The document provides information about Earth, space, the solar system, and satellites. It discusses that the Earth rotates on its axis and orbits the sun, causing day/night and seasons. It also describes the moon's orbit around Earth and phases. Other topics covered include eclipses, planets, gravity, light from the sun, stars, constellations, and light years. The importance of space exploration and uses of satellites are summarized at the end.

1. Earth and Space (1)

2. What is so fascinating about space and life beyond
earth?

4. Is the earth round or flat?

6. Which is the largest?

9. Are the Earth, Moon and Sun
static?
Or do they move about in some
ways?

11. Orbits
• The earth and other planets rotate around the
sun.
• The path they take is called an orbit.
• The moon orbits earth NOT the sun.
• The Earth ROTATES on its own axis.
• The moon orbits the earth but also rotates on
its own axis.

13. Day & Night

14. • The part of the earth that is facing the sun
experiences day-time.
• The part of the earth facing opposite the sun
experiences night-time.
• During night time in Malta, it means that
Malta is facing away from the sun.

15. NO
The sun is always “on”
During night – time does that
mean that the sun switches
off?

16. What do we mean when we say the
sun is “rising” or the sun is “setting?
•The sun does not actually rise or set because it
does not move.
•It is the earth that moves about the sun.
•On earth we see the sun rising from the East,
this is due to rotation of the earth.
•The sun sets in the west.

18. How long does it take for the earth
to rotate about its own axis?
•24hours
•One whole DAY

20. How long does it take the earth
to orbit the sun?
• It takes a YEAR
•365 days

21. What is a leap year?
•To be very precise every year is 365
days and ¼ of a day.
•¼ + ¼ + ¼ + ¼ = 1
•So that ¼ adds up to a whole day in
one year.
•Thus once every 4 years we have an
extra day in February.

22. Do all the planets orbit the Sun
in 365 days?
• NO
•The length of the cycle depends on
the distance of the planet from the
sun.

23. The seasons

24. • Winter days are cold and wet and humid.
• Summer days are hot and dry.
• Also winter days are shorter than summer
days.
• This is a cause of the different seasons on
earth.

25. During our summer people in Australia have
winter. We celebrate our Christmas in the cold
and snow, whereas people in Australia celebrate
it on the beach.

26. Why do we have seasons?
How do seasons occur?

27. Pictures and videos - Earth and
SpaceMechanism of The Seasons.flv

28. The seasons are caused by 3 factors:
• The revolution of the Earth around the Sun.
• The tilt of the earth’s axis of rotation with
respect to the sun, which is 23.5 degrees.
• The tilt of the earth’s axis remains constant
throughout its orbit around the sun.

29. Seasons

30. Why are winter days shorter than
summer days?
• During winter the angle of the sun is lower
than it is in summer.
• This gives it less time to heat the earth.
• In summer the angle of the Sun is higher.
• This gives us long hot summer days.

31. The Sun’s Changing Position
•In summer since it is higher it takes longer to go from
one horizon to the other.
•This gives rise to shorter shadows.
•In winter since the sun is lower there is longer shadows.

32. Do other planets with different TILTS
have the same seasons as Earth?
•NO
•Planets with different tilts have different
seasons
•Earth Mars and Saturn have the closest tilts.
•Planets with no tilts have no seasons.
•Planets with 90o tilt have extreme seasons

33. THE MOON

34. http://www.google.com/moon/

35. Interesting facts
•The moon is not a planet, but a satellite of the
Earth.
•The surface area of the moon is 9.4 billion acres
(3.8x1013 square meters).
• Only 59% of the moon’s surface is visible from
earth.
•The moon is the only body that is in outer space
that has been visited by humans and had samples
taken from it.
•The moon’s diameter is about ¼ the diameter of
the Earth. About 49 moons would fit inside Earth.

37. Why do we only see one side of
the moon?
•The moon take 27.3 days to orbit
the earth.

38. Pictures and videos - Earth and
SpaceSynchronous Rotation of
the Moon.flv

39. Pictures and videos - Earth and
SpaceWhy does the moon change
shape_.flv

40. Moon Phases:
New Moon
The moon is exactly in line between the earth and the
sun and all the light is being reflected on the back side
of the moon thus the part of the moon facing earth
has no light hitting it and as a result we do not see a
moon.

41. Waxing Crescent
The moon is at a 45o angle from the earth, here
just a sliver of brightness is visible on the right

42. First Quarter
The moon is on the left of the earth and sun (moving
anti-clockwise), here the sun’s rays shine on the half
of the moon facing it, so now half of it is visible from
earth. And thus we call this the half moon.

43. Waxing Gibbous
Here it is the first time that there is a shift
between the brighter side and the darker side.
Here there is more of the bright side showing
than the dark side.

44. Full Moon
Here the sun, earth and moon are once
again in line, but now the illuminated side
of the moon is facing the earth, thus we
see the entire moon.

46. Waning Gibbous
Here the right edge of the moon appears to be
invisible/dark. Moon is in the position opposite
where it is during the waxing gibbous.

48. Last/Third Quarter
The moon is to the right of the earth and sun, the sun’s
light only falls on the side of the moon facing it and here
there also appears to be a half moon. The side that is
bright now is opposite where it was during the first
quarter since now it is on the opposite side of the earth.

50. Waning Crescent
This occurs just before the new moon, only
a small slice of the bright side shows on the
left edge closest to the sun.

51. http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/S
tarChild/solar_system_level2/moonl
ight.html

52. HOMEWORK

53. Solar Eclipse
What is an Eclipse?

54. What is the difference between a
Solar and a Lunar Eclipse?

55. Are all eclipses dangerous?
•Lunar Eclipses are not
dangerous
•Partial solar eclipses are the
most dangerous.
•During a full solar eclipse it is
not dangerous.

56. Pictures and videos - Earth and
SpaceWhat Is A Solar Eclipse_.flv

57. •What makes it a Solar Eclipse?
The moon orbit the earth every
27.3days, then why don’t we have
13 eclipses in a year?
•This is due to the moon’s 5o
tilt.

58. Can a solar eclipse be seen from
all over the World?
No

59. Solar Eclipse - Diagram

60. • Pictures and videos - Earth and SpaceThe
Solar Eclipse In Varanasi - Wonders of the
Solar System - Series 1 Episode 1 Preview -
BBC Two.flv

61. Lunar Eclipse
What is a lunar Eclipse?
Pictures and videos - Earth and
SpaceWhat Is A Lunar Eclipse_.mp4

62. Lunar Eclipse
Occurs when the Earth passes
directly between the Sun and Moon,
and the Moon is completely in the
Earth’s shadow.

64. • Pictures and videos - Earth and SpaceNASA _
Lunar Eclipse Essentials.mp4

65. Lunar Eclipse - Diagram

67. The Solar System

68. http://www.seasky.org/solar-
system/solar-system.html

69. • Pictures and videos - Earth and SpaceThe
Solar System - Space School.mp4

70. Scavenger Hunt
Rules
• When you find a clue take only ONE.
• Do not show your classmates where you
found the clue.
• Look carefully and responsibly!
• No running!
• No talking or screaming.
• Leave everything the way you found it!

71. Is there life on other planets?
• Water was detected in the atmosphere of 5
planets.
• Water is a common constituent of other planet
atmospheres. It has been found in the air of
several other distant worlds.
• A Planet sometimes called the Goldilocks zone for
life has been found, this planet is not too hot or
too cold, it is just right.
• A single cell bacteria is considered life on other
planets.

72. Gravity!
• Pictures and videos - Earth and SpaceBest
Idea Ever!.mp4
• All objects dropped, fall to the ground due to
gravity!
• Two objects dropped will hit the ground at the
exact same time, independent of the weight.
• Pictures and videos - Earth and
SpaceGalileo's Gravity Demo.mp4

73. Gravity!
• What happens when you decide to drop a
sheet of paper and a ball?
• What happens if the paper is crumpled?
• What would happen if a sheet of paper and a
ball are dropped from the same height in a
vacuum?
• Pictures and videos - Earth and SpaceFeather
in Vacuum - Backstage Science.mp4

74. Gravity - Misconceptions
• Pictures and videos - Earth and
SpaceMisconceptions About Falling
Objects.mp4

75. The Role of Gravity in the Solar System
• Pictures and videos - Earth and SpaceWhy
the solar system can exist.mp4
• How come planets orbit the Sun and not
something else in our solar system?
• The Sun is extremely large and has the biggest
mass in the solar system.
• Pictures and videos - Earth and SpaceWhat
is Gravity_.mp4

76. Homework
• Compare the gravity of the moon with that of
earth and write down the effects of this
difference.
• Compare the gravity of other planets with that
of earth and write down the effects of this
difference.
• Explain using gravity, how a rocket moves
away from earth and stays in orbit.

77. Mass VS Weight
MASS
• Mass represents the quantity of an object.
• The material plays a very big part in mass.
• Mass is often measured in kilos and grams.
• Mass is a measure of how much matter
(material, particles) there is in an object.
• Your mass is the same wherever you are—on
earth, on the moon, floating in space--
because the amount of stuff you're made of
doesn't change.

78. Mass VS Weight
WEIGHT
• Weight is a measure of how hard gravity is
pulling on that object.
• You would weigh less on the moon (smaller
gravity)
• In interstellar space you would weigh almost
nothing (No Gravity).
• If you stay on Earth, gravity is always the
same.

79. Mass VS Weight

80. Why are MASS and WEIGHT both
measured in Kgs?
• Mass is measured in KGs but weight is
measured in a unit called Newtons.
• Newton is a unit of force/weight were 1
Newton is 1kgms-2 it is abbreviated to N.
• Gravity makes a 1 kilogram mass exert about
9.8Newtons of force. So a 100kg mass really
weighs about 980N on earth.
• http://education.ssc.nasa.gov/video/mvw/intr
oduction_nc.mp4

81. Why do home balances show
Kilograms?
• That is what people understand best, but it is
really just an estimate of the mass above
them. Ideally scales should show Newtons.
• To find out how much force your body is
exerting on the scales, multiply by 9.8(to
convert kg into Newtons).
• Online balance:
http://mrmont.com/games/scale.html

82. Light

83. • Pictures and videos - Earth and SpaceInside
our Sun a deeper look.mp4
• Pictures and videos - Earth and SpaceMind-
blowing Ancient Solar Calender - Wonders of
the Universe w_ Brian Cox - BBC.mp4

84. Light - Sun
• Light from the sun takes about 8 minutes to
arrive on earth.
• What is the distance between the earth and
the sun?
• d = sxt = 8x3x10^8 = 144000000km

85. Stars
• Our sun is a star.
• At night we see a lot of other starts in sky, and
these are all suns of different planets/Solar
Systems all of which are also light sources.
• Stars appear as fixed luminous points in the
sky at night.
• The most popular stars have been placed into
collections known as constellations and where
given names according to the shape they take.

86. Constellations

87. Constellations
• Pictures and videos - Earth and
SpaceSCIENCE SCREEN REPORT FOR KIDS -
Night Sky_ Navigating the Constellations -
Volume 22 Issue 5.mp4
• Planet are not stars.
• Stars are luminous planets are not.
• The stars are still there during the day
however we do not see them because they
are outshined by the sun.

88. Light Years
• What are LIGHT YEARS?
• A light year is the distance between stars and
galaxies in the universe since this distance is
so large.
• Light year might sound like time but it is in
fact a distance it is the distance that light
travels in one year.

89. Light Years
• How far is a light year?
• Light travels 3x10^8 m/s. Now there are 60s in
a minute and 60 minutes in an hr and 24hr in
a day and 365 days in a year. If we multiply all
these we get 31500000s in a year if u multiply
by 3x10^8 m/s you get
9450000000000000meters!!!!!

90. Light Years
• The speed of light: if one had to drive nonstop
to the sun at 60MILESper hr it would take 180
years. Light makes the same trip in eight
minutes. So the sun is about 8 light minutes
away from earth.

91. Light Years
• The distance of a light year
• How long would it take the space shuttle to go
one light-year? The shuttle orbits the earth at
about 5miles per second. Light travel at
186000 miles per second thus 37200 times
faster than the shuttle. So the shuttle would
need 37200years to go a distance of one light
year.

92. Why is it important for us
humans to explore space?

93. TimeLine Space Exploration
1. first animals (fruitflies) in space
2. first rocket launch
3. first human in space
4. first Venus flyby
5. first space tourist
6. use of Space Shuttle ; construction of first space station and ISS
7. First Mars flyby
8. first monkey in space
9. first dog in space
10. first landing on the Moon
11. first landing on Venus
12. first human being on the Moon
13. first satellite in space

94. TimeLine Space Exploration
• 2
• 1
• 8
• 13
• 9
• 3
• 4
• 7
• 10
• 11
• 6
• 5
http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/space-exploration-
timeline/

95. Why are satellites useful?

96. Satellites
• Weather Satellites: orbit the earth to give
weather information
•

97. Satellites
• Information satellites: manage the processing
and distribution of the millions of bits of data
and images that these satellites produce daily.

98. Satellites
• Geostationary Satellites: GOES satellites
provide continuous monitoring necessary for
intensive data analysis.
• They circle the Earth in an orbit, at a speed
matching the Earth's rotation.
• Since they stay above a fixed spot on the
surface, they provide for severe weather
conditions such as tornadoes, flash floods, hail
storms, and hurricanes.

99. Satellites
• Polar Orbiting Satellites:
• Daily global coverage, by making nearly polar
orbits roughly 14.1 times daily.
• Currently in orbit we have a morning and
afternoon satellite, which provide global
coverage four times daily.
• These satellites are able to collect global data
on a daily basis for a variety of land, ocean,
and atmospheric applications.
SatellitesSatellites

100. Satellites