The document outlines the 8 types of waste (muda) in production processes: transport, inventory, motion, people, waiting, overproduction, overprocessing, and defects. Each waste is defined and an example is given to illustrate how it does not add value to the customer and is therefore wasteful. The 8 wastes framework aims to identify and eliminate non-value adding activities in operations.

1. The 8 Wastes (MUDA)
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2. 8 Muda

3. T- Transport
• Moving of products to several
location
• Whilst product is being
transported, it is not being
processed, therefore not adding
value to the customer
• Example: Movement of
intermediate product from one
area to another to be processed

4. I- Inventory
• Storage of products,
intermediates, raw
materials, etc. all cost
money.
• Example: Large buffer
stock within a
manufacturing facility and
large warehousing on the
site; financially seen as a
huge use of working
capital

5. M- Motion
• The excessive movement of
the people who operate the
manufacturing facility is
wasteful.
• Whilst they are in motion
they cannot support the
processing of the product.
• Example: Operators moving
to and from the
manufacturing unit but less
activity actually within the
unit.

6. P- People
• Under/ over utilising
capabilities, delegating
work without training
• Example: Attendance at
management routines

7. W- Waiting
• As people, equipment or
product wait to be
processed, it is not adding
any value to the customer.
• Example: Intermediate
product which can’t leave
site until the QC tests and
paperwork are complete.

8. O- Over Production
• Product made for no
specific customer.
• Development of a product
for no additional value.
• Example: Large batch
campaign, continuous
large scale manufacturing
processes.

9. O- Over Processing
• When a particular process
step does not add value to
the product
• Example: The duplication
of any steps related to the
supply chain process, e.g.
sampling, checking.

10. D- Defect
• Errors during the process-
either requiring re-work or
additional work.
• Examples:
– Material out of specification;
batch documentation
incomplete.
– Data and data entry errors.
– General miscommunication.