In 1963, Birmingham, Alabama, USA was
“the most segregated city in the South”
with strictly enforced separation of black
people and white people in public spaces.
The Civil Rights Movement had lost some
momentum and was in need of a victory,
so Fred Shuttlesworth’s local Alabama
Christian Movement for Human Rights
invited Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to col-
laborate in “The Birmingham Campaign”
or “Project C.” The “C” stood for con-
frontation: sustained, nonviolent action
to demand desegregation and equal employment opportunities for black residents
of Birmingham.
This document summarizes key events and tactics of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, including sit-ins, Freedom Rides, the integration of the University of Mississippi ("Ole Miss"), and the Birmingham marches. It provides context about these events, such as their goals, outcomes, and significance. For each one, it discusses what happened and why it was important through quotes and images. The overall document serves to educate about the nonviolent tactics used during this transformative era of the Civil Rights Movement.
The Civil Rights Movement of 1945-1970 saw important developments like Jackie Robinson integrating baseball, Martin Luther King Jr.'s influential speeches and leadership of nonviolent protests, and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. Other notable figures included Malcolm X, Rosa Parks, and leaders of organizations like the Black Panthers who advocated for civil rights through various approaches like nonviolence, civil disobedience, and armed self-defense.
The Greensboro Sit-Ins of 1960 were a watershed moment in the Civil Rights Movement. On February 1st, four African American students from North Carolina A&T sat down at the segregated lunch counter of a Woolworth's in downtown Greensboro and refused to leave, despite not being served. Their nonviolent protest against racial discrimination sparked similar sit-ins across the South and helped galvanize the movement. The sit-ins in Greensboro received widespread media attention and drew both supporters and critics in the local community. While the protests faced resistance, they ultimately succeeded in desegregating the Woolworth's lunch counter.
The document summarizes key events of the Freedom Riders campaign to protest segregation in interstate travel from Washington D.C. to New Orleans in 1961. It describes how two buses were firebombed in Anniston, Alabama and how in Birmingham the police were given the day off, resulting in protesters being attacked. It also discusses Martin Luther King Jr.'s description of Birmingham as the most racist city, its history of violence and bombings, and Eugene "Bull" Connor's harsh response to the protests, using fire hoses, attack dogs, and electric cattle prods on protesters, including children. Finally, it mentions King's iconic "I Have a Dream" speech at the March on Washington in 1963 and
The document discusses ongoing issues of discrimination and civil rights struggles in Virginia from the 1960s to present day. It describes key civil rights cases that challenged laws against interracial marriage and school segregation in Virginia courts. Further, it outlines how more recent discrimination against groups like people with disabilities, Chinese Americans, and same-sex couples seeking marriage shows that prejudice remains an ongoing problem and has simply shifted to new minority groups over time.
The Birmingham Campaign was a pivotal civil rights movement campaign that took place in 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama. Led by Martin Luther King Jr. and Fred Shuttlesworth, the campaign used tactics like sit-ins, marches and boycotts to demand desegregation and equal employment. When police responded to protests with dogs and fire hoses, shocking images were broadcast worldwide and support grew rapidly. A negotiated settlement achieved some gains but real change came through the 1964 Civil Rights Act passed in response to the campaign.
The document discusses the evolution of the US civil rights movement from the 1950s to the 1960s, from a focus on non-violent protest to the rise of more militant tactics. In the 1950s, civil rights activists employed non-violent strategies like boycotts, sit-ins, and legal challenges. However, as violence from white supremacists increased, some activists began advocating for self-defense and black empowerment. Events like the lynching of Mack Charles Parker in 1959 contributed to the growing black power movement of the 1960s led by figures like Robert F. Williams and Huey Newton who embraced more confrontational approaches.
The Civil Rights movement of the 1960s aimed to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans. Groups like the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) organized protests like sit-ins, marches, and boycotts to advocate for voting rights and desegregation. Though they faced violent opposition, Civil Rights leaders like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. remained committed to nonviolence, which helped gain support and effect policy changes like the Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, racial inequalities and tensions remained even after legal segregation was overturned.
This document summarizes key events and tactics of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, including sit-ins, Freedom Rides, the integration of the University of Mississippi ("Ole Miss"), and the Birmingham marches. It provides context about these events, such as their goals, outcomes, and significance. For each one, it discusses what happened and why it was important through quotes and images. The overall document serves to educate about the nonviolent tactics used during this transformative era of the Civil Rights Movement.
The Civil Rights Movement of 1945-1970 saw important developments like Jackie Robinson integrating baseball, Martin Luther King Jr.'s influential speeches and leadership of nonviolent protests, and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. Other notable figures included Malcolm X, Rosa Parks, and leaders of organizations like the Black Panthers who advocated for civil rights through various approaches like nonviolence, civil disobedience, and armed self-defense.
The Greensboro Sit-Ins of 1960 were a watershed moment in the Civil Rights Movement. On February 1st, four African American students from North Carolina A&T sat down at the segregated lunch counter of a Woolworth's in downtown Greensboro and refused to leave, despite not being served. Their nonviolent protest against racial discrimination sparked similar sit-ins across the South and helped galvanize the movement. The sit-ins in Greensboro received widespread media attention and drew both supporters and critics in the local community. While the protests faced resistance, they ultimately succeeded in desegregating the Woolworth's lunch counter.
The document summarizes key events of the Freedom Riders campaign to protest segregation in interstate travel from Washington D.C. to New Orleans in 1961. It describes how two buses were firebombed in Anniston, Alabama and how in Birmingham the police were given the day off, resulting in protesters being attacked. It also discusses Martin Luther King Jr.'s description of Birmingham as the most racist city, its history of violence and bombings, and Eugene "Bull" Connor's harsh response to the protests, using fire hoses, attack dogs, and electric cattle prods on protesters, including children. Finally, it mentions King's iconic "I Have a Dream" speech at the March on Washington in 1963 and
The document discusses ongoing issues of discrimination and civil rights struggles in Virginia from the 1960s to present day. It describes key civil rights cases that challenged laws against interracial marriage and school segregation in Virginia courts. Further, it outlines how more recent discrimination against groups like people with disabilities, Chinese Americans, and same-sex couples seeking marriage shows that prejudice remains an ongoing problem and has simply shifted to new minority groups over time.
The Birmingham Campaign was a pivotal civil rights movement campaign that took place in 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama. Led by Martin Luther King Jr. and Fred Shuttlesworth, the campaign used tactics like sit-ins, marches and boycotts to demand desegregation and equal employment. When police responded to protests with dogs and fire hoses, shocking images were broadcast worldwide and support grew rapidly. A negotiated settlement achieved some gains but real change came through the 1964 Civil Rights Act passed in response to the campaign.
The document discusses the evolution of the US civil rights movement from the 1950s to the 1960s, from a focus on non-violent protest to the rise of more militant tactics. In the 1950s, civil rights activists employed non-violent strategies like boycotts, sit-ins, and legal challenges. However, as violence from white supremacists increased, some activists began advocating for self-defense and black empowerment. Events like the lynching of Mack Charles Parker in 1959 contributed to the growing black power movement of the 1960s led by figures like Robert F. Williams and Huey Newton who embraced more confrontational approaches.
The Civil Rights movement of the 1960s aimed to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans. Groups like the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) organized protests like sit-ins, marches, and boycotts to advocate for voting rights and desegregation. Though they faced violent opposition, Civil Rights leaders like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. remained committed to nonviolence, which helped gain support and effect policy changes like the Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, racial inequalities and tensions remained even after legal segregation was overturned.
The document outlines the oppression faced by the LGBTQ community throughout US history, including cultural, economic, political, and legal discrimination. It discusses strategies used to influence public policy, such as social activism like the Stonewall Riots, political advocacy through lawsuits and legislation, and public education efforts. Despite successes, the LGBTQ community still faces challenges today including conversion therapy, lack of federal non-discrimination protections, and sociodemographic issues around homelessness, rural isolation, and HIV/AIDS stigma.
Civil Rights MovementsNameInstitutionThe C.docxclarebernice
Civil Rights Movements
Name:
Institution:
The Civil Rights Movements
Abstract
In the African-American history, Civil Rights Movements mark important milestones in the advancement against oppression. The freedom struggle that the African Americans went through to attain their contemporary status in the society was preceded by years of sacrifice and determination. The movements formed a basis of unity that the community used to push their calls for equality and anti-discrimination campaigns. Through these movements, the African Americans succeeded to compel the government to create reforms that ended the existing racial inequality. Everyone was accorded equal rights to vote, protection against segregation driven attacks and the freedom to join school regardless of race. The other notable impact of the movements is the inclusion of the African Americans in elective posts to the current leadership of the country's highest office.
Origin
Amid extreme discrimination on basis of color, African Americans started the Civil Rights movement in the 1950s to push against these practices. These movements had become popular and play a significant role in the history of America. African Americans had continued to experience abuse and race-inspired violence years after Emancipation Proclamation. They were denied access to public facilities like classrooms, bathrooms, buses and even theaters. There existed a separate but equal doctrine that contributed to the rampant discrimination practices. The act was however struck down in 1954 by U.S Supreme court. Activists took place in several nonviolent protests and civil disobedience in the struggle to bring change. Among the agendas of these protests that lasted for over a decade, was spearheading the amendments of the Voting Rights in 1965.
The civil rights era saw the rise to prominence of leaders within the black community and beyond. Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, Andrew Goodman among others were some of those who acquired prominence. They showed commitment in their quest for equality and justice something that led to some of them losing their lives besides only risking them. The deaths could, however, be referred as martyr deaths following the success in the realization of the movements' objectives. Their goal was to ensure equal protection for everyone under the law and that the minority and women's rights were protected too. Most of the protests took place in the southern states where most of the oppression and discrimination was being felt. All these activities were recorded during the post World War 2 period which form the most popular of events of the Civil Rights Movements (Bodroghkozy, 2012).
Significant actions
The years of struggle for equality and anti-discrimination protests were filled with a myriad of activities. Various movements participated in various forms of nonviolent protests a model adopted from the Gandhian method a potent weapon in the struggle. They played a significant role in ...
The document discusses the civil rights movement in the 1960s, including the rise of black nationalism and black power ideology in response to the slow pace of progress and urban riots. It also summarizes the federal government's increasing efforts to address racism and discrimination through new laws and policies like affirmative action in the late 1960s. Key events and leaders discussed include Malcolm X, the Black Panther Party, Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination, and the Bakke Supreme Court case challenging racial preferences in university admissions.
Historians contributed to the Civil Rights Movement in several ways:
1. They documented the history and struggles of the movement through written works that educated the public and encouraged further action.
2. Certain historians like Howard Zinn directly participated in the movement and used their skills to advocate for civil rights.
3. Historical studies of the movement have helped analyze what was effective and inform future strategies for social change.
The document summarizes key social, political, and economic events in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. It discusses the youth counterculture movement, rise of civil rights and identity politics movements, environmentalism, foreign policy under Nixon including Vietnamization and diplomacy with China/USSR, economic "stagflation", and the Watergate scandal culminating in Nixon's resignation in 1974. The document provides context and outlines important developments across a range of topics during this transformative period in modern American history.
The document summarizes key events and developments in the civil rights movement in the United States during the 1960s. It discusses the expansion of protests and key figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and events like the March on Washington. It also covers the passage of major civil rights legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. However, by the late 1960s, the movement was becoming more divided as urban violence increased and the philosophy of Black Power emerged, advocating a more independent approach than the traditional cooperation with whites.
1
Week 4 Rough Draft
Merrissa Hicks
Walden University
12/23/2019
Introduction
The study of social movement reflects the social issues in different periods have faced. This work will focus on the Abolition Movement and the Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) social movements. Social movements are a result of general public consensus towards dealing with major social issues in the community.
I will discuss the historical background and ideals that supported the development of the Abolition Movement and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Social Movement. This is intended to show the correlation between their emergence and the key social issues that the community faced.
The Abolition movement
The Abolition movement was jumpstarted with the effort of ending slavery in America. It held that all people are created equal, and hence the practice of slavery was unacceptable. This movement existed in the 19th century when many people started publicly displaying dissatisfaction for the slavery practices in the country. It placed more pressure on the authorities to outlaw slavery (Martos, Wilson & Meyer, 2017). It would allow for increased debate about segregation and discrimination.
Slaved men and women worked on large agricultural farms as maids. Their life was brutal; they were subject to severe punishments and strict racial rules and policies. With time they opposed slavery through daily acts like antislavery movements. The basis of this movement was that all men were created equal and hence, the effort to emancipate slaves (Martos, Wilson & Meyer, (2017).
Abolitionists managed to integrate religion and moral movement, that focused on the acceptance that everyone was equal before the eyes of their creator and later on became political. Antislavery societies were formed by various churches to create awareness of evil effects of slavery (Lysack, 2012). American Colonization Society (founded 1817) was first movement to abolishing slavery but was greatly opposed since it was seen as unfair to send Black Americans from their motherland to Africa.
The American Antislavery Society was founded in 1833 by prominent leaders, such as William Lloyd Garrison David Walker and Frederick Douglass (Black Abolitionist) strongly opposed slavery in their publications (Pepin-Neff & Wynter, 2019). These publications disputed against slavery as anti-social and immoral and repeatedly used illustrations of African -American literatures and other accomplishments to outline that the Africans and their offspring had ability to learn like Americans, if granted freedom.
The abolition movement was politicized. The Native American Party opposed slavery as well immigrants. Thus, other parties like Free Soil and Whigs did so. They merge together in 1856 leading to election of Abraham Lincoln as president in United States (Lysack, 2012).
The abolitionists continued to pressurize the administration of Lincoln to terminate slavery. It to ...
The document summarizes the origins and founding of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). It discusses how the SCLC emerged from the Montgomery Bus Boycott in the 1950s, led by Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy. The SCLC was formally established in 1957 to coordinate nonviolent protests against segregation across the South. The SCLC adopted nonviolent mass action and sought to make the movement open to people of all backgrounds. Over time, the SCLC's influence grew beyond the South and it addressed issues impacting all Americans.
The 1960s saw the rise of counterculture movements among young people who protested
traditional social and political norms. College students formed groups like the Students for a
Democratic Society to promote causes like civil rights, opposition to the Vietnam War, and free
speech. They engaged in demonstrations and acts of civil disobedience. Meanwhile, "hippies"
embraced a lifestyle of sexual freedom, drug use, and rock music. The counterculture challenged
social conventions regarding sexuality, gender roles, and other issues, fueling movements like
second-wave feminism and gay rights.
What is the Significance of Civil Rights Movements in the Middle of XX CenturyESSAYSHARK.com
The Civil Rights Movements of the mid-20th century were significant for establishing equal rights and protections for minority groups in American society. As the US integrated globally and reformed foreign policy after World War 2, discriminatory practices towards people of color, women, and LGBT individuals persisted domestically. The African American Civil Rights Movement, with its emphasis on nonviolent protest, was the most powerful of these movements. Key events in the 1960s, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and March on Washington, helped achieve legal protections against racial segregation and discrimination. However, racism and unequal treatment continued even after these victories, showing that Civil Rights Movements sought ongoing changes to fully establish equal rights and opportunities for all citizens.
The document provides details about John F. Kennedy's presidency and his handling of civil rights issues and international relations. It discusses Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement through executive orders and legislation. It also covers events like the Watts riots and growth of the Black Power movement. Kennedy pursued peaceful diplomatic strategies to counter communism abroad and improve relations with Latin America.
- Prohibition in the US was enacted via the 18th Amendment in 1919 and banned the sale and manufacture of alcohol nationwide. However, public support swung rapidly away from Prohibition and it was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933 due to issues like corruption, crime, and economic impacts of the Great Depression. The rapid changes in public opinion on Prohibition demonstrate how policy views can shift quickly in response to social and political phenomena.
Running Head SOCIAL CHANGE1POLICY5.docxjeanettehully
Running Head: SOCIAL CHANGE 1
POLICY 5
Title: “Social Change Through Policy”
Name
University
Date
1.) Summary
The Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) is an association of gatherings through the United States which mean the safeguards of dark social orders. It was formed in 2014 as a reaction to constant and gradually noticeable forcefulness against black people, with the determination of making a combined front and creating a political stage (Vann, R. 2016). The collective is made up of more than 150 groups, with associates such as the Black Lives Matter Network, the National Conference of Black Lawyers, and the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights, and certification from collections comprising Colour of Change, Race Forward, Brooklyn Movement Center, PolicyLink, Million Women March Cleveland, and ONE DC (Arnold, Eric K. 201). On July 24, 2015 the program principally gathered at Cleveland State University where somewhere in the range of 1,500 and 2,000 protestors collected to participate in open discussions and fights.
2.) Outline
At the point when agents state about the difficulty of Black Americans in the United States, their accentuation is predominately on the individuals who exist in city territories. They often debate the lack of funds for Black Americans in city and residential areas, concentrating on topics such as lack of teaching or occupation chances or the requirement for unlawful justice improvement due to over outlawing and under regulating. While these are recognizable issues that should be discussed, this lacking center disregards the issue of many Black Americans living outside of thickly populated city metro parts. Be that as it may, when agents talk about nation America, they evidently just focus on these territories' white individuals, disregarding the component that they are home to a significant number of Black Americans.
South has the lowermost degree of monetary adaptability for all socioeconomics. Related with different gatherings, Black Americans have principally low situations for upward adaptability and, in positive cases, are progressively plausible to encounter plummeting adaptability.
3.) Element of policy
One major policy is that call an end to the war against Black people. Since this nation’s start there have been called and unidentified wars on black societies. Through this policy they request an end to the outlawing, imprisonment, and killing of black individuals. This includes:
1. An instant end to the outlawing and dehumanization of Black adolescence across all parts of civilization.
2. A close to capital penalty.
3. A close to money bail, compulsory fines, dues, court prices.
4. A close the utilization of authentic criminal past to manage value for lodging, instruction, licenses, casting a ballot, credits, work, and different administrations and necessities.
5. An end to the war on Black outsiders
6. An end to the war on Black trans, eccentric and sexual orientation nonconformin ...
The Enchantment and Shadows_ Unveiling the Mysteries of Magic and Black Magic...Phoenix O
This manual will guide you through basic skills and tasks to help you get started with various aspects of Magic. Each section is designed to be easy to follow, with step-by-step instructions.
A Free eBook ~ Valuable LIFE Lessons to Learn ( 5 Sets of Presentations)...OH TEIK BIN
A free eBook comprising 5 sets of PowerPoint presentations of meaningful stories /Inspirational pieces that teach important Dhamma/Life lessons. For reflection and practice to develop the mind to grow in love, compassion and wisdom. The texts are in English and Chinese.
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https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/documents
The forces involved in this witchcraft spell will re-establish the loving bond between you and help to build a strong, loving relationship from which to start anew. Despite any previous hardships or problems, the spell work will re-establish the strong bonds of friendship and love upon which the marriage and relationship originated. Have faith, these stop divorce and stop separation spells are extremely powerful and will reconnect you and your partner in a strong and harmonious relationship.
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The document outlines the oppression faced by the LGBTQ community throughout US history, including cultural, economic, political, and legal discrimination. It discusses strategies used to influence public policy, such as social activism like the Stonewall Riots, political advocacy through lawsuits and legislation, and public education efforts. Despite successes, the LGBTQ community still faces challenges today including conversion therapy, lack of federal non-discrimination protections, and sociodemographic issues around homelessness, rural isolation, and HIV/AIDS stigma.
Civil Rights MovementsNameInstitutionThe C.docxclarebernice
Civil Rights Movements
Name:
Institution:
The Civil Rights Movements
Abstract
In the African-American history, Civil Rights Movements mark important milestones in the advancement against oppression. The freedom struggle that the African Americans went through to attain their contemporary status in the society was preceded by years of sacrifice and determination. The movements formed a basis of unity that the community used to push their calls for equality and anti-discrimination campaigns. Through these movements, the African Americans succeeded to compel the government to create reforms that ended the existing racial inequality. Everyone was accorded equal rights to vote, protection against segregation driven attacks and the freedom to join school regardless of race. The other notable impact of the movements is the inclusion of the African Americans in elective posts to the current leadership of the country's highest office.
Origin
Amid extreme discrimination on basis of color, African Americans started the Civil Rights movement in the 1950s to push against these practices. These movements had become popular and play a significant role in the history of America. African Americans had continued to experience abuse and race-inspired violence years after Emancipation Proclamation. They were denied access to public facilities like classrooms, bathrooms, buses and even theaters. There existed a separate but equal doctrine that contributed to the rampant discrimination practices. The act was however struck down in 1954 by U.S Supreme court. Activists took place in several nonviolent protests and civil disobedience in the struggle to bring change. Among the agendas of these protests that lasted for over a decade, was spearheading the amendments of the Voting Rights in 1965.
The civil rights era saw the rise to prominence of leaders within the black community and beyond. Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, Andrew Goodman among others were some of those who acquired prominence. They showed commitment in their quest for equality and justice something that led to some of them losing their lives besides only risking them. The deaths could, however, be referred as martyr deaths following the success in the realization of the movements' objectives. Their goal was to ensure equal protection for everyone under the law and that the minority and women's rights were protected too. Most of the protests took place in the southern states where most of the oppression and discrimination was being felt. All these activities were recorded during the post World War 2 period which form the most popular of events of the Civil Rights Movements (Bodroghkozy, 2012).
Significant actions
The years of struggle for equality and anti-discrimination protests were filled with a myriad of activities. Various movements participated in various forms of nonviolent protests a model adopted from the Gandhian method a potent weapon in the struggle. They played a significant role in ...
The document discusses the civil rights movement in the 1960s, including the rise of black nationalism and black power ideology in response to the slow pace of progress and urban riots. It also summarizes the federal government's increasing efforts to address racism and discrimination through new laws and policies like affirmative action in the late 1960s. Key events and leaders discussed include Malcolm X, the Black Panther Party, Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination, and the Bakke Supreme Court case challenging racial preferences in university admissions.
Historians contributed to the Civil Rights Movement in several ways:
1. They documented the history and struggles of the movement through written works that educated the public and encouraged further action.
2. Certain historians like Howard Zinn directly participated in the movement and used their skills to advocate for civil rights.
3. Historical studies of the movement have helped analyze what was effective and inform future strategies for social change.
The document summarizes key social, political, and economic events in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. It discusses the youth counterculture movement, rise of civil rights and identity politics movements, environmentalism, foreign policy under Nixon including Vietnamization and diplomacy with China/USSR, economic "stagflation", and the Watergate scandal culminating in Nixon's resignation in 1974. The document provides context and outlines important developments across a range of topics during this transformative period in modern American history.
The document summarizes key events and developments in the civil rights movement in the United States during the 1960s. It discusses the expansion of protests and key figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and events like the March on Washington. It also covers the passage of major civil rights legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. However, by the late 1960s, the movement was becoming more divided as urban violence increased and the philosophy of Black Power emerged, advocating a more independent approach than the traditional cooperation with whites.
1
Week 4 Rough Draft
Merrissa Hicks
Walden University
12/23/2019
Introduction
The study of social movement reflects the social issues in different periods have faced. This work will focus on the Abolition Movement and the Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) social movements. Social movements are a result of general public consensus towards dealing with major social issues in the community.
I will discuss the historical background and ideals that supported the development of the Abolition Movement and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Social Movement. This is intended to show the correlation between their emergence and the key social issues that the community faced.
The Abolition movement
The Abolition movement was jumpstarted with the effort of ending slavery in America. It held that all people are created equal, and hence the practice of slavery was unacceptable. This movement existed in the 19th century when many people started publicly displaying dissatisfaction for the slavery practices in the country. It placed more pressure on the authorities to outlaw slavery (Martos, Wilson & Meyer, 2017). It would allow for increased debate about segregation and discrimination.
Slaved men and women worked on large agricultural farms as maids. Their life was brutal; they were subject to severe punishments and strict racial rules and policies. With time they opposed slavery through daily acts like antislavery movements. The basis of this movement was that all men were created equal and hence, the effort to emancipate slaves (Martos, Wilson & Meyer, (2017).
Abolitionists managed to integrate religion and moral movement, that focused on the acceptance that everyone was equal before the eyes of their creator and later on became political. Antislavery societies were formed by various churches to create awareness of evil effects of slavery (Lysack, 2012). American Colonization Society (founded 1817) was first movement to abolishing slavery but was greatly opposed since it was seen as unfair to send Black Americans from their motherland to Africa.
The American Antislavery Society was founded in 1833 by prominent leaders, such as William Lloyd Garrison David Walker and Frederick Douglass (Black Abolitionist) strongly opposed slavery in their publications (Pepin-Neff & Wynter, 2019). These publications disputed against slavery as anti-social and immoral and repeatedly used illustrations of African -American literatures and other accomplishments to outline that the Africans and their offspring had ability to learn like Americans, if granted freedom.
The abolition movement was politicized. The Native American Party opposed slavery as well immigrants. Thus, other parties like Free Soil and Whigs did so. They merge together in 1856 leading to election of Abraham Lincoln as president in United States (Lysack, 2012).
The abolitionists continued to pressurize the administration of Lincoln to terminate slavery. It to ...
The document summarizes the origins and founding of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). It discusses how the SCLC emerged from the Montgomery Bus Boycott in the 1950s, led by Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy. The SCLC was formally established in 1957 to coordinate nonviolent protests against segregation across the South. The SCLC adopted nonviolent mass action and sought to make the movement open to people of all backgrounds. Over time, the SCLC's influence grew beyond the South and it addressed issues impacting all Americans.
The 1960s saw the rise of counterculture movements among young people who protested
traditional social and political norms. College students formed groups like the Students for a
Democratic Society to promote causes like civil rights, opposition to the Vietnam War, and free
speech. They engaged in demonstrations and acts of civil disobedience. Meanwhile, "hippies"
embraced a lifestyle of sexual freedom, drug use, and rock music. The counterculture challenged
social conventions regarding sexuality, gender roles, and other issues, fueling movements like
second-wave feminism and gay rights.
What is the Significance of Civil Rights Movements in the Middle of XX CenturyESSAYSHARK.com
The Civil Rights Movements of the mid-20th century were significant for establishing equal rights and protections for minority groups in American society. As the US integrated globally and reformed foreign policy after World War 2, discriminatory practices towards people of color, women, and LGBT individuals persisted domestically. The African American Civil Rights Movement, with its emphasis on nonviolent protest, was the most powerful of these movements. Key events in the 1960s, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and March on Washington, helped achieve legal protections against racial segregation and discrimination. However, racism and unequal treatment continued even after these victories, showing that Civil Rights Movements sought ongoing changes to fully establish equal rights and opportunities for all citizens.
The document provides details about John F. Kennedy's presidency and his handling of civil rights issues and international relations. It discusses Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement through executive orders and legislation. It also covers events like the Watts riots and growth of the Black Power movement. Kennedy pursued peaceful diplomatic strategies to counter communism abroad and improve relations with Latin America.
- Prohibition in the US was enacted via the 18th Amendment in 1919 and banned the sale and manufacture of alcohol nationwide. However, public support swung rapidly away from Prohibition and it was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933 due to issues like corruption, crime, and economic impacts of the Great Depression. The rapid changes in public opinion on Prohibition demonstrate how policy views can shift quickly in response to social and political phenomena.
Running Head SOCIAL CHANGE1POLICY5.docxjeanettehully
Running Head: SOCIAL CHANGE 1
POLICY 5
Title: “Social Change Through Policy”
Name
University
Date
1.) Summary
The Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) is an association of gatherings through the United States which mean the safeguards of dark social orders. It was formed in 2014 as a reaction to constant and gradually noticeable forcefulness against black people, with the determination of making a combined front and creating a political stage (Vann, R. 2016). The collective is made up of more than 150 groups, with associates such as the Black Lives Matter Network, the National Conference of Black Lawyers, and the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights, and certification from collections comprising Colour of Change, Race Forward, Brooklyn Movement Center, PolicyLink, Million Women March Cleveland, and ONE DC (Arnold, Eric K. 201). On July 24, 2015 the program principally gathered at Cleveland State University where somewhere in the range of 1,500 and 2,000 protestors collected to participate in open discussions and fights.
2.) Outline
At the point when agents state about the difficulty of Black Americans in the United States, their accentuation is predominately on the individuals who exist in city territories. They often debate the lack of funds for Black Americans in city and residential areas, concentrating on topics such as lack of teaching or occupation chances or the requirement for unlawful justice improvement due to over outlawing and under regulating. While these are recognizable issues that should be discussed, this lacking center disregards the issue of many Black Americans living outside of thickly populated city metro parts. Be that as it may, when agents talk about nation America, they evidently just focus on these territories' white individuals, disregarding the component that they are home to a significant number of Black Americans.
South has the lowermost degree of monetary adaptability for all socioeconomics. Related with different gatherings, Black Americans have principally low situations for upward adaptability and, in positive cases, are progressively plausible to encounter plummeting adaptability.
3.) Element of policy
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4. A close the utilization of authentic criminal past to manage value for lodging, instruction, licenses, casting a ballot, credits, work, and different administrations and necessities.
5. An end to the war on Black outsiders
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THE BIRMINGHAM CAMPAIGN: A TURNING POINT FOR CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE USA
1. THE BIRMINGHAM CAMPAIGN:
A TURNING POINT FOR CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE USA
In 1963, Birmingham, Alabama, USA was
“the most segregated city in the South”
with strictly enforced separation of black
people and white people in public spaces.
The Civil Rights Movement had lost some
momentum and was in need of a victory,
so Fred Shuttlesworth’s local Alabama
Christian Movement for Human Rights
invited Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to col-
laborate in “The Birmingham Campaign”
or “Project C.” The “C” stood for con-
frontation: sustained, nonviolent action
to demand desegregation and equal employment opportunities for black residents
of Birmingham.
The first month saw marches, lunch counter sit-ins, “kneel-ins” at white churches, nightly
rallies, and boycotts of downtown businesses. However, the campaign was slow to
gain momentum. Police were deliberately low key in their arrests so the actions gener-
ated little media attention. There were also major divisions within the community. Only
10% of black ministers supported the campaign, others actively opposed it, and eight
influential white ministers publicly condemned the confrontational tactics. With a lack
of widespread involvement, the campaign was fizzling.
This changed with the “Children’s Crusade” when
youth began to march by the thousands. Over the
course of a week, more than 3,400 young people
were arrested. With the jails overflowing, Commis-
sioner of Public Safety Bull Connor ordered the
police to use dogs and fire hoses, and shocking
images of young people being attacked spread
around the world. Suddenly, the floundering local
campaign was a national crisis, and power shifted
to the protesters.
White businesses were weakening under the impact of the boycott and negative pub-
licity. At the urging of a federal government mediator, Dr. King suspended the protests
and was prepared to accept a very limited settlement, while Fred Shuttlesworth strongly
disagreed, insisting on more concrete results. A compromise was reached of nominal
gains, including several immediate steps toward desegregation and a biracial com-
mittee to monitor progress of the agreement. Project C and the Children’s Crusade
marked a turning point for the American Civil Rights Movement, leading to the federal
Civil Rights Act of 1964 that legislated access to public accommodations and equal
employment opportunities for minorities.
Source: The New York Times
Source: AP
2. ISSUE
Segregation was the norm across the Southern United States. In Birmingham, black
people were forced to be separate from white people in public spaces, including parks,
swimming pools, hotels, taxis, elevators, drinking fountains, restaurants, etc., with
black residents also facing extreme violence and lack of employment opportunities.
WHO
Local black community leaders and residents, particularly from the Alabama
Christian Movement for Human Rights
Outside civil rights leaders from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference,
led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Reverend Ralph Abernathy
WHERE
Birmingham, Alabama, United States
GOALS
Desegregate public facilities, for example, public toilets, water fountains, lunch
counters, parks
Hire black store clerks in white-owned businesses (there were none)
Establish fair hiring practices in city departments (there were no black police or fire-
fighters)
Form a biracial committee to work toward desegregating schools
Test out a nonviolent mass protest template that could be used in other cities in the
South
STRATEGY
Initially: a campaign of sit-ins, marches, and
Later on:
Source: odinsblog
boycotts designed to pressure white business
leaders into demanding that the city overturn
segregation.
use of tactics to generate tension
for the sake of media coverage, spreading
news of the conflict internationally. As partici-
pation numbers dwindled, the movement
debated the strategy of including young
people in the marches. Some people strongly
disagreed, but thousands of energized and trained youth decided to join, providing
a major turning point.
3. NEGOTIATIONS
Within days of young people being brutally attacked by police dogs and fire hoses,
the national outcry prompted President John F. Kennedy to send a senior official to
mediate between black leaders and the white business community. The mediator
urged black leaders to agree to the white business owners’ demand to halt demon-
strations during negotiations and accept a settlement with very few gains, negotiating
the rest of their demands afterwards. Dr. King agreed, but Reverend Shuttlesworth,
absent because he was hospitalized, strongly objected. Shuttlesworth believed the
process would squander the power the campaign had built. He also felt that Dr. King,
who wasn’t from Birmingham, shouldn’t be making decisions for Birmingham residents,
highlighting a tension between locals and outside activists that had existed throughout
the campaign. Shuttlesworth's intervention into the negotiation process succeeded in
making the final agreement stronger.
PLANNED OR SPONTANEOUS?
The campaign was highly planned, changing strategy as needed and implementing
what the two major organizations involved had learned from the successes and failures
of recent civil rights campaigns. Tens of thousands of people were poised to take action,
with training and a pledge of nonviolence a priority for anyone who would be partici-
pating.
LEADERS, PARTICIPANTS, ALLIES INCLUDING ELITES
ISSUE FRAMING
The issue was framed around the injustice
of segregation, specifically the rights of
black residents to access public accom-
modations and equal employment oppor-
tunities.
Source: civilrightsteaching.org
Leaders:
Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) activists, including
Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, who had already been working to desegregate
public spaces in Birmingham
Southern Christian Leadership Conference activists, including Dr. Martin Luther
King Jr. and Reverend Ralph Abernathy, invited by Rev. Shuttlesworth
James Bevel, Dorothy Cotton, and Diane Nash, three movement leaders helping
organize students
4. TARGET
Many campaigns of the Civil Rights Movement also aimed to build
pressure on the federal government to pass civil rights legislation, and the target for
this was President John F. Kennedy.
Black residents of Birmingham not previously affiliated with ACMHR
Allies:
Local, national, and international sympathizers
The Birmingham Campaign had multiple goals and multiple related
targets. These included:
Local white business leaders
City government officials
OPPONENT(S)
Local white business leaders; local government officials; Commissioner of Public Safety
Bull Connor who ordered dog and fire hose attacks on protesters; members of the
Birmingham Police and Fire Departments; white segregationists and Ku Klux Klan
members (vigilante white supremacists); white moderate ministers and conservative
black ministers opposed to the confrontational approach (Note: only 10% of the city's
hundreds of black ministers joined the campaign).
TACTICS
Lunch counter sit-ins; kneel-ins at white
churches; library sit-ins; nightly mass
rallies; singing and prayer; boycott of
white businesses; mass marches. When
police violence escalated, there was an
opportunity to gain international media
coverage that could affect the movement
as a whole and the organizers shifted
tactics to create strategic tension. Actions
were dispersed in different areas of the city, but the marches concentrated people in
one area and so had a very high risk of injury and arrest.
RESPONSE BY OPPONENT
Challenges from opponents included a black leadership widely and publicly opposed
to the campaign’s approach and locally influential white ministers who released a state-
ment condemning the protests, methods, and involvement by “outsiders” (leading to
Source: odinsblog
Participants:
5. Early on, city officials secured a temporary court ban on marches, picketing, and parades.
As a result, protesters were imprisoned for weeks.
The police at first responded with restraint, but later escalated. They attacked the
“Children’s March” with dogs and fire hoses, brutalizing many. The next day, thousands
of young people marched right up to the firefighters and police, singing and some
kneeling. Bull Connor screamed for the hoses, but they did not turn them on, many
overcome by this powerful display of nonviolence in action.
MEDIA & MESSAGING
OUTCOMES
The removal of ‘‘Whites Only’’ and ‘‘Blacks Only’’ signs in restrooms and on drinking
fountains; a plan to desegregate lunch counters; an ongoing ‘‘program of upgrading
Negro employment;” the formation of a biracial committee to monitor the progress
of the agreement; and the release of jailed protesters on bond. However, desegregation
took place slowly over the next year, with violent attacks from angry white supremacists,
including the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church that killed four young
girls.
White supremacists responded to the negotiated agreement with bombs at the motel
where Dr. King had stayed, at his brother's home, and at the Sixteenth Street Baptist
Church, killing four young girls.
More than 200 regional and national reporters came
to Birmingham. Photographs and TV images of young
black people being attacked by dogs and fire hoses
had a huge impact on the power and reach of the
protests. The images opened many people’s eyes
for the first time to the brutality of the segregation
system. Leaders saw the media attention as an impor-
tant factor for their success and deliberately shifted
their focus from just pressuring local white business
leaders toward actions that would also provoke
media coverage.
The Birmingham Campaign also sparked national demonstrations, riots, and international
pressure. President Kennedy had previously been reluctant to call for national change,
but the campaign ultimately forced him to propose reforms that Congress eventually
passed as the Civil Rights Act of 1964. While this legislation achieved movement goals
of gaining access to public places and employment opportunities, it did not ultimately
challenge class structure and systemic racism that have left a need for justice that
reverberates today.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s famous response “Letter From Birmingham Jail”).
6. Worth Remembering
"The events in Birmingham...have so increased the cries
for equality that no city or state or legislative body can
prudently choose to ignore them."
“I assure you if you come to Birmingham,
this movement will not only gain prestige
but it will really shake the country.”
Fred Shuttlesworth (right) said to
Martin Luther King Jr. (left)
Shuttlesworth was entirely right. Images of police brutality from Birmingham indeed
shook the nation and the campaign is widely considered a turning point for the Civil
Rights Movement and the 1964 Civil Rights Act to follow.
Source: jfklibrary.org
President John F. Kennedy
Source: thebostoncalendar.com