ridgway, 1808 BL 1446.h.14

19. Military Accounts: popular participation James Hackett. Narrative of the expedition, which sailed from England in 1817, to join the South American Patriots… London: John Murray, 1818. James Hackett entered into the service of the Spanish American independence cause and set off to make his fortune in 1817. He wrote his account to dissuade other Britons from following in his footsteps. “ The Independent armies march in hordes, without order or discipline; their baggage consisting of little more than the scanty covering on their backs. They are totally destitute of tents, and in their encampments observe neither regularity nor system. The commanding officers are generally mounted, and likewise such of the others as are able to provide themselves with horses or mules, the latter of which are in great plenty. The exterminating principle upon which the war is carried on between the contending parties, render their campaigns bloody and destructive; desolation marks the progress of those hostile bands, to whose inveterate enmities the innocent and unoffending inhabitants are equally the victims, with those actually opposed to them in military strife. In action the Independents display much bravery and determination, and frequently prove successful, notwithstanding their want of discipline, deficiency of arms, and disorderly manner of attack and defence. Unhappily the work of death terminates not with the battle, for on whatsoever side victory rests, the events which immediately succeed those sanguinary struggles are such as must cast an indelible stain upon the Spanish American Revolution. The engagement is scarcely ended, when an indiscriminate massacre of the prisoners takes place; nor is the slaughter only confined to the captives, the field also undergoes an inspection, when the helpless wounded are in like manner put to the sword.’ pp. 55-56 BL 798.h.12.(4.)

22. Relationship between Europe and America Andres Bello, Repertorio Americano . Londres, 1826. BL P.P.4086. Interesting official Documents relating to the United Provinces of Venezuela . London, 1818 BL 8179.aaa.68

23. Relations to Britain Andres Bello, Repertorio Americano . Londres, 1826. BL P.P.4086. J. Fernandez Lizardi (El Pensador Mexicano), 1820 BL 8180.bbb.18

25. Women depicted in foreign travelogues William W. Carpenter. Travels and Adventures in Mexico . New York: 1851 BL 10480.b.6

26. Women in Spanish America Josefa Acevedo Gomez, Tratado sobre Economia Domestica para el uso de las madres de familia i de las amas de casa . Bogota: 1848. BL 8415.a.57.(1.) BL P.P.2589.sab

28. Indigenous population depicted in British travelogues William Bullock. Six Months’ Residence and Travels in Mexico . London: J ohn Murray, 1824. BL 1050.k.16 Emeric Essex Vidal. Picturesque Illustrations of Buenos Ayres and Monte Video . London: Ackermann, 1820. BL C.115.i.1 John Constance. Letters from Buenos Ayres and Chile . London: R. Ackermann, 1819. BL 279.k.13

29. The Indian as a National Myth Vicente Riva-Palacio y Guerrero. México a través de los Siglos. México: Ballescá y comp., 1889. BL C.115.i.1 José Joaquin Olmedo. La Victoria de Junin: canto a Bolivar . Londres: I mprenta de M. Calero, 1826. BL 11450.d.26

32. Constitutions: nationality vs. citizenship Peru, 1823

33. Constitutions: nationality vs. citizenship Bolivia, 1826

36. Q&A Robert William Hardy. Travels in the interior of Mexico in 1825, 1826, 1827, & 1828 . London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1829. BL 1050.k.21