Author: Monia Martini (WWF Romania)
Presentation for Topic 3: Practical Tools for conservation and local development
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
Author: Paul Iacobas (Apuseni Experience)
Presentation for Topic 4: Product Development Strategies for Better Visitor Experience
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Tourism Concessions and the CBD Aichi TargetsAnna Spenceley
This document discusses how tourism concessions in protected areas can help achieve the Aichi biodiversity targets set by the Convention on Biological Diversity. It provides examples of how concessions can integrate biodiversity values into planning and reporting, help reduce pressures on habitats by halving degradation and fragmentation, and safeguard ecosystems. The document also notes how concessions can enhance benefits to communities by providing employment, products, and cultural activities for livelihoods. It concludes by providing contact information for the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Author: Paul Iacobas (Apuseni Experience)
Presentation for Topic 4: Product Development Strategies for Better Visitor Experience
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Tourism Concessions and the CBD Aichi TargetsAnna Spenceley
This document discusses how tourism concessions in protected areas can help achieve the Aichi biodiversity targets set by the Convention on Biological Diversity. It provides examples of how concessions can integrate biodiversity values into planning and reporting, help reduce pressures on habitats by halving degradation and fragmentation, and safeguard ecosystems. The document also notes how concessions can enhance benefits to communities by providing employment, products, and cultural activities for livelihoods. It concludes by providing contact information for the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
• Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
The document summarizes a case study of tourism revenue sharing between local communities and the government from Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park and Biosphere Reserve in Zanzibar, Tanzania. 32% of revenues from park entrance fees are shared with community groups and institutions, who invest the funds in projects that contribute to sustainable development goals like education, health, water and sanitation, conservation, and livelihoods. The case shows how small budgets from tourism can fund diverse projects that address many SDGs, and how participatory governance and benefit sharing can empower communities and encourage cooperation between government and local people for conservation.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
1) Protected areas are designated spaces that conserve nature and cultural values through legal protection. Sustainable tourism in protected areas balances economic, environmental, and social impacts.
2) IUCN promotes sustainable tourism by providing guidance and standards, supporting conservation businesses, and strategic partnerships.
3) The TAPAS group advises on sustainable tourism in protected areas through knowledge sharing, capacity building, and connecting professionals in the field.
A presentation by Yu-Fai Leung on the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas - Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group's work revising the IUCN Best Practice Guidelines on Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas. This presentation was made at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in September 2012
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Ecotourism in Spain: Sustainability, cooperation and innovationEcotourism_Romania
Author: Amanda Guzman (Ecotono)
Presentation for Topic 3: Practical Tools for conservation and local development
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
A presentation mad during a World Parks Congress event "Welcome Visitors: Making Tourism Work for Protected Areas and Sustainable Development: Part 1 – Critical Success Factors" that took place on 17 November 2014 in Sydney, Australia. Supported by the IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group and UNDP
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Day 1 investment in tfc as_setting the scene_deborah kahatano_boundless south...Boundless Southern Africa
Boundless Southern Africa is an umbrella marketing and investment promotion unit working on behalf of 9 SADC countries across 7 Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs). A catalogue of 51 bankable tourism investment opportunities in the region's TFCAs was launched at an investment conference in Sandton in 2008. A number of these have secured investors, a number have been withdrawn to be reconfigured and others are still available to interested investors.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
MCRB and FFI held a week of multistakeholder workshops on sustainable tourism in Tanintharyi with a two day discussion focussed on Myeik District at the J&J Hotel on 15/16 May attended by around 60 local people involved in the tourism industry, and international and Myanmar tourism experts, followed by two days of discussion at Victoria Cliff Hotel in Kawthaung attended by around 90 stakeholders.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/tanintharyi-tourism-workshops.html
Precipitation hardening involves heating an alloy to dissolve a secondary phase, then quenching to form a supersaturated solid solution. Upon aging at an intermediate temperature, the secondary phase precipitates out of the solution, strengthening the material. The rate of precipitation is fastest at an intermediate temperature, where there is sufficient driving force for precipitation but not too slow diffusion. Precipitation hardening provides a heat treatment method to enhance the hardness of alloys.
This document discusses two approaches to describing the mechanical behavior of grain boundaries: the continuous Frank-Bilby approach and the discrete Read-Shockley approach. It focuses on the discrete approach, explaining Bollmann's model of intrinsic dislocations that form periodic networks at grain boundaries according to the misorientation angle between crystals. Primary intrinsic dislocations account for the deviation from a single crystal structure and have Burgers vectors of the crystal lattice. Their spacing decreases with increasing misorientation angle according to the Read-Shockley formula. Examples are provided for low-angle tilt and twist grain boundaries.
• Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
The document summarizes a case study of tourism revenue sharing between local communities and the government from Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park and Biosphere Reserve in Zanzibar, Tanzania. 32% of revenues from park entrance fees are shared with community groups and institutions, who invest the funds in projects that contribute to sustainable development goals like education, health, water and sanitation, conservation, and livelihoods. The case shows how small budgets from tourism can fund diverse projects that address many SDGs, and how participatory governance and benefit sharing can empower communities and encourage cooperation between government and local people for conservation.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
1) Protected areas are designated spaces that conserve nature and cultural values through legal protection. Sustainable tourism in protected areas balances economic, environmental, and social impacts.
2) IUCN promotes sustainable tourism by providing guidance and standards, supporting conservation businesses, and strategic partnerships.
3) The TAPAS group advises on sustainable tourism in protected areas through knowledge sharing, capacity building, and connecting professionals in the field.
A presentation by Yu-Fai Leung on the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas - Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group's work revising the IUCN Best Practice Guidelines on Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas. This presentation was made at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in September 2012
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Ecotourism in Spain: Sustainability, cooperation and innovationEcotourism_Romania
Author: Amanda Guzman (Ecotono)
Presentation for Topic 3: Practical Tools for conservation and local development
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
A presentation mad during a World Parks Congress event "Welcome Visitors: Making Tourism Work for Protected Areas and Sustainable Development: Part 1 – Critical Success Factors" that took place on 17 November 2014 in Sydney, Australia. Supported by the IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group and UNDP
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Day 1 investment in tfc as_setting the scene_deborah kahatano_boundless south...Boundless Southern Africa
Boundless Southern Africa is an umbrella marketing and investment promotion unit working on behalf of 9 SADC countries across 7 Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs). A catalogue of 51 bankable tourism investment opportunities in the region's TFCAs was launched at an investment conference in Sandton in 2008. A number of these have secured investors, a number have been withdrawn to be reconfigured and others are still available to interested investors.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
Presentation made at the Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States conference, 23-24 November 2017, Seychelles. A partnership of the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Foundation, IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group, University of Seychelles, Paris Tourism Sorbonne (IREST), and Global Sustainable Tourism Council.
MCRB and FFI held a week of multistakeholder workshops on sustainable tourism in Tanintharyi with a two day discussion focussed on Myeik District at the J&J Hotel on 15/16 May attended by around 60 local people involved in the tourism industry, and international and Myanmar tourism experts, followed by two days of discussion at Victoria Cliff Hotel in Kawthaung attended by around 90 stakeholders.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/tanintharyi-tourism-workshops.html
Precipitation hardening involves heating an alloy to dissolve a secondary phase, then quenching to form a supersaturated solid solution. Upon aging at an intermediate temperature, the secondary phase precipitates out of the solution, strengthening the material. The rate of precipitation is fastest at an intermediate temperature, where there is sufficient driving force for precipitation but not too slow diffusion. Precipitation hardening provides a heat treatment method to enhance the hardness of alloys.
This document discusses two approaches to describing the mechanical behavior of grain boundaries: the continuous Frank-Bilby approach and the discrete Read-Shockley approach. It focuses on the discrete approach, explaining Bollmann's model of intrinsic dislocations that form periodic networks at grain boundaries according to the misorientation angle between crystals. Primary intrinsic dislocations account for the deviation from a single crystal structure and have Burgers vectors of the crystal lattice. Their spacing decreases with increasing misorientation angle according to the Read-Shockley formula. Examples are provided for low-angle tilt and twist grain boundaries.
The document discusses the heat treatment process of annealing. It begins by defining heat treatment as heating a metal to a specified temperature, keeping it at that temperature for a period of time, then cooling at a specified rate. Annealing is described as a heat treatment that involves heating metal above its recrystallization temperature, holding for some time, then slowly cooling to develop an equilibrium structure with increased ductility. The document outlines the stages of annealing as recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth.
Strengthening mechanisms in materials can occur through grain boundary strengthening, solid-solution strengthening, strain hardening from cold working, or strengthening from second phase particles within the material.
Precipitation hardening, also known as age-hardening, involves quenching an alloy to increase its hardness over time through nucleation and growth of precipitates. It involves three main steps: solution treatment to dissolve precipitates, quenching, then aging at a lower temperature which allows precipitation to occur. During aging, carbon diffuses from ferrite forming cementite precipitates within the ferrite matrix, increasing the alloy's hardness. The rate of precipitation depends on temperature and free energy, with moderate temperatures and energies allowing the most rapid hardening. Over-aging can cause hardness to decrease if aging is done for too long.
The document discusses various heat treatment methods used in manufacturing to alter the mechanical properties of metals. It describes common heat treatments like annealing, hardening, and surface hardening. Annealing is used to soften metals by heating and slow cooling. Hardening involves rapidly cooling from high temperatures to form hard martensite. Surface hardening methods like carburizing add carbon to the surface. Heat treatments require specialized furnaces, and some methods selectively heat only surface areas.
Precipitation hardening, also called age hardening, strengthens metal alloys through heat treatment causing the formation of precipitates. The process involves solution heat treating to dissolve precipitates, quenching to form a supersaturated solid solution, and aging to precipitate nanoscale particles that impede dislocation movement. Aluminum-copper alloys are commonly precipitation hardened, with the aging process increasing strength over time until reaching a peak strength and then decreasing during overaging as precipitates coarsen.
Powder metallurgy involves blending metal powders, compacting them under pressure into a desired shape, and then sintering the compressed material at high temperatures to bond it together. The key steps are compacting powdered materials into a shape and then sintering to fuse the materials. Powder metallurgy allows forming complex shapes without extensive machining and has been used since ancient times to produce metal objects.
Ecotourism in Romania - from concept and EETLS to regional sustainable develo...Ecotourism_Romania
Author: Andrei Blumer (Association of Ecotourism in Romania)
Plenary session presentation
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
This document discusses sustainable tourism as it relates to marine protected areas (MPAs). It defines sustainable tourism and outlines its benefits for conservation, communities, and economies. The document also examines potential threats from tourism, including impacts on habitats, crowding issues, and excessive development. It emphasizes the importance of determining carrying capacity and implementing best management practices. Finally, the document outlines the process for developing a sustainable tourism plan for an MPA, including prerequisites, financing, stakeholders to involve, and stages of planning. The overall aim is to maximize the benefits of tourism while minimizing potential negative impacts on MPAs and surrounding communities.
The document discusses eco-tourism initiatives in the Caribbean region. It provides background on eco-tourism concepts, outlines key Caribbean eco-assets and destinations, and examines case studies of community-based eco-tourism projects. One highlighted case is the Community Baboon Sanctuary in Belize, which protects baboon habitats while providing sustainable livelihoods for local communities through tourism. Overall, the document emphasizes how eco-tourism can enhance conservation and sustainable development across the Caribbean.
The document summarizes the development of ecotourism in the Burren region of Ireland. It discusses the establishment of a Burren Ecotourism Working Group and the accreditation of 13 local businesses in ecotourism. It then outlines Failte Ireland's support in making the Burren a pilot project for ecotourism destination accreditation based on the Greenbox model. The training program provided by Greenbox and the long term vision of an accredited ecotourism network in the Burren are also summarized.
1) The document summarizes a presentation on meeting the challenges of the 2030 sustainable development agenda and the Paris Agreement for tourism. It outlines the economic, environmental and social risks to global tourism, and the commitments these agreements place on destinations to promote sustainable and low-carbon tourism.
2) It recommends that destinations take a holistic approach to planning and managing their tourism sectors in line with these commitments. This involves understanding tourism value chains, monitoring impacts, building capacity, and fundraising for initiatives to improve resource efficiency, reduce emissions and support local economies and culture.
3) Specific funding opportunities are outlined, including an International Climate Initiative project to transform tourism value chains in developing countries and SIDS to accelerate low-carbon development.
This document discusses emerging research areas in sustainable tourism energies. It defines sustainable energy and sustainable tourism. Some major research areas discussed include benchmarking, green marketing, corporate social responsibility, ecotourism, green economy, the role of ICT, industry energy solutions, and policy formulation. Specific topics mentioned for future research include developing instruments to measure green positioning strategies, enhancing competitive green branding initiatives, and promoting investments in energy efficiency tourism programs.
Overview of Cambodia's Coastal Tourism, Its Benefits and Impactsbaromeyneth
This document discusses coastal tourism in Cambodia, focusing on Preah Sihanouk province. It provides context on global and national tourism trends and outlines the growth of tourism locally. Coastal tourism brings economic benefits but also environmental and social impacts if not managed sustainably. The document calls for a strategic plan to develop coastal tourism in a way that is integrated with coastal management, reduces seasonality, and diversifies tourism activities to attract higher spending markets while protecting natural resources. Stakeholder participation is seen as important for planning, development and management of coastal resorts.
This document summarizes ecotourism efforts in Armenia's protected natural areas. It describes Armenia's biodiversity and existing protected areas. Issues with tourism in some protected areas are mentioned, such as infrastructure problems and negative environmental impacts. Successful ecotourism projects supported by WWF Armenia and others are highlighted, including developing visitor facilities, trails, and training local guides. Community-based ecotourism projects aim to provide alternative incomes to reduce exploitation of natural resources. The document concludes with recommendations for sustainable ecotourism planning and management in Armenia's protected areas.
Eco tourism and sustainable development sikkim india june 18shiv bhadauria
The document discusses the Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP) which aims to conserve Sikkim's rich biodiversity through strengthening forest management, promoting ecotourism, and improving livelihoods of local communities; major components include forest and biodiversity conservation, ecotourism development, and organizational strengthening of the Forest Department; the project also focuses on establishing 11 ecotourism zones in Sikkim and building capacity of stakeholders involved in sustainable ecotourism.
MCRB and FFI co-hosted a two-day multistakeholder workshop on sustainable and responsible tourism in Tanintharyi, over two days in Dawei on 19 and 20 December.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/sustainable-tourism-workshop-tanintharyi.html
This document discusses the impact and regulation of eco-tourism in protected areas. It defines eco-tourism and explains that it promotes the non-consumptive use of wilderness areas for the benefit of local communities while raising environmental awareness. The document outlines both positive impacts like economic benefits for locals and negative impacts such as additional burden on protected area managers. It recommends general principles for regulating eco-tourism, such as adopting low-impact tourism, providing livelihood opportunities, and adhering to carrying capacity. The document concludes with policy recommendations including defining standard operating procedures, appointing accredited eco-guides, and installing informative signage.
The document discusses the potential for sustainable tourism development in the Maniema province of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It outlines how sustainable tourism could support the local environment and economy by strengthening cultural identity, promoting environmental education, and optimizing tourism's impact on natural resources. A case study of the Katako Kombe region highlights how ecotourism and community involvement could help conserve the landscape while enhancing livelihoods in a way that respects traditional life styles.
Attractiveness and tourism in rural regions OECDregions
This document discusses sustainable tourism development on a mountainous island. It notes the island's biodiversity hotspots and protected natural areas are facing increasing pressure from tourism. Local authorities face the challenge of balancing tourism growth with environmental preservation. A roadmap is proposed to ensure ecological transition of the tourism industry towards sustainability and digital technology adoption, including establishing a "Living Lab" for innovation. Practical sustainable tourism examples already in place on the island are highlighted. Regional cooperation is emphasized to promote sustainable tourism through integrated approaches and sharing of experiences.
This document outlines a sustainability project in the San Martin Region of Peru. The project aims to promote sustainable agriculture, forest conservation, and rural education through community-based tourism, permaculture techniques, and educational experiences for travelers. Some key challenges in the region include deforestation and lack of access to clean water and education. The project works with local grassroots organizations to develop small businesses in food, handicrafts, and ecotourism to support conservation of protected forest areas and empower rural communities.
This document discusses ecotourism certification in Europe. It notes that over 120 sustainable tourism certificates are offered worldwide, with about 60 in Europe, and 10-20 having a special focus on ecotourism. For ecotourism certificates in Europe to be effective, they should: 1) provide transparency on standards and credible auditing, 2) be recognized by the Global Sustainable Tourism Council, and 3) comply with the European Ecotourism Labelling Standard for businesses. The document emphasizes that certification can help make tourism more sustainable, provide market advantages, and label better choices for consumers.
EUROTOUR HERITAGE: A participative approach for the improvement of rural cul...Ecotourism_Romania
Author: Isabelle Trinquelle (PRISMA Centre for Development Studies)
Presentation for Topic 1: Improving the Benefits provided by Certification Programs and Standards
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
Riding in the Carpathians: Searching for a lost civilizationEcotourism_Romania
Author: Mugur Pop (Daksa Eco-Equestrian Centre)
Presentation for Topic 4: Product Development Strategies for Better Visitor Experience
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
INCREASING THE VISIBILITY OF NEAMT AREA GUESTHOUSES BY PROMOTING SOME ECOTOUR...Ecotourism_Romania
Author: Maria Stoian (ANTREC)
Presentation for Topic 4: Product Development Strategies for Better Visitor Experience
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
Author: Erika Stanciu (ProPark)
Presentation for Topic 3: Practical Tools for conservation and local development
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
LEARNING FROM LEADERS: The Cayuga approach to ecotourism and sustainable des...Ecotourism_Romania
Author: Chris Milnes (independent consultant)
Presentation for Topic 4: Product Development Strategies for Better Visitor Experience
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
Author: Doru Frolu (Rowmania)
Presentation for Topic 3: Practical Tools for conservation and local development
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
European Charter Parks a participatory planning methodology for sustainable t...Ecotourism_Romania
Author: Paulo Castro (Europarc Federation)
Presentation for Topic 2: Multi-Stakeholder Approaches to Developing Ecotourism Destinations
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
Diversity is more than Biodiversity: Conclusions from EcoTourism ProjectsEcotourism_Romania
Author: Christian Baumgartner (Naturefriends International)
Presentation for Topic 2: Multi-Stakeholder Approaches to Developing Ecotourism Destinations
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
Stakeholder analysis, an analytical tool in the implementation, management an...Ecotourism_Romania
Author: Lars Soeftestad (Supras Limited)
Presentation for Topic 2: Multi-Stakeholder Approaches to Developing Ecotourism Destinations
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
Cultural landscape and the sustainable development of eco-destinationsEcotourism_Romania
Author: Carmen Chașovschi (Suceava University)
Presentation for Topic 2: Multi-Stakeholder Approaches to Developing Ecotourism Destinations
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
Improving the benefits provided by Certification and standardsEcotourism_Romania
Author: Mary Mulvey (Ecotourism Ireland)
Presentation for Topic 1: Improving the Benefits provided by Certification Programs and Standards
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
HOW BUSINESSES AND RURAL COMMUNITIES CAN BENEFIT BY THE EUROPEAN ECOTOURISM ...Ecotourism_Romania
Ecotourism can benefit rural communities and businesses. The European Ecotourism Labelling Standard (EETLS) provides guidelines for environmentally and socially responsible tourism operations. Following EETLS can help tourism operators market themselves as sustainable and attract environmentally conscious visitors.
Ecotourism certification schemes and quality standards as networking and mark...Ecotourism_Romania
Author: Aivar Ruukel (Estonian Ecotourism Association)
Presentation for Topic 1: Improving the Benefits provided by Certification Programs and Standards
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
Wilderness Tourism in Europe: The PAN Parks Tourism ModelEcotourism_Romania
PAN Parks is a European organization focused on protecting wilderness areas through sustainable tourism. It applies an integrated approach to mobilize sustainable tourism to strengthen wilderness conservation. PAN Parks certifies local tourism businesses and partners with international tour operators. This tourism model benefits protected areas through better management and promotion, local partners through more clients and product development, and tour operators through association with a wilderness brand and network. The funds raised also support conservation projects in PAN Parks areas.
NETWORKING ECOTOURISM BUSINESSES FOR QUALITY The European Ecotourism Labelli...Ecotourism_Romania
Author: Fouli Papageorgiou (PRISMA Centre for Development Studies)
Plenary session presentation
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
23-25 October 2013, Romania
This document discusses the importance of international cooperation for the protection of nature through protected areas. It summarizes the mission of EUROPARC, the leading European organization for protected areas, as bringing together professionals and decision-makers to increase effectiveness in conserving natural and cultural heritage for future generations. The key principles of EUROPARC are international cooperation, personal contact between professionals, which fosters mutual understanding and innovation, and ensures future protection of nature as nature knows no boundaries.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Testing Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES): Experience of the Conservation and Sustainable Development Fund (CSDF) in Maramures
1. Testing Payments for Ecosystem
Services (PES):
Experience of the Conservation
and Sustainable Development
Fund (CSDF) in Maramures
Monia Martini
Romania Green Economy Projects Manager
WWF-Romania
2nd European Ecotourism Conference
Poiana Brasov, 23 October 2013
2. How ecotourism can benefit both local communities
and Protected Areas (PA)?
In fact, balancing conservation and development is a cross sectoral issue:
1.Why beyond Business As Usual, and is PES the answer?
2.Study case: Establishment of the CSDF in Maramures under the project
"Promoting PES and related Sustainable Financing Schemes in the Danube
Basin”, implemented by the WWF-DCP Programme
Testing PES: Experience of the CSDF in Maramures
3. Why beyond Business As Usual,
and is PES the answer?
Social
Capital
Finance
Capital
Finance
Capital
Natural
Capital
Social
Capital
Equity Principle
Social and Natural Capital
subordinated to the
requirements of
Finance Capital
Natural
(Market Economies)
Capital
WIN – WIN SITUATIONS
WIN – LOSE SITUATIONS
APPARENTLY CONTRADICTING PARADIGMS
reconciliation by going beyond Business As Usual
Testing PES: Experience of the CSDF in Maramures
4. PES principles
Economic incentives based on voluntary transactions, which:
1.
Aim at conserving benefits from ecosystems
Beneficiaries,
2.
Calculate values of ecosystem benefits hard to
buyers and/or users
quantify in the price of marketable products
of ecosystem
services: Pay the
Payment
services that they get
Landholders
Landholders
protect
ecosystems,
natural resources
Beneficiaries
Services
Ecosystem services
are provided by the
landholder of the natural
resource under the form
of land use practices
protecting the
ecosystem or habitat
6. Study case
Mara-Cosau-Creasta Cocosului
Understand first what is the
Understand first what is the
problem!
problem!
7 PAs
2 Natura 2000
sites = SPA
Muntii Gutâi
(ROSPA0134)
– 28.406 ha
5 communes = 462,72 km2
about 17.880 inhabitants
Upper Tiza
hydrological
basin
Local livelihood:
•Wood processing and animal breeding are the main economic activities
•Agriculture
•Tourism
Testing PES: Experience of the CSDF in Maramures
10. Study case
Ecosystem
typology
(level 1)
Terrestrial
Ecosystem
typology (level 2)
Habitat
Pressures from
human activity
Woodland and
forests
Freshwater
Sparsely or
unvegetated land
(sand, rocks, land
fills)
Rivers and lakes
Meadows
Overgrazing
Mountain
pastures
Grasslands
Intervention area
(ha)
Land abandonment
Forests
Abusive fires places,
and urban waste from
tourists caused by
irresponsible camping
Urban waste from locals
and tourists
Fire
Andesitic rock
formations
Alpinism, rock climbing
Natural
springs
Increasing water use
caused by tourism
sector (guesthouses)
development and
irresponsible use
Pressure from
human activity
Habitat loss and
fragmentation caused
by urban development
Specie
Brown bear
Effects from
pressures
In proximity of
villages
Rooster’s Peak
reserve, buffer
area and next to it
Habitats loss and
changes in traditional
landscape features
Craiasca Forest
(44)
Rooster’s Peak
reserve (62 ha)
Reduced landscape
value
Loss of juniper forest
habitat
Rooster’s Peak
natural monument
(3,2)
Rooster’s Peak
reserve – buffer
area
Intervention area
(ha)
Rooster’s Peak
reserve (in
proximity of
Cavnic), and in
the directon
Calinesti-Barsana
Reduced landscape
value
Reduced landscape
value
Accelerated erosion
Reduced landscape
value
Reduced capacity of
natural springs to
recharge
Effects from
pressures
Species loss
Testing PES: Experience of the CSDF in Maramures
11. Study case
The conclusion is…
Understand first what is the
Understand first what is the
problem!
problem!
Biodiversity (including natural resources) is being degraded worldwide
because of the economic crisis and the related need to continue to foster
growth and development.
Protected areas have played a key role so far in preserving important habitats
and species and maintaining overall environmental integrity
However specific economic activities are threatening this role.
In our study area tourism is one of those activities directly affecting the
environment: while protected areas in particular offer abundant natural
resources and unique places and landscapes that attract tourists, these are
actually threatened by irresponsible tourism behavior.
To create public-private partnerships
To create public-private partnerships
that stimulate the transition towards responsible tourism,
that stimulate the transition towards responsible tourism,
working with tourism stakeholders as well as with protected area managers
working with tourism stakeholders as well as with protected area managers
Testing PES: Experience of the CSDF in Maramures
12. Study case
Ecosystem values
These are the main
benefits to human wellbeing!
Poor data
approximation and
availability
Also better solutions
provided by education,
legislation, and access
to market
Priority on landscape
beauty confirmed with
possible
layering/bundling of ES
in the future
Testing PES: Experience of the CSDF in Maramures
13. Study case
The CSDF
CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE
Local Partnership for the promotion of the ecotourism destination Mara - Cosau - Creasta Cocosului
Objectives:
1. To create a network of quality services in the tourism sector;
2. To develop sustainably and promote the area Mara - Cosau - Creasta Cocosului as ecotourism destination model;
3. To build members' capacity to administer and promote the destination as well as the tourism services;
4. To create a visual identity for the destination and implement a coherent external communication strategy;
5. To conserve and build the value of natural protected areas as well as of the traditional landscape;
6. To implement a model finance mechanism for nature conservation;
7. To improve tourism related infrastracture at destination level;
8. To preserve and build the value of the traditional architectural heritage.
ES buye rs:
1. Local guesthouses
2. Tour-operators
Other contributors:
• Local producers
• Mid-size producers
• Local handicraftsmen
• Tourists
ES sellers:
Protected Areas
administrators
Conservation and
Sustainable Development Fund
ADMINISTRATIVE
COMMITTEE
Ecosystem Se rvice:
LANDSCAPE BEAUTY
(aesthetic/cultural)
Testing PES: Experience of the CSDF in Maramures
14. How ecotourism can benefit both local
communities and Protected Areas (PA)?
Conclusions
1. PES as finance mechanism work under certain circumstances
and/or in combination with other solutions like policies,
legislation, infrastructure.
1. The Business Case must be identified for both parties, namely
tourism businesses and PA managers.
2. PA values must become tangible for the ecotourism activity,
and the finance mechanism in place must link the ecotourism
activity directly with the promotion of PA values.
3. The ecotourism market must be there (already or under
development).
Testing PES: Experience of the CSDF in Maramures
While the main focus of this workshop is “How the benefit brought by ecotourism could be maximised for protected areas and local communities?”, finding a balance between conservation and development needs is in fact a question that interest all economic sectors.
The study case I will present is indeed about ecotourism but let’s first understand the main paradigm underlying today’s society.
In order to answer the main question “How the benefit brought by ecotourism could be maximised for protected areas and local communities?’ in my presentation we will address 3 related issues.
In my presentation I will take you through these 3 issues by sharing with you WWF experience in Maramures under the project “PES Danube” on testing an innovative conservation finance tool called PES, which led to the establishment of the CSDF.
We need to acknoledge the limitation of the current development paradigm = subordination to finance capital.
This has led to increasing degradation of biodiversity and depletion of natural resources as well as to increasing poverty or little/slow growth (depending on whether we talk about less developed/developing countries).
Global/local efforts to protect ecosystems and their biodiversity from further degradation seem to be insufficient, and we experience win-lose situations towards either one of the capital forms.
Focusing on stimulating dev/growth leads to marginalization of the poor and to biodiversity degradation.
Focusing on conservation leads to conflicts with local communities.
Focusing on poverty alleviation or support/aid logic is not sustainable in the long-term and creates dependencies from external aid/donors.
Conservation and Development are apparently contradicting paradigms that can be reconciled by going beyond Business As Usual approaches.
How to go beyond Business As Usual?
PES is an innovative financing mechanism for nature conservation that has appeared about 20 years ago and has been widely implemented in Latin America, Africa, and Asia, particularly to address poverty alleviation. Opportunities and applicability in Europe (particularly to address growth/development) are still being explored and WWF is a leading organization on the promotion of this tool.
Economic incentives based on voluntary transactions, which:
Aim at conserving benefits from ecosystems
Example: conservation of grasslands – grazing
Calculate values of ecosystem benefits hard to quantify in the price of marketable products
Example: calculate the costs of greenhouse gas reduction from sustainable agriculture in the price of agricultural products
Of course PES is NOT “the one solution for all”!
So, in order to test whether PES can solve the apparent contradiction between conservation and development and under what circumstances, based on the experience of the WWF Programme on Equitable Payments for Watershed Services, in our study area we followed a 3-phased approach:
Phase I – In the beginning a series of data and information was gathered in order to define the environmental problem representing the focus of the finance mechanism. Potential contributors and beneficiaries of the mechanism (so-called buyers and sellers of ES) were also identified and engaged at this stage;
Phase II – Financial resources gathered through both the CSDF and complementary funds are allocated for the implementation in selected communities (pilot areas), of practices reflecting changes in the behavior by those with responsability with respect to the environmental problem identified, in order to restore ecosystem integrity and improve local livelihood. The impact of such changes is also monitored and evaluated during this stage;
Phase III – Ideally, it is the stage when buyers and sellers of the restored ES voluntary sign legally binding contractual agreements. In the study area it is not yet clear whether there will be a phase III in which buyers will pay clearly for the benefit of landscape beauty or the mechanism will continue to be based on contributions to simply maintain the necessary land management practices.
I would like to draw your attention on the fact that, in order to ensure ownership and mid/long term sustainability of the initiative we took the opportunity offered by the designation of ecotourism destinations in Romania so we signed an MoU … and a Local Partnership Agreement ….
We procedeed with an analysis of the area to understand “What is the problem?”. We look at problems/threats to the environment related to human activities because we can deal with those.
Progressive abandonment of the traditional architecture poses a threat to the continuation of such “wood culture”, forests rich in wood, game, mushrooms, and wild fruits have and still secure the livelihood of a good part of the local population; however, fostering a local economy of value-added timber and non-timber forest products represents the real challenge for a decent living.
Agriculture in general is also a very common activity: about 4.000 families leave out of farming in the study area, and the average age of farmers is 50 years old. Because of the mountaneous characteristics of the region, collectivization did not succeed in the area and farming continues to be small-scale (60% of farms are below 5 ha – average farm size is 2.15 ha in 3 or 4 parcels – and 70% of farms have less than 5 cows), semi-subsistence and based on traditional practices. Data from the National Rural Development program confirm that forest and extensive grassland systems as well as mosaic mixed farming systems including low-intensity haymeadows, pastures, arable land and traditional orchards are typical in the study area. At the moment, agro-environmental payments represent a key stimulus for the continuation of such practices, and about 90% of eligible grasslands are under Measure 214 – Package 1 or 2.
Instead, market access opportunitites for local products need to be strengthened, consolidated and integrated throughout the supply chain in order to represent a viable option in the medium and long term. In general, Romania’s 3.9 million holdings can be classified as follows: 89% have less then 5 ha and account for about 37% of Romania’s UAA (Utilized Agriculture Area) – this is probably the result of the land restitution process; 7% have between 5-20 ha and account for 20% of UAA; 2% have between 20-50 ha and accout for 3% of UAA; 2% have more then 50 ha and account for 40% of the UAA. While arable and more intensively farmed areas predominate in the south, the east and the extreme west of the country, livestock farming and permanent grasslands are concentrated in the northern and central areas of Romania. Nevertheless, isolated patches of High Nature Value grasslands are also found scattered across south and east Romania.
In the whole Maramures County, between 2008 and 2009 there have been 2.550 more applicants for agro-environmental payments (16.609 in 2008 and 19.159 in 2009), with an increase of 11.646 ha in the land surface under committment (66.012,86 ha in 2008 and 77.658,87 ha in 2009).
In recent years tourism has gained the interest of local people; many have seen in it an alternative or a complementary activity to the time and labor-force consuming job of animal husbandry/farming, and have been motivated by public funding available under the National Rural Development Program, Axis 3 – Quality of life in rural areas and diversification of rural economy, Measure 3.1.3 – Encouraging tourism activities.
However, weak antreprenorial skills and lack of vision are generally observed. Besides, environmental awareness is low; in particular, protected areas values as well as the responsible use of natural resources are not perceived as benefits for their tourism business, mainly because nature has always been there.
In my view, it is not the economic crisis which has driven the degradation of nature worldwide. It is in general the strong wish for economic development and the fact that economic performance is measured currently with indicators as GDP, purchase power etc, which do not take notion of the environment. This is a problem because if you cut the forests in one country and sell it as timber or products, this will increase your GDP but it will degrade economic opportunities because of totally used nature resource/ ecosystem. Of course, this is a very extreme example.
In this sense, economic crisis only aggravates the problem more but the problem of nature degradation exists since the technological revolution and the development of consumerism - too high production volumes, too much wastes.
In conclusion, the project team recognizes that what happens in the study area is in fact a global trend, namely that biodiversity (including natural resources) is being degraded worldwide because of the economic crisis and the related need to continue to foster growth and development. In this context, protected areas have played a key role so far in preserving important habitats and species and maintaining overall environmental integrity; however specific economic activities (both legal and illegal) are threathening this role. Also in Romania, although protected areas are a national priority, addressing the economic crisis and the country’s development needs comes first in the political agenda. Tourism is one of those activities directly affecting the environment: while protected areas in particular offer abundant natural resources and unique places and landscapes that attract tourists, these are actually threatened by irresponsible tourism behavior.
Given that protected areas are a priority also for the WWF Danube-Carpathian Program, the project team decided to work in the study area to create public-private partnerships that stimulate the transition towards responsible tourism. On one side, working with tourism stakeholders implies identifying solutions to integrate nature and the environment in general into their tourism business, particularly through ecotourism. On the other side, working with protected area managers is also necessary to strengthen the effectiveness of their management and communication towards relevant stakeholders.
In the table below are presented the main benefits derived from ecosystems to human well being identified at the relative beginning of the project in the study area (thus referring specifically to the greenway area) as well as their monetary value in terms of ecosystem services (use value of ecosystem services, mostly direct and to a lesser extent indirect use values), estimated by using different methods. However, it should be noted that comprehensive and correct assessment was very difficult because of poor data approximation and availability. The purpose of this is to make the total economic value of ecosystems (TEV) process at a later stage easier. Therefore, an assessment of the TEV is recommended, but it is not the goal under the Danube PES project.
In conclusion, environmental values or ES from the study area can be prioritezed according to the analysis of environmental issues presented in the previous chapter, whereas landscape beauty is the most relevant ES for local livelihoods as well as the most targetable through a well-defined finance mechanism. Both High Nature Value Forests and High Nature Value Farmlands provide it.
Although no data are available for local products, these are clearly the second most relevant ES for local livelihoods, also in terms of applicability through a combination of improved policy and market mechanisms. It is necessary to highlight and integrate the strong connection between addressing the viability of local products and maintaining landscape beauty.
Although climate regulation stands out as the most significant ES (both in terms of surface covered by related ecosystems and monetary value of the service), property issues make it difficult for the moment to transform its benefits into tangible ones for individuals or businesses.
Although for provisioning of wood the amount is very small compared to the services offered by these ecosystems, the fact that the forest can sustainably cover the heating needs of the entire area is undoubtedly important. In particular, this area of forest must be kept intact as a usage category for two very serious reasons: the capacity to seize and store carbon, as well as the capacity to ensure the needs for fuel.
About the cultural and aesthetic value of wood, although wood has clear superior qualities in comparison with those of masonry, the latter is preferred due to the fact that it is cheaper and the sensation of its durability is higher. Current pressures on the built environment come from the youth working in Western countries who want to ensure their own comfort and, of course, to show their prosperity by replacing traditional constructions with modern ones, which do not match with the area and its values.
Water regulation services are also key as proved by climate change consequences; however, because of insufficient data it is not possible to say at this stage whether improved land management practices can solve the issue of water quantity.
Finally, the enjoyment of wildlife is a biodiversity conservation issue that could become a tangible experience for visitors, and an opportunity for local businesses.
Established in the form of a bank account in the national currency
allocates financial resources in equal proportion to nature conservation and to development needs associated with ecotourism.
The priority is to restore the integrity of landscapes in pilot areas within the selected protected areas with the purpose to deliver the benefit represented by landscape beauty, a key ES for individuals (tourists), businesses (local guesthouses and tour-operators), and local communities.
Money is collected into the CSDF in the form of:
annual fixed contributions from local guesthouses and tour-operators.
Complementary funds from projects or local budgets are armonized within the strategic framework of developing the area Mara - Cosau - Creasta Cocosului into an ecotourism destination, and particularly in order to gather reasonable amounts of resources (both financial and human) necessary to support and stimulate the changes in behavior required from the tourism sector to move towards responsible tourism, especially ecotourism.