Brief Discussion on Thalassemia.
The content include Definition, classification, C/M, diagnosis and Management, it also include nursing responsibilities.
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View all Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal.
it include nursing management. kindly see this for your reference, your likes and comment will improve the things in future. its very helpful to the nursing students.
Thalassemia is a blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which the body makes an abnormal form or inadequate amount of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The disorder results in large numbers of red blood cells being destroyed, which leads to anemia.
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
View all Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal.
it include nursing management. kindly see this for your reference, your likes and comment will improve the things in future. its very helpful to the nursing students.
Thalassemia is a blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which the body makes an abnormal form or inadequate amount of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The disorder results in large numbers of red blood cells being destroyed, which leads to anemia.
It is a malignant disease of a blood forming organs. The common feature of leukemia is an unregulated proliferation of white blood cells (WBCs) in the bone marrow.
Diabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications.
It is a malignant disease of a blood forming organs. The common feature of leukemia is an unregulated proliferation of white blood cells (WBCs) in the bone marrow.
Diabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications.
Thalassemia is a genetically transmitted (i.e., handed from parents to children) blood disease that develops when the body doesn’t produce enough hemoglobin, a crucial component of red blood cells. There are fewer healthy red blood cells moving through the circulation when hemoglobin levels are low because the body’s red blood cells don’t work correctly and live for shorter periods of time.
Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder that affects the body's ability to produce hemoglobin, which is needed to carry oxygen in the blood. It can cause anemia and other complications, and is usually inherited from parents who are carriers of the thalassemia gene.
Thalassemia Unveiled: Insights into Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care.pptxNoorulainMehmood1
Thalassemia, a group of inherited blood disorders, presents a complex interplay of genetic mutations and clinical manifestations. This presentation delves into the intricacies of thalassemia, exploring its genetic underpinnings, clinical spectrum, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic approaches. Through comprehensive analysis and case studies, attendees will gain a deeper understanding of thalassemia's impact on patients' lives and the latest advancements in management strategies.
Keywords:
Thalassemia
Genetic Disorders
Hemoglobinopathies
Blood Disorders
Anemia
Genetic Mutations
Clinical Spectrum
Diagnosis
Treatment Modalities
Transfusion Therapy
Iron Chelation Therapy
Genetic Counseling
Patient Care
Hematological Disorders
Research Advancements
Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal. Hemoglobin enables red blood cells to carry oxygen. Thalassemia can cause anemia, leaving you fatigued.
Thalassemia for medicine students or anyone interested in the disease.
Thalassemia is a blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which the body makes an abnormal form or inadequate amount of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The disorder results in large numbers of red blood cells being destroyed, which leads to anemia.
A blood disorder involving lower-than-normal amounts of an oxygen-carrying protein.
Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by less oxygen-carrying protein (hemoglobin) and fewer red blood cells in the body than normal.
Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, paleness, and slow growth.
Mild forms may not need treatment. Severe forms may require blood transfusions or a donor stem-cell transplant.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
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disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
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from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Introduction
Thalassemia is inherited blood disorders. "Inherited"
means that parents pass the genes for the disorder on
to their children.
Thalassemia is a blood disorder passed down through
families (inherited) in which the body makes an
abnormal form of hemoglobin, [the protein in red
blood cells that carries oxygen].
The disorder results in excessive destruction of red
blood cells, which leads to anemia.
3. Cont……
Thalassemias cause the body to make fewer healthy red blood
cells and less haemoglobin than normal.
Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein in red blood cells. It carries
oxygen to all parts of the body.
Hemoglobin also carries carbon dioxide from the body to the
lungs, where it's exhaled.
4. Cont…
Thalassemias affect both males and females. The
disorders occur most often among people of Italian,
Greek, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African descent.
Severe forms usually are diagnosed in early childhood
and are lifelong conditions.
The most severe form of alpha thalassemia is called
alpha thalassemia major or hydrops fetalis. Babies
who have this disorder usually die before or shortly
after birth.
5. causes
Hemoglobin has two kinds of protein chains: alpha globin and
beta globin.
If your body doesn't make enough of these protein chains or
they're abnormal, red blood cells won't form correctly or carry
enough oxygen. Your body won't work well if your red blood
cells don't make enough healthy hemoglobin.
Genes control how the body makes hemoglobin protein chains.
When these genes are missing or altered, Thalassemias occur.
People who have moderate to severe forms of thalassemia have
inherited faulty genes from both parents.
6. classification
Alpha Thalassemias
You need four genes (two from each parent) to
make enough alpha globin protein chains.
If one or more of the genes is missing, you'll have
alpha thalassemia trait or disease.
This means that your body doesn't make enough
alpha globin protein.
7. Cont…
If you're only missing one gene, you're a "silent"
carrier. This means you won't have any signs of
illness.
If you're missing two genes, you have alpha
thalassemia trait (also called alpha thalassemia minor).
You may have mild anemia.
If you're missing three genes, you likely will have
hemoglobin H disease (which a blood test can detect).
This form of thalassemia causes moderate to severe
anemia.
8.
9. Beta Thalassemias
You need two genes (one from each parent) to make
enough beta globin protein chains.
If one or both of these genes are altered, you'll have
beta thalassemia.
This means that your body doesn't make enough beta
globin protein.
10. Cont…
If you have one altered gene, you're a carrier. This
condition is called beta thalassemia trait or beta
thalassemia minor. It causes mild anemia.
If both genes are altered, you'll have beta thalassemia
intermedia or beta thalassemia major (also called
Cooley's anemia). The intermedia form of the disorder
causes moderate anemia. The major form causes
severe anemia.
11.
12.
13. Other forms of thalassemia
Hb E – beta thalassemia. Hb E is one of the most
common hemoglobin variants, found predominantly in
people of Southeast Asian descent.
If a person inherits one Hb E gene and one beta
thalassemia gene, the combination produces Hb E-beta
thalassemia, which causes a moderately severe anemia
similar to beta thalassemia intermedia.
14. Risk factor
Family History
Ancestry
Alpha thalassemia (Southeast Asian, Indian,
Chinese.)
Beta thalassemias most often affect people of
Mediterranean (Greek, Italian, and Middle
Eastern), Asian, or African origin or ancestry.
15. Clinical Manifestation
No Symptoms
• Alpha thalassemia silent carriers generally have no signs or
symptoms..
• This is because the lack of alpha globin protein is so minor that
the body's hemoglobin works normally
16. Mild to Moderate Anemia
Slowed growth and delayed puberty.
Bone problems. Thalassemia may cause bone marrow to
expand, When bone marrow expands, the bones become wider
than normal. They may become brittle and break easily.
Splenomegaly
17. Severe Anemia
A pale and listless appearance
Poor appetite
Dark urine (a sign that red blood cells are breaking
down)
Slowed growth and delayed puberty
Jaundice
An enlarged spleen, liver, and heart
Bone problems
18. Diagnosis
Complete blood count (CBC)
Peripheral blood smear examination(low MCV)
red blood cells are-
microcytic
Be hypochromic
Vary in size (anisocytosis) and shape (poikilocytosis)
Be nucleated - normal, mature RBCs do not have a nucleus
uneven hemoglobin distribution
Test for amount of iron to confirmation of iron deficiency
anemia
19. Cont..
diagnosed in early childhood. This is because signs and
symptoms, including severe anemia, occur within the first 2
years of life.
Family history
Family genetic studies
Blood examination of family members
Prenatal testing involves taking a sample of amniotic fluid
20. Treatment
depend on the type and severity of the disorder
Mild cases no need of treatment
three standard treatments for moderate and severe
forms of thalassemia.
Blood transfusions,
Iron Chelation Therapy, and
folic acid supplements
21. Blood Transfusions
Red blood cells live only for about 120 days. So, you
may need repeated transfusions to maintain a supply
of healthy red blood cells.
Blood transfusions allow you to feel better, enjoy
normal activities, and live into adulthood. This
treatment is lifesaving, but it's expensive and carries a
risk of transmitting infections and viruses (for
example, hepatitis).
22.
23.
24. Iron Chelation Therapy
Because the hemoglobin in red blood cells is an iron-rich
protein, regular blood transfusions can lead to a buildup of iron in
the blood. This condition is called iron overload. It damages the
liver, heart, and other parts of the body.
To prevent this damage, iron chelation therapy is needed to
remove excess iron from the body. Two medicines are used for
iron chelation therapy.
• Deferoxamine
• Deferasirox
26. Nursing Assessment
Obtain family history of thalassemia or unexplained
anemia or heart failure.
Perform whole body examination to assess for anemia
and systemic complications of thalassemia.
Measure growth and development parameters.
27. Nursing Diagnoses
Ineffective Tissue Perfusion related to abnormal Hb
Chronic Pain related to progression of disease in bone
Activity Intolerance related to bone pain, cardiac dysfunction, and anemia
Risk for Infection related to progressive anemia and splenectomy
Deficient Knowledge related to iron chelation therapy
Disturbed Body Image related to endocrine and skeletal abnormalities
Ineffective Family Coping related to poor prognosis
28.
29. ‘Time’ is the best kept
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– Jim Rohn