1) The 1963 Birmingham march, organized by SCLC, challenged the extreme segregation policies in the city and resulted in violent clashes between protesters and police. Images of police attacking children with dogs and fire hoses shocked the nation and the world. 2) Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested during the march and wrote his famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail" defending nonviolent protest. Over 2000 protesters were also arrested. 3) The violence in Birmingham persuaded President Kennedy to support civil rights legislation and helped lead to the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, showing how the marches raised awareness and advanced the civil rights movement across the country.

1. Why were the Birmingham and Washington
marches so important?
Learning Objectives: To evaluate the significance of the two marches in
raising awareness of civil rights issues
Key Terms, Events, Names: SCLC, Letter from Birmingham Jail, Civil Rights Act,
Medgar Evers, Meredith Case

2. Birmingham March 1963
LO: To evaluate the
significance of the two
marches in raising
awareness of civil
rights issues
• By 1962, little progress had been
made on Civil Rights despite the
Freedom Rides and Sit-ins. This
changed in 1963.
• Birmingham, Alabama was known as
the most segregated city in the
USA. To avoid desegregating its
parks, playgrounds and other
facilities, the city just closed them
all down!
• The Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC) sought to
challenge this segregation in
Birmingham and started to plan
‘Project C – Confrontation’.

4. Birmingham March 1963
LO: To evaluate the
significance of the two
marches in raising
awareness of civil
rights issues
• MLK hoped to mobilise the 150,000
black citizens of Birmingham to
protest using the tactics of sit-ins
and marches.
• Demonstrations began on 3rd April
1963, on 6th some were arrested.
Police Chief Eugene ‘Bull’
Connor closed all public parks in
response.
• King then addressed the marchers
saying, ‘…it was better to go to jail
in dignity rather than just accept
segregation.’

7. Birmingham March 1963
LO: To evaluate the
significance of the two
marches in raising
awareness of civil
rights issues
• King was arrested on 12th April and
jailed for defying a ban on
marches. In jail he wrote his
famous ‘Letter from Birmingham
Jail’.
• He was released on 20th April and
he decided to continue the
marches, this time using children
and students.
Why do you think the SCLC
decided to risk using students
and children during the march?

8. Birmingham Letters
LO: To evaluate the
significance of the two
marches in raising
awareness of civil
rights issues
Background
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested on April 12, 1963, in Birmingham, by Bull
Connor, the public safety commissioner, for parading without a permit and for
defying a state order banning demonstrations. The same day that King was
arrested, a letter, signed by eight white ministers from Birmingham and titled “A Call
for Unity,” was printed in The Birmingham News. The letter called for an end to
protests and demonstrations for civil rights in Birmingham. King spent eight days in
jail in Birmingham. On April 16, 1963, King responded to “A Call for Unity” with a
his own call which has come to be known as his “Letter from Birmingham Jail.”
This letter was thought to be originally published in The Christian Century and was
reprinted soon after in Atlantic Monthly magazine under the title “The Negro is Your
Brother.”
Read the two letters at this link and complete the
questions linked to them.

10. Birmingham March 1963
LO: To evaluate the
significance of the two
marches in raising
awareness of civil
rights issues
• On 3rd May, Police Chief Connor allowed his
men to set dogs on the protesters, and then
called in the fire department to use powerful
water hoses.
• Over 2000 demonstrators were put in jail.
Around 1300 children were arrested and
students missed school.
• TV witnessed the event and it was seen
worldwide. By the 3rd May there was chaos.
Why would this worry the President?

15. Birmingham March 1963
LO: To evaluate the
significance of the two
marches in raising
awareness of civil
rights issues
• President Kennedy then became
involved and he sent Assistant
Attorney General Burke Marshall to
mediate between the parties involved.
• Desegregation was introduced to the
city. A settlement was agreed on the 9th
May and desegregation had to occur
within 90 days.
• The violence persuaded President
Kennedy to introduce a Civil Rights
Bill.

16. • Create a table that outline the
causes and consequences of the
Birmingham march?
• Make a timeline of events during
the Birmingham march.
• Why do you feel that did King
choose Birmingham to
demonstrate?
• Why were the Birmingham protests
so significant to the Civil Rights
Movement.
• Why did President Kennedy
become so involved in the crisis
at Birmingham?
Birmingham March 1963
LO: To evaluate the
significance of the two
marches in raising
awareness of civil
rights issues