There are two types of bone ossification: intramembranous and endochondral. Intramembranous ossification forms bones like the skull and clavicles directly in connective tissue. Endochondral ossification replaces cartilage with bone to form long bones. This process begins with mesenchymal cells forming cartilage, which then undergoes interstitial and appositional growth. Osteoblasts eventually deposit bone matrix around the calcified cartilage, forming trabeculae and replacing the cartilage with bone from the primary ossification center outward.
A joint is a point where two bones make contact. Joints can be classified either histologically on the dominant type of connective tissue functionally based on the amount of movement permitted. Histologically the three joints in the body are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
A joint is a point where two bones make contact. Joints can be classified either histologically on the dominant type of connective tissue functionally based on the amount of movement permitted. Histologically the three joints in the body are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
BONE – AN INTRODUCTION
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.
There are around 270 to 300+ bones in Infants which gets reduced to 206 bones in adults.
Bones are dynamic structures that are undergoing constant change and remodelling in
response to the ever-changing environment.
Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells,
store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility.
It has a honeycomb-like matrix internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity.
The largest bone in the body is the femur or thigh-bone, and the smallest is the stapes in
the middle ear.
young bone , blood supply , types of epiphysis, parts of young bone, traction epiphysis, atavastic epiphysis, aberant epiphysis, pressure epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, part of long bone, internal structure of shaft, periosteum, cortex of bone, medullary cavity, epiphysial artery, metaphysial artery, periosteal artery, nutrient artery, arterial supply of short boneperi
a brief ppt description about cartilage which may be usefull for teaching for first year mbbs, bds and paramedical students, hope it is helpfull to everyone
CONTENTS
FORMATION OF BONE
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
STRUCTURE OF BONE
BLOOD SUPPLY
COMPOSITION OF BONE
FRACTURE HEALING
CARTILAGE
TYPES OF CARTILAGE
BONE (syn – Os; Osteon)
Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective
tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)
Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluar
substance
Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals
calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
Ossification (Intracartilaginous and Intramembranous)Mohiuddin Masum
This presentation includes:
* Ossification definition
* Types of ossification
* Center of ossification
* Intramembranous ossification process
* Intracartilaginous ossification process
all the stages of bone formation described in easiest way possible for better understanding including graphical representation for better understanding. description of each and very thing.
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiologykajal chandel
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
synovial joint, definition of synovial joint, diarthrodial joints, components of synovial joint, types of synovial joints, hinge joint with examples, pivot joint with examples, condyloid joint with examples, saddle joint with examples, ball and socket joint with examples, gliding joint with examples, features of synovial joint, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, components of synovial membrane, meniscus, true and accessory ligament of synovial joint, bursae, blood supply of synovial joint, innervation of synovial joint
Osteogenisis or ossification By M Thiru murugan.pptxthiru murugan
Osteogenesis
By, M. Thiru murugan
Growth and Ossification of bones:
Ossification, or osteogenesis, is the process of bone formation.
Parts of the skeleton form during the first few weeks after conception.
By the end of the 8th week after conception, the skeletal pattern is formed in cartilage and membranes and ossification begins.
Bone development continues throughout adulthood.
Even after adult, bone development continues for repair of fractures and for remodeling to meet changing lifestyles.
Osteoblasts, osteocytes & osteoclasts are the 3 cells types involved in the development, growth & remodeling of bones.
Stages of bone growth:
Initial Bone Formation: The formation of bone during the fetal stage of development occurs by 2 processes: Intramembranous ossification & endochondral ossification.
Intramembranous ossification is the process of bone development from fibrous membranes. It is involved in the formation of the flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicles.
The steps in Intramembranous ossification are:
Development of ossification center
Calcification
Formation of trabeculae
Development of periosteum
3. Endochondral ossification
It is the process of bone development from hyaline cartilage.
All of the bones of the body (except for the flat bones) are formed through endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification begins with points in the cartilage called “primary ossification centers.”
They mostly appear during fetal development, though a few short bones begin their primary ossification after birth.
These cartilage points are responsible for the formation of the diaphyses of long bones, short bones, and certain parts of irregular bones.
Secondary ossification occurs after birth and forms the epiphyses of long bones and the extremities of irregular and flat bones.
The diaphysis and both epiphyses of a long bone are separated by a growing zone of cartilage (the epiphyseal plate).
When the child reaches skeletal maturity (18 to 25 years of age), all cartilage is replaced by bone, fusing the diaphysis and both epiphyses together (epiphyseal closure).
4. Remodeling:
Even after skeletal maturity has been attained, bone is constantly being resorbed and replaced with new bone in a process called bone remodeling, it occurs throughout a person’s life long beyond the initial development of bone.
Bone remodeling is carried out through the work of osteoclasts, which are bone cells that resorb bone and dissolve its minerals.
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are referred to as a bone remodeling unit.
The purpose of remodeling is to regulate calcium homeostasis & repair micro-damage from everyday stress, as well as to shape the skeleton during growth.
Bone repair:
Bone repair (or healing) is the process in which a bone repairs itself following a bone fracture
Minerals involved in ossification include: calcium, vitamin D, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, sodium & chlorine
BONE – AN INTRODUCTION
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.
There are around 270 to 300+ bones in Infants which gets reduced to 206 bones in adults.
Bones are dynamic structures that are undergoing constant change and remodelling in
response to the ever-changing environment.
Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells,
store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility.
It has a honeycomb-like matrix internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity.
The largest bone in the body is the femur or thigh-bone, and the smallest is the stapes in
the middle ear.
young bone , blood supply , types of epiphysis, parts of young bone, traction epiphysis, atavastic epiphysis, aberant epiphysis, pressure epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, part of long bone, internal structure of shaft, periosteum, cortex of bone, medullary cavity, epiphysial artery, metaphysial artery, periosteal artery, nutrient artery, arterial supply of short boneperi
a brief ppt description about cartilage which may be usefull for teaching for first year mbbs, bds and paramedical students, hope it is helpfull to everyone
CONTENTS
FORMATION OF BONE
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
STRUCTURE OF BONE
BLOOD SUPPLY
COMPOSITION OF BONE
FRACTURE HEALING
CARTILAGE
TYPES OF CARTILAGE
BONE (syn – Os; Osteon)
Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective
tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)
Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluar
substance
Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals
calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
Ossification (Intracartilaginous and Intramembranous)Mohiuddin Masum
This presentation includes:
* Ossification definition
* Types of ossification
* Center of ossification
* Intramembranous ossification process
* Intracartilaginous ossification process
all the stages of bone formation described in easiest way possible for better understanding including graphical representation for better understanding. description of each and very thing.
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiologykajal chandel
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
synovial joint, definition of synovial joint, diarthrodial joints, components of synovial joint, types of synovial joints, hinge joint with examples, pivot joint with examples, condyloid joint with examples, saddle joint with examples, ball and socket joint with examples, gliding joint with examples, features of synovial joint, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, components of synovial membrane, meniscus, true and accessory ligament of synovial joint, bursae, blood supply of synovial joint, innervation of synovial joint
Osteogenisis or ossification By M Thiru murugan.pptxthiru murugan
Osteogenesis
By, M. Thiru murugan
Growth and Ossification of bones:
Ossification, or osteogenesis, is the process of bone formation.
Parts of the skeleton form during the first few weeks after conception.
By the end of the 8th week after conception, the skeletal pattern is formed in cartilage and membranes and ossification begins.
Bone development continues throughout adulthood.
Even after adult, bone development continues for repair of fractures and for remodeling to meet changing lifestyles.
Osteoblasts, osteocytes & osteoclasts are the 3 cells types involved in the development, growth & remodeling of bones.
Stages of bone growth:
Initial Bone Formation: The formation of bone during the fetal stage of development occurs by 2 processes: Intramembranous ossification & endochondral ossification.
Intramembranous ossification is the process of bone development from fibrous membranes. It is involved in the formation of the flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicles.
The steps in Intramembranous ossification are:
Development of ossification center
Calcification
Formation of trabeculae
Development of periosteum
3. Endochondral ossification
It is the process of bone development from hyaline cartilage.
All of the bones of the body (except for the flat bones) are formed through endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification begins with points in the cartilage called “primary ossification centers.”
They mostly appear during fetal development, though a few short bones begin their primary ossification after birth.
These cartilage points are responsible for the formation of the diaphyses of long bones, short bones, and certain parts of irregular bones.
Secondary ossification occurs after birth and forms the epiphyses of long bones and the extremities of irregular and flat bones.
The diaphysis and both epiphyses of a long bone are separated by a growing zone of cartilage (the epiphyseal plate).
When the child reaches skeletal maturity (18 to 25 years of age), all cartilage is replaced by bone, fusing the diaphysis and both epiphyses together (epiphyseal closure).
4. Remodeling:
Even after skeletal maturity has been attained, bone is constantly being resorbed and replaced with new bone in a process called bone remodeling, it occurs throughout a person’s life long beyond the initial development of bone.
Bone remodeling is carried out through the work of osteoclasts, which are bone cells that resorb bone and dissolve its minerals.
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are referred to as a bone remodeling unit.
The purpose of remodeling is to regulate calcium homeostasis & repair micro-damage from everyday stress, as well as to shape the skeleton during growth.
Bone repair:
Bone repair (or healing) is the process in which a bone repairs itself following a bone fracture
Minerals involved in ossification include: calcium, vitamin D, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, sodium & chlorine
• Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)• Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluarsubstance• Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
Structure of bone By M Thiru murugan.pptxthiru murugan
Structure of Bone
By, M. Thiru murugan
Structure of bone:
The basic structure of bones is bone matrix, which makes up the underlying rigid framework of bones, composed of both compact bone and spongy bone.
The bone matrix consists of tough protein fibers, mainly collagen, that become hard and rigid due to mineralization with calcium crystals.
Bone matrix is crossed by blood vessels and nerves and also contains specialized bone cells that are actively involved in metabolic processes.
Bone matrix provides bones with their basic structure. Notice the spongy bone in the middle, and the compact bone towards the outer region. The osteon is the functional unit of compact bone.
The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or Haversian system.
Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae (singular = lamella).
Running down the center of each osteon is the central canal, or Haversian canal, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.
These vessels and nerves branch off at right angles through a perforating canal, also known as Volkmann’s canals, to extend to the periosteum and endosteum
Bone Cells: Bones are made of four main kinds of cells:
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Lining cells.
Osteoblasts: are responsible for making new bone as your body grows.
They also rebuild existing bones when they are broken. To make new bone, many osteoblasts come together in one spot then begin making a flexible material called osteoid.
Minerals are then added to osteoid, making it strong and hard. When osteoblasts are finished making bone, they become either lining cells or osteocytes.
Osteocytes: Mature bone cells are called osteocytes
Osteoclasts: Bone-destroying cells & Break down bone matrix for remodelling and release of calcium
Lining cells: are very flat bone cells.
These cover the outside surface of all bones and are also formed from osteoblasts that have finished creating bone material.
These cells play an important role in controlling the movement of molecules in and out of the bone
Bone Tissues:
Bones consist of different types of tissue, including periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow.
Periosteum.
Cortical, or Compact Bone.
Cancellous, or Spongy Bone.
Bone Marrow.
1.Periosteum: The periosteum is a tough membrane that covers and protects the outside of the bone.
2.Compact bone: Below the periosteum, compact bone is white, hard, and smooth. It provides structural support and protection.
3.Spongy bone: The core, inner layer of the bone is softer than compact bone. It has small holes called pores to store marrow
4. Bone Marrow: The inside bones are filled with a soft tissue called marrow.
There are 2 types of bone marrow: red and yellow.
Red bone marrow is where all new RBC, WBC, and platelets are produced.
Red bone marrow is found in the center of flat bones such as your scapula and ribs.
Yellow marrow is made mostly of fat and is found in th
1 GNM anatomy Unit -13 - Skeletal system.pptxthiru murugan
By: M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 13:
Formation and growth of bones
Tendons, ligaments and cartilages
Classification of bones, joints
Joint movement
Axial and appendicular skeleton
Skeletal system:
The human skeletal system consists of all of the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments in the body & It Provide framework of the body
Altogether, the skeleton makes up about 20 percent of a person's body weight. An adult's skeleton contains 206 bones
Formation and growth of bones:
Ossification, or osteogenesis, is the process of bone formation.
In fetal life the bone growth occurs in 2 process: intramembranous and endochondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification is the process of bone development from fibrous membranes. It is involved in the formation of the flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicles.
Endochondral ossification is the process of bone development from hyaline cartilage. All of the bones of the body (except for the flat bones) are formed through endochondral ossification
Stages of bone growth:
Cartilage “model” of bone forms. This model continues to grow as ossification takes place.
Ossification begins at a primary ossification center in the middle of bone.
Ossification then starts to occur at secondary ossification centers at the ends of bone.
The medullary cavity forms. This cavity will contain red bone marrow.
Areas of ossification meet at epiphyseal plates, and articular cartilage forms. Bone growth ends.
Ossification centers:
Bone forms from cartilage, ossification begins with a middle point in the cartilage called the primary ossification center & secondary ossification centers (ends part of the bones) form after birth.
Skeletal maturity:
Throughout childhood, the cartilage remaining in the skeleton keeps growing, and allows for bones to grow in size.
Once all of the cartilage has been replaced by bone, and fusion has taken place at the epiphyseal plates, bones can no longer keep growing in length.
At this point, skeletal maturity has been reached. It generally takes place by age 18 to 25.
Tendons, ligaments and cartilages:
A tendon is a band of tissue that connects muscle to bone.
Functions of Tendons:
Attach muscles to bones
Anchors muscle to bone for movement
Ligament:
A ligament is an elastic band of tissue that connects bone to bone and provides stability to the joint.
Functions of Ligaments:
Attach bones to bones
Provide stability
Cartilage:
Cartilage is a soft, gel-like padding between bones that protects joints and facilitates movement.
Functions of Cartilage:
Model for bone growth in embryo & fetus
Provides a smooth cushion between adjacent bones
Provides firm flexible support (nose, ears, ribs & trachea)
Excellent shock absorber
Classification of bones:
Bones:
Bone are specialized forms of connective tissue that forms the skeleton of the body. It is composed chiefly of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. It also serves as a storage area for calcium, playing a large role
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R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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3. Bone Ossification
• Formation of bone
• Process of converting hyaline cartilage into fibrous
connective tissue into bone
• Starts from 8 weeks of life till 21 years of life
4. Bone cell
• Osteoblast- bone forming cell
• Osteocytes- mature osteoblast that maintain bone
• Osteoclasts- bone breaking cell maintain shape and
remove excess callus
5. Type of bone ossification
• There is two type of bone ossification
• Intramembranous ossification
• Endochondral ossification
6. Intramembranous ossification
• It refers to the formation of bone directly on or within loose
fibrous connective tissue membranes. The bone develops in this
way are-
• Skull bone
• mandible
• clavicles
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. Endochondral ossification
• (Endo = within chondro= cartilage) in this the cartilage is replaced by bone.
• Mainly present in long bone
12. development of the cartilage model
• Mesenchymal cell crowd together
• Differentiate into chondroblast
• Produce cartilage matrix
13. Growth of the cartilage model
• Interstitial growth due to cell division
• Appositional growth ( surface )
14. Development of the primary ossification
centre
• Osteoblast when begin to deposit bone matrix over calcified cartilage
• Form sponge bone trabeculae
15. Development of diaphysis and epiphysis
• Diaphysis replaced by compact bone which contain red bone marrow
• Blood vessels enters the epiphysis
• Secondary ossification centres develops
• Growth of the bone
