The document provides information on pear breeding including the origin, domestication, genetic resources, centers of diversity, species, floral biology, pollination, problems in breeding, introduction, clonal selection, hybridization, mutation, molecular breeding and fruit quality of pears. It discusses how pears were domesticated in various regions during the 19th century and introduces some improved varieties developed through introduction, selection, hybridization and mutation breeding.
This document discusses canopy management techniques for high density orchards in temperate regions. It begins by outlining the objectives and principles of canopy management, which involves operations on the above-ground portion of plants to maximize production of quality fruits per unit canopy area. Some key techniques discussed include selecting appropriate planting systems, developing the tree frame through pruning young branches, training plants in an open center system, and opening the center of mature trees to improve fruiting and disease resistance.
Rejuvenation of Old/senile orchards-A success storyParshant Bakshi
The document discusses rejuvenation of old or senile orchards as a way to restore their productive capacity. It describes how orchards become uneconomic over time due to issues like wild shrub growth, overcrowding of trees, damage from weather/pests, and use of inferior varieties. Rejuvenation involves pruning trees to renew growth from latent buds and improve the root to shoot ratio. Examples provided include heading back mango and guava trees to develop a new canopy in 2 years and increase yields by 4-5 times.
1) The document discusses orchard floor management in fruit orchards and provides examples of different floor management techniques like clean cultivation, sod culture, mulching, use of herbicides, cover crops, and intercropping.
2) Orchard floor management aims to maintain soil fertility and moisture levels, control weeds, and increase fruit tree growth and yields.
3) Research has shown that sod mulching and intercropping in mango orchards can increase soil nutrient levels and leaf nutrient content in mango trees compared to clean cultivation.
This document summarizes information about strawberry breeding and genetics. It discusses the botanical details of strawberry, its origin as a hybrid between Fragaria virginiana and Fragaria chiloensis, and lists various strawberry species. It also describes strawberry flower and fruit morphology, inheritance patterns of traits, breeding objectives and methods used, and important cultivated varieties developed through hybridization. Additionally, it discusses biotechnological tools used in strawberry breeding like micropropagation, somaclonal variation, and genetic transformation. Finally, it outlines some constraints in strawberry breeding.
Crop regulation and off season fruit productionsukhjinder mann
The document discusses crop regulation and off-season fruit production. The main objectives of crop regulation are to force trees to rest and produce abundant blossoms and fruits during specific flushing periods, regulate uniform fruit quality, and maximize production and profits. Commonly used methods for crop and off-season regulation include withholding irrigation, hand thinning, pruning, smudging, and chemical applications. Specific techniques are discussed for regulating crops of guava, pomegranate, citrus, and grapes to produce fruits off-season through cultural practices, protected cultivation, and growth regulators. Benefits and challenges of off-season production are also summarized.
This document summarizes information about rootstocks and their effects in different fruit crops. It discusses that a rootstock is the lower portion of a grafted plant that develops the root system. There are two main types of rootstocks - seedling and clonal. An ideal rootstock confers compatibility, disease/pest resistance, and positive effects on scion growth and quality. The document then examines specific rootstocks used in mango, citrus, and apple crops and their effects on traits like tree size, yield, quality, and stress tolerance of the scion cultivars. Different rootstocks can impart dwarfing, alter nutrient uptake, provide salt tolerance, and influence fruit characteristics and production in the grafted plants.
The document provides information on pear breeding including the origin, domestication, genetic resources, centers of diversity, species, floral biology, pollination, problems in breeding, introduction, clonal selection, hybridization, mutation, molecular breeding and fruit quality of pears. It discusses how pears were domesticated in various regions during the 19th century and introduces some improved varieties developed through introduction, selection, hybridization and mutation breeding.
This document discusses canopy management techniques for high density orchards in temperate regions. It begins by outlining the objectives and principles of canopy management, which involves operations on the above-ground portion of plants to maximize production of quality fruits per unit canopy area. Some key techniques discussed include selecting appropriate planting systems, developing the tree frame through pruning young branches, training plants in an open center system, and opening the center of mature trees to improve fruiting and disease resistance.
Rejuvenation of Old/senile orchards-A success storyParshant Bakshi
The document discusses rejuvenation of old or senile orchards as a way to restore their productive capacity. It describes how orchards become uneconomic over time due to issues like wild shrub growth, overcrowding of trees, damage from weather/pests, and use of inferior varieties. Rejuvenation involves pruning trees to renew growth from latent buds and improve the root to shoot ratio. Examples provided include heading back mango and guava trees to develop a new canopy in 2 years and increase yields by 4-5 times.
1) The document discusses orchard floor management in fruit orchards and provides examples of different floor management techniques like clean cultivation, sod culture, mulching, use of herbicides, cover crops, and intercropping.
2) Orchard floor management aims to maintain soil fertility and moisture levels, control weeds, and increase fruit tree growth and yields.
3) Research has shown that sod mulching and intercropping in mango orchards can increase soil nutrient levels and leaf nutrient content in mango trees compared to clean cultivation.
This document summarizes information about strawberry breeding and genetics. It discusses the botanical details of strawberry, its origin as a hybrid between Fragaria virginiana and Fragaria chiloensis, and lists various strawberry species. It also describes strawberry flower and fruit morphology, inheritance patterns of traits, breeding objectives and methods used, and important cultivated varieties developed through hybridization. Additionally, it discusses biotechnological tools used in strawberry breeding like micropropagation, somaclonal variation, and genetic transformation. Finally, it outlines some constraints in strawberry breeding.
Crop regulation and off season fruit productionsukhjinder mann
The document discusses crop regulation and off-season fruit production. The main objectives of crop regulation are to force trees to rest and produce abundant blossoms and fruits during specific flushing periods, regulate uniform fruit quality, and maximize production and profits. Commonly used methods for crop and off-season regulation include withholding irrigation, hand thinning, pruning, smudging, and chemical applications. Specific techniques are discussed for regulating crops of guava, pomegranate, citrus, and grapes to produce fruits off-season through cultural practices, protected cultivation, and growth regulators. Benefits and challenges of off-season production are also summarized.
This document summarizes information about rootstocks and their effects in different fruit crops. It discusses that a rootstock is the lower portion of a grafted plant that develops the root system. There are two main types of rootstocks - seedling and clonal. An ideal rootstock confers compatibility, disease/pest resistance, and positive effects on scion growth and quality. The document then examines specific rootstocks used in mango, citrus, and apple crops and their effects on traits like tree size, yield, quality, and stress tolerance of the scion cultivars. Different rootstocks can impart dwarfing, alter nutrient uptake, provide salt tolerance, and influence fruit characteristics and production in the grafted plants.
This document provides an overview of apple breeding. It discusses the origin and domestication of apples, with their center of origin including Asia Minor, the Caucasus, central Asia, Himalayan India and Pakistan and western China. Apple is a diploid species that reproduces sexually. The document outlines important apple rootstocks and their characteristics, as well as objectives for rootstock breeding including resistance to pests and diseases. It also discusses limitations in conventional apple breeding and new techniques to address these limitations.
This document discusses the breeding of cherry and strawberry plants. It provides information on the ploidy levels, breeding objectives, systems, and techniques used for both crops. For cherry, the key points are that sweet cherries are mostly self-incompatible while sour cherries are self-fruitful. Breeding objectives include increasing disease resistance, fruit quality, and yield. Methods discussed include inbreeding, interspecific hybridization, and mutation breeding. For strawberry, objectives are to improve yield, fruit quality, and disease/pest resistance. Their octoploid nature allows for interspecific hybridization to transfer genes between species. Micropropagation, thermotherapy, and recombinant DNA techniques have also been utilized.
This document provides information about grapes, including their botanical name, origin, nutritional value, varieties, and cultivation practices. It discusses seeded and seedless varieties of grapes grown in India and their uses. It also describes grape cultivation methods, including establishment of vineyards, planting systems, training methods, and rootstock selection. The key information provided includes that grapes are native to Armenia, Thompson Seedless is a popular variety, and head and bower systems are common training methods.
There is a huge demand for Mango worldwide. Hence, exporting to other countries we earn foreign currency. And, especially in Bangladesh, the suitable climate and soil condition is a positive sign of Mango cultivation. With the help of cut-edged technology here is a possibility of increased production.
This document provides information on growing temperate fruits including apple, pear, peach, and plum. It describes the origin, nutritional value, climate requirements, soil preferences, propagation methods, rootstocks, varieties, planting layout, aftercare practices, training, pruning, fertilization, irrigation, harvesting, pests and diseases of each fruit. It also discusses issues such as fruit drop in apple, disorders in apple, and alternate bearing and their management strategies.
Rootstocks are used in fruit tree propagation to produce stronger, quicker establishing trees that take on desirable rootstock traits. Rootstocks help control tree size, influence scion growth habits and productivity, and can impart resistance to stresses. For many fruit crops, rootstocks are important to provide adaptations to different soil and climate conditions. Common rootstock varieties are used for different fruits like mango, banana, grape, pomegranate, guava, and apple to influence tree characteristics and performance.
1) Peach breeding aims to develop varieties with better fruit quality, long shelf life, resistance to pests and diseases, and tolerance to high temperatures. Approaches include introduction, selection, hybridization, and mutation breeding.
2) Important breeding objectives are reducing chilling requirements, developing dwarf varieties suitable for high-density planting, and increasing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
3) Future work includes utilizing genetic resources from related species and incorporating molecular marker technologies to efficiently transfer important traits into new varieties.
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) is a hardy fruit commonly known as the poor man's fruit that is cultivated throughout India. It is high in vitamins and minerals. There are many varieties of ber that differ in maturation time, productivity, and suitability to various climates. Ber is propagated through seed sowing or vegetative methods like budding. It grows best in tropical and subtropical areas and a wide variety of soils.
This document provides information on the persimmon (Diospyros kaki) including its production figures from 1970-2011, with China being the largest producer. It details the plant characteristics, common varieties, soil and climate needs, propagation methods, cultivation practices, pests and diseases, postharvest handling and uses. The key producing countries are China, Japan, Korea, Brazil and Italy. Common varieties include Fuyu, Hachiya and Flat Seedless. It requires well drained soil and temperatures between 16-22°C to grow.
Alternate bearing refers to the tendency of some plants to produce heavy yields of fruit in one year followed by a light yield the next year in a cyclical pattern. This causes significant economic problems for growers by creating inconsistent supply and lower quality crops in heavy yield years. Several theories exist for the cause of alternate bearing, including hormonal imbalance and competition between vegetative and reproductive growth, and it can be influenced by both endogenous genetic and environmental factors. Common measures used by growers to overcome biennial bearing include proper orchard management, regulating flowering, thinning crops, pruning, and growing cultivars less prone to the issue.
This document provides information on crop improvement and recent advances in apples. It discusses the botanical details of apples, including their origin, chromosome number, and pollination method. It then covers the importance and uses of apples, their nutritional value, present production scenarios, centers of diversity, cytogenetics, floral biology, inheritance of traits, genetic resources, breeding methods including introduction, selection, hybridization and mutation, important varieties from different regions, and future directions for apple breeding focusing on wider adaptability, improved quality, and disease/pest resistance.
The document provides information on the litchi plant, including its botanical name, family, origin in China, climate adaptability, and pollination. It notes litchi has two species, Litchi chinensis and L. philippinesis. Key information includes the plant's heterostyle dichogamy, stimulative parthenocarpy, panicle inflorescence, edible fleshy aril, and cross pollination by honey bees. The document also discusses desirable cultivar characteristics like fruit weight, shape, shelf life, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Loquat Fruit : Introduction and Importance, varieties.Binita Suwal
loquat is very nutritious food that contain anti oxidants. Loquat is originally from southeast china, later neutralized in Japan and India. Loquat is moderate sized tree of abt 20-30 ft height.
The document discusses production technology for apples in India. It covers suitable climate and soil conditions for apple cultivation, including a temperature range of 15-24°C and soil pH between 6.0-6.5. It also lists popular apple varieties grown in different regions of India and their seasons. Common propagation methods including seedling rootstocks and clonal rootstocks grafted with scion varieties are described. Spacing and planting density depend on the scion-rootstock combination, ranging from 178 to 4444 trees per hectare. Planting is typically done in January-February in pits with fertilizer amendments. Irrigation is critical during the growing season to prevent water stress.
Temperate fruit plants are those that grow in climates with distinct winter cold periods. They require chilling temperatures to break dormancy and initiate growth. Examples include apple, pear, stone fruits, berries, nuts, and cherries. These plants are classified based on factors like plant structure, fruit morphology, bearing habit, and growth pattern. Fruits are categorized as tree fruits, small fruits, or nuts. Classification helps identify relationships and suggest cultural requirements. Common temperate fruit types include pomes like apple; drupes like peach; and dry fruits like nuts.
This document provides information about apple production including taxonomy, varieties, propagation, planting, training, pruning, pest and disease management. It discusses apple as the king of temperate fruits, with highest production in China. It covers major apple growing regions in India and varieties grown in Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand for early, mid and late seasons. It also discusses production practices like propagation, rootstocks, planting density, training and pruning methods, fertilizer and irrigation management, and harvesting.
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for temperate fruits in India. It provides global and Indian data on production, area and yield for various temperate fruits like apple, grapes, pears, and walnuts. It highlights that India's share of global production is low for most fruits compared to countries like the US, Italy and China. There is significant potential to increase yields for all temperate fruits in India to reduce the current deficit and meet growing demand.
India is the second largest fruit producer in the world after China, producing 97.35 million metric tons annually. The major fruits produced in India are mango, banana, citrus, guava, and papaya. Fruits are an important part of the human diet as they provide essential nutrients like potassium, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals while being low in calories, fat, and sodium.
This document provides an overview of apple breeding. It discusses the origin and domestication of apples, with their center of origin including Asia Minor, the Caucasus, central Asia, Himalayan India and Pakistan and western China. Apple is a diploid species that reproduces sexually. The document outlines important apple rootstocks and their characteristics, as well as objectives for rootstock breeding including resistance to pests and diseases. It also discusses limitations in conventional apple breeding and new techniques to address these limitations.
This document discusses the breeding of cherry and strawberry plants. It provides information on the ploidy levels, breeding objectives, systems, and techniques used for both crops. For cherry, the key points are that sweet cherries are mostly self-incompatible while sour cherries are self-fruitful. Breeding objectives include increasing disease resistance, fruit quality, and yield. Methods discussed include inbreeding, interspecific hybridization, and mutation breeding. For strawberry, objectives are to improve yield, fruit quality, and disease/pest resistance. Their octoploid nature allows for interspecific hybridization to transfer genes between species. Micropropagation, thermotherapy, and recombinant DNA techniques have also been utilized.
This document provides information about grapes, including their botanical name, origin, nutritional value, varieties, and cultivation practices. It discusses seeded and seedless varieties of grapes grown in India and their uses. It also describes grape cultivation methods, including establishment of vineyards, planting systems, training methods, and rootstock selection. The key information provided includes that grapes are native to Armenia, Thompson Seedless is a popular variety, and head and bower systems are common training methods.
There is a huge demand for Mango worldwide. Hence, exporting to other countries we earn foreign currency. And, especially in Bangladesh, the suitable climate and soil condition is a positive sign of Mango cultivation. With the help of cut-edged technology here is a possibility of increased production.
This document provides information on growing temperate fruits including apple, pear, peach, and plum. It describes the origin, nutritional value, climate requirements, soil preferences, propagation methods, rootstocks, varieties, planting layout, aftercare practices, training, pruning, fertilization, irrigation, harvesting, pests and diseases of each fruit. It also discusses issues such as fruit drop in apple, disorders in apple, and alternate bearing and their management strategies.
Rootstocks are used in fruit tree propagation to produce stronger, quicker establishing trees that take on desirable rootstock traits. Rootstocks help control tree size, influence scion growth habits and productivity, and can impart resistance to stresses. For many fruit crops, rootstocks are important to provide adaptations to different soil and climate conditions. Common rootstock varieties are used for different fruits like mango, banana, grape, pomegranate, guava, and apple to influence tree characteristics and performance.
1) Peach breeding aims to develop varieties with better fruit quality, long shelf life, resistance to pests and diseases, and tolerance to high temperatures. Approaches include introduction, selection, hybridization, and mutation breeding.
2) Important breeding objectives are reducing chilling requirements, developing dwarf varieties suitable for high-density planting, and increasing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
3) Future work includes utilizing genetic resources from related species and incorporating molecular marker technologies to efficiently transfer important traits into new varieties.
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) is a hardy fruit commonly known as the poor man's fruit that is cultivated throughout India. It is high in vitamins and minerals. There are many varieties of ber that differ in maturation time, productivity, and suitability to various climates. Ber is propagated through seed sowing or vegetative methods like budding. It grows best in tropical and subtropical areas and a wide variety of soils.
This document provides information on the persimmon (Diospyros kaki) including its production figures from 1970-2011, with China being the largest producer. It details the plant characteristics, common varieties, soil and climate needs, propagation methods, cultivation practices, pests and diseases, postharvest handling and uses. The key producing countries are China, Japan, Korea, Brazil and Italy. Common varieties include Fuyu, Hachiya and Flat Seedless. It requires well drained soil and temperatures between 16-22°C to grow.
Alternate bearing refers to the tendency of some plants to produce heavy yields of fruit in one year followed by a light yield the next year in a cyclical pattern. This causes significant economic problems for growers by creating inconsistent supply and lower quality crops in heavy yield years. Several theories exist for the cause of alternate bearing, including hormonal imbalance and competition between vegetative and reproductive growth, and it can be influenced by both endogenous genetic and environmental factors. Common measures used by growers to overcome biennial bearing include proper orchard management, regulating flowering, thinning crops, pruning, and growing cultivars less prone to the issue.
This document provides information on crop improvement and recent advances in apples. It discusses the botanical details of apples, including their origin, chromosome number, and pollination method. It then covers the importance and uses of apples, their nutritional value, present production scenarios, centers of diversity, cytogenetics, floral biology, inheritance of traits, genetic resources, breeding methods including introduction, selection, hybridization and mutation, important varieties from different regions, and future directions for apple breeding focusing on wider adaptability, improved quality, and disease/pest resistance.
The document provides information on the litchi plant, including its botanical name, family, origin in China, climate adaptability, and pollination. It notes litchi has two species, Litchi chinensis and L. philippinesis. Key information includes the plant's heterostyle dichogamy, stimulative parthenocarpy, panicle inflorescence, edible fleshy aril, and cross pollination by honey bees. The document also discusses desirable cultivar characteristics like fruit weight, shape, shelf life, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Loquat Fruit : Introduction and Importance, varieties.Binita Suwal
loquat is very nutritious food that contain anti oxidants. Loquat is originally from southeast china, later neutralized in Japan and India. Loquat is moderate sized tree of abt 20-30 ft height.
The document discusses production technology for apples in India. It covers suitable climate and soil conditions for apple cultivation, including a temperature range of 15-24°C and soil pH between 6.0-6.5. It also lists popular apple varieties grown in different regions of India and their seasons. Common propagation methods including seedling rootstocks and clonal rootstocks grafted with scion varieties are described. Spacing and planting density depend on the scion-rootstock combination, ranging from 178 to 4444 trees per hectare. Planting is typically done in January-February in pits with fertilizer amendments. Irrigation is critical during the growing season to prevent water stress.
Temperate fruit plants are those that grow in climates with distinct winter cold periods. They require chilling temperatures to break dormancy and initiate growth. Examples include apple, pear, stone fruits, berries, nuts, and cherries. These plants are classified based on factors like plant structure, fruit morphology, bearing habit, and growth pattern. Fruits are categorized as tree fruits, small fruits, or nuts. Classification helps identify relationships and suggest cultural requirements. Common temperate fruit types include pomes like apple; drupes like peach; and dry fruits like nuts.
This document provides information about apple production including taxonomy, varieties, propagation, planting, training, pruning, pest and disease management. It discusses apple as the king of temperate fruits, with highest production in China. It covers major apple growing regions in India and varieties grown in Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand for early, mid and late seasons. It also discusses production practices like propagation, rootstocks, planting density, training and pruning methods, fertilizer and irrigation management, and harvesting.
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for temperate fruits in India. It provides global and Indian data on production, area and yield for various temperate fruits like apple, grapes, pears, and walnuts. It highlights that India's share of global production is low for most fruits compared to countries like the US, Italy and China. There is significant potential to increase yields for all temperate fruits in India to reduce the current deficit and meet growing demand.
India is the second largest fruit producer in the world after China, producing 97.35 million metric tons annually. The major fruits produced in India are mango, banana, citrus, guava, and papaya. Fruits are an important part of the human diet as they provide essential nutrients like potassium, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals while being low in calories, fat, and sodium.
Socio Economic status of seed production in pulses in indiaAbhishek Malpani
This document discusses seed production of pulses and oilseeds in India. It provides statistics on breeder seed production and certified seed production of various pulses and oilseeds from 2013-14 to 2015-16. It shows that production of quality seeds for both pulses and oilseeds has increased over time. However, crop yields in India are still lower than other parts of the world for both pulses and oilseeds. The document also analyzes costs of commercial production versus seed production for pulses and groundnuts in Puducherry region, showing seed production to be more economically efficient. It identifies various technical, economic, input-related, social and marketing constraints to seed production. Issues related to low productivity of pulses and oilseeds in India are also discussed
- The document discusses a business proposal for an olive plantation and consultancy in Pakistan. The group members are Zaka Ul Hassan and Nouman Sarfaraz, supervised by Syed Afzal Moshadi Shah.
- It analyzes the climatic conditions suitable for olive cultivation in Pakistan and identifies marginal/barren lands appropriate for olive orchards. Market data on olive production, consumption, and Pakistan's edible oil imports is also presented.
- Financial projections over 10 years show positive net present values for establishing a 5-acre olive orchard, processing the olives into table olives and olive oil, and marketing under the brand "Potohar Olives". The proposal identifies strengths, weaknesses, opportunities,
COCONUT GENETIC RESOURCES CONSERVATION & UTILIZATION IN INDIASenthil Natesan
This document summarizes information about coconut production, research, and genetic resources in India. It provides statistics on coconut production in India including area under cultivation, annual production, productivity, contribution to GDP, and employment. It also summarizes coconut production trends in major coconut growing states and details the coconut research setup in India. The document discusses characterization of indigenous and exotic coconut germplasm collections and characterization of coconut genetic resources. It lists improved coconut varieties and hybrids released for cultivation in different agro-climatic zones of India.
Public–private partnership in the domestication of Allanblackia in Africa's humid tropics provides a good model for the domestication of traditionally important forest tree species of high economic potential. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/newsroom/highlights/obscure-forest-species-towards-globally-traded-commodity-lessons-allanblackia
This document provides an overview of walnut production technology. It discusses the botanical description of walnuts, including their origin in Southeast Europe. It outlines the key components of walnut cultivation such as varieties, propagation, planting, pruning, and harvesting. It also covers nutritional value, uses, production statistics globally and in key countries like China, Iran, and India. The document is a comprehensive reference on walnut cultivation practices.
The document discusses horticulture in Karnataka, India. It notes that Karnataka generates around Rs. 8500 crores annually from horticulture exports. Horticulture accounts for around 26% of agricultural families and Rs. 36,000 crores of agricultural revenue in Karnataka. The top horticultural crops in production strength for the state are coffee, roses, onions, gherkins, arecanut, capsicum, green chilli, tamarind, tomatoes, sapota, grapes, and pomegranates. Post-harvest losses for horticultural crops in India range from 6.7-15.88% for fruits and 4.58-12.44% for vegetables.
The document proposes establishing an olive plantation business in Pakistan. It discusses olive cultivation requirements that match Pakistan's climate. The business would utilize marginal lands and help address Pakistan's growing edible oil demand and imports. It provides market data on olive production, consumption and Pakistan's imports. It outlines varieties suitable for Pakistan, products that could be made, and financial projections showing the business would be profitable. A SWOT analysis identifies strengths in utilizing land and religious importance, and threats from competition and policies.
This document provides an overview of the fruit and vegetable supply chain in India. It notes that India is a major global producer of fruits and vegetables, but that supply chain inefficiencies lead to high post-harvest losses around 5-15% annually worth Rs. 60,000 crores. Cold storage infrastructure and technologies are limited in India compared to developed countries. The document discusses various initiatives by CONCOR to improve cold chain infrastructure and reduce losses to benefit farmers, consumers, and the overall economy.
STATUS OF PULSES ECONOMY IN INDIA: A LONG TERM VISION FOR PROMOTION OF PULSES Dr. Avinash S Naik
This document discusses the pulses sector in India. It provides information on:
1) Classification and production shares of major pulses grown in India like pigeonpea, chickpea, mungbean.
2) India's status as the largest producer and consumer of pulses with increasing imports to meet demand.
3) Details on area, production and productivity of pulses in India and challenges in improving low yields.
4) Role of the dal mill industry in processing pulses and challenges around raw material availability.
NEW IMPROVED VARITIES OF FRUITS AND HYBRIDSAmanDohre
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO IN FRUIT PRODUCTION, IMPROVED VARIETIES & HYBRIDS, RECENT ADVANCES IN PROPAGATION AND ROOTSTOCK INFLUENCE IN TEMPERATE FRUITS AND NUTS
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO IN FRUIT PRODUCTION, IMPROVED VARIETIES &...AmanDohre
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO IN FRUIT PRODUCTION, IMPROVED VARIETIES & HYBRIDS, RECENT ADVANCES IN PROPAGATION AND ROOTSTOCK INFLUENCE IN TEMPERATE FRUITS AND NUTS
NUT CROPS
Adoption and impact of climate smart maize varieties on total maize productio...IFPRIMaSSP
This study estimates the impact of drought tolerant (DT) maize varieties on food security in southern Africa. DT maize varieties are a promising technology that can help smallholder farmers adapt to drought risks. Even though DT maize varieties have shown better yield potential under experimental conditions, their impact on smallholder farms across the region has not been evaluated. We use new household data (collected in 2015) from surveys of 2,995 farm households in five countries (Angola, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) to measure the impact of DT maize varieties on food security. We use households past five-year experience of drought as an instrumental variable that triggers the decision to adopt DT maize varieties and an endogenous switching regression to correct for the endogeneity of the DT adoption in estimating maize production. We also evaluate whether a household tends to be more food secure after growing a DT maize variety. Our results show that households that grew DT maize varieties had 600 kg/ha more maize than households that did not grow the DT maize varieties. Given a household of four people, with human maize consumption averaging 91 kg per capita per year, this additional maize provides an extra 1.6 months of food. Given the region's vulnerability to climate change, DT maize varieties prove to be an important adaptation option. We, therefore, recommend that governments in southern Africa promote DT maize varieties to reduce household vulnerability to climatic risks and improve food security.
The document discusses the concept of food sustainability. It introduces the idea of examining the full food chain from production to consumption and considering factors like resource use, environmental impacts, and social/economic effects. It provides examples of how various food items have large carbon footprints or water needs to be produced. The document advocates reducing food miles, waste, and resource intensity in food production to make it more sustainable.
Information sharing on the development of a Science Agenda for Agriculture in Africa With inputs for CAADP-CGIAR alignment
April 13, 2013
Dublin, Ireland
Performance Ranking of Coconut Estates: A Case in Kurunegala Plantations Lim...Bandara Gajanayake
Coconut industry plays a vital role in the economy of Sri Lanka and in rural livelihood. Over 497,000ha of lands are cultivated with coconuts in Sri Lanka. Estate sector accounts for 25% of the land area for coconut cultivation and it contributes 40% of the national production. However the rest 60% is from smallholders’ sector. Coconut production by both smallholders’ and estates managed by plantation companies’ show a high variation in their performance. In this study, the performance evaluation of coconut estates was done by developing an index. This facilitates to compare the performance of coconut estates of Kurunegala Plantation Ltd (KPL) which holds mature coconut area of 3,124.60ha. Ten variables were identified as most vital associated with the estate performance. Weights for each variable was finalized through the direct interviews with five plantation experts in KPL. Ten years data for each variable were collected from all seven area estates and the average values were taken for analysis. Results revealed that Narammala area estates have excellent performance in profit per ha, field works, agronomic and other management practices and immature coconut extent. The estate has done well in density per ha, net sales average, cost of production and progress of office work. Even though the estate has done well in many variables, yield per ha and nuts per palm are in satisfactory level however, yield per ha is the 2nd highest in all area estates. With all performances, Narammala area estates ranks no. 1 in KPL, however they need to improve in diversification, yield per ha and nuts per palm.
This document summarizes a study on exploring how locally available food biodiversity in Vihiga County, Kenya can be used to improve dietary patterns and nutrition outcomes. The study involved surveys of 398 households to assess farm species diversity, foods produced and consumed, and children's and caregivers' diets. Preliminary results found high consumption of maize, beans, cowpeas and dark green leafy vegetables but low intakes of vitamin A, iron and zinc. Next steps include further data analysis, lean season surveys, and participatory workshops to identify interventions to diversify farms and diets while improving nutrition security. The overall goal is to develop recommendations for policies and programs that create synergies between nutrition, environment and agriculture in the
The document discusses a study on identifying potential regions in India for avocado cultivation using an ecological niche modeling approach. It finds that states like Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have highly suitable climatic conditions. Precipitation and temperature-related variables contributed most to the model for predicting suitable areas. The results will help farmers and stakeholders identify regions to develop the avocado industry in India.
Similar to .Temperate fruits challenges and opportunities mk verma (20)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
.Temperate fruits challenges and opportunities mk verma
1. Temperate Fruits :
Challenges and Opportunities
Dr M. K. Verma, ARS (1995), FIAHS, FISNS, FISHRD, FSHRD
Principal Scientist (Fruit Science)
Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology
ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
New Delhi -110012
2. • Produce higher biomass than field crops per unit area resulting
in efficient utilization of natural resources,
• Highly remunerative for replacing subsistence farming and thus
eliminate poverty level,
• Have potential for development of wastelands through planned
strategies,
• Need comparatively less water than food crops,
• Provide higher employment opportunity,
• Important for nutritional security,
• Environment-friendly,
• High value crops with high potential of value-addition,
• Have high potential for foreign exchange earnings and
Why Temperate Fruits????
5. Present Scenario of
Total Fruit Production (FAO, 2020)
World
• Area : 68.05 m Ha
• Production : 867.77 m MT
• Productivity : 12.75 t/ha
India
• Area : 7.21 m Ha
• Production : 98.72 m MT
• Productivity : 13.69 t/ha
India’s Share
• 10.56% area
• 11.38% production
• 7.37% higher over world (aggregate)
Temperate Fruits (Major fruits and nuts)
Area : 448.78 (000’ ha) – 6.25% share in India’s fruit production area
Production : 3178.78 (000’ MT) – 3.18% share in India’s fruit production
Yield : 5.55 t/ha (Maximum in plum 8.37 & apple 7.73; minimum in apricot & cherry)
: 1.07 t/ha (dry nuts)
6. • Present temperate fruit production - 31.8 lakh tones (4.49 lakh ha)
• Total demand - 50 lakh tones
• Deficit of temperate fruits and nuts in the country -18 lakh tones.
• The demand of temperate fruits and nuts by 2025 – 60 lakh tones.
1. Jammu and Kashmir
2. Himachal Pradesh
3. Uttarakhand
4. Arunachal Pradesh and
other North Eastern
States
Major Temperate Areas in India
1
2
3
4
7. Wide gap in the productivity levels…Challenge?
India India Global
average
yield
(t/ha)
Advanced
Country (s)
average
yield (t/ha)
Prospects
(scope to
increase
yield by)
Fruit
crops
Area
(000 ha)
Production
(000' MT)
%
share*
Yield
(t/ha)
Almond 10.00 11.00 0.35 1.10 1.53 4.24 (USA) 4- times
Apple 301.00 2327.00 75.06 7.73 17.56 39.48 (USA) 5- times
Apricot 5.62 15.95 0.51 2.83 6.99 12.76 (Italy) 6- times
Cherry 3.54 10.95 0.35 3.09 5.89 9.08 (USA) 3- times
Grapes* 139.00 2958.00 NA 21.28 11.05 21.28 (India) NA
Kiwi fruit 4.00 13.00 0.42 3.25 16.27 35.78 (NZL) 10- times
Peach 19.00 121.00 3.91 6.37 14.28 19.55 (USA) 3- times
Pear 44.00 318.00 10.26 7.22 17.17 38.99 (USA) 5- times
Plum 30.03 251.38 8.10 8.37 4.75 14.13 (USA) 2- times
Walnut 31.55 32.50 1.05 1.03 3.15 4.32 (USA) 4- times
Source: FAO, 2020
* Not included
• Apple 75% production
• 97% from 4- fruits : apple, pear, peach, plum
8. Growth in fruit crops during last 6 decades (1961-2018)
in India
Fruit crop Area
(000' ha)
Production
(000' MT)
Productivity
(t/ha)
1961 2018 1961 2018 1961 2018
Apple
445.00 301.00 185.0 2327.0 4.15 7.73
Apricot
2.90 5.62 2.75 15.96 8.00 5.62
Cherry
1.20 3.54 2.50 10.95 3.00 3.09
Grape
4.40 139.00 70.00 2920.00 15.90 21.00
Peach
10.00 38.55 43.00 278.41 4.30 7.22
Pear
54.09 44.00 6.97 318.00 3.30 7.22
Plum
3.00 30.03 11.00 251.39 3.66 8.38
Walnut
14.00 31.55 12.00 32.50 0.85 1.03
-1000.00 0.00 1000.00 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00
Apple
Apricot
Cherry
Grape
Peach
Pear
Plum
Walnut
% change area
0.00 1000.00 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00 5000.00
Apple
Apricot
Cherry
Grape
Peach
Pear
Plum
Walnut
% change production
25. Balance of Trade (BOT) or Trade deficit related to temperate fruits
Fruit crop Export
(1000 $)
Import
(1000 $ )
BoT (Trade deficit)
Almond 3,085 800,889 -797,804 (I)
Apple 3,684 307,663 -303,979 (II)
Apple processed 99 9,278 -9,179
Apricot 136 118 18
Apricot dry 147 24,840 -24,693
Sweet 15 980 -965
Cherry sour 0 359 -359
Chest nut 2 0 2
Craneberries 3 4 -1
Currants 175 0 175
Fig 448 0 448
Fig dry 337 101,277 -100,940 (V)
Grape 275,887 10,957 264,930 (III)
Grape juice 54 1,179 -1,125
Grape Raisin 33,807 76,362 -42,555
Grape wine 8,721 24,093 -15,372
Hazel nuts 8 686 -678
Kiwi fruit 1 34,317 -34,316
Olive 5 0 5
Olive preserve 71 5,481 -5,410
Olive oil 90 53,642 -53,552
Peach 0 398 -398
Pear 4 1,8459 -18,455
Pistachios 0 135,091 -135,091 (IV)
Plum 8 5,147 -5,139
Quince 38 0 38
Strawberries 7 88 -81
Walnut 14,946 61,230 -46,284
• Total value of export: 3,41,778 (000$)
• Total value of import: 16,72,538 (000$)
• Negative trade deficit: 13, 30, 760 (000 $)
• Imports are 5- times more than export.
• Maximum imported item, almonds
followed by apple, pistachios, fig, raisins,
walnut, olive, kiwi fruit, grape wine and
dry apricots.
• Maximum exported items, grapes
followed by raisins, walnut, grape wine,
apple and almonds.
• Prospects to increase the exports in
grapes and its products, apple,
walnut, apricot, kiwi fruit, pear, peach,
plum, sour cherry, chest nut and
quince.
26. Concerns of Temperate Fruits ???
• Small Production • Low Productivity
Total Prodn
can be
enhanced
through
Horizontal
expansion
Prodty can
be
improved
through
Vertical
expansion
27. Challenges Facing Temperate Fruit Industry
Limited land and water resources
Monoculture of old and traditional
cultivars,
Limited varietal spectrum
Non adoption of high density orcharding.
Lack of certified quality planting
material raised on clonal or true to type
uniform seedling rootstocks.
Less use of clonal rootstocks
Lack of systematic plantation of nut
crops because of non availability of
planting material.
Inadequate proportion of pollinizers, and
lack of pollinator population,
Senile orchards,
Lack of adoption of Good Horticultural
Practices (GHP),
Poor mechanization
Lack of integrated approaches for pre and
post harvest disease and insect
management,
Inefficient post harvest handling and
packaging infrastructure;
Lack of proper storage and transportation
facilities and infrastructure,
Lack of orchard protection strategies
from climate change and other inclement
weather conditions,
Competition from imported apple,
almond, kiwi and other fruits and nuts.
Poor global marketing network through
internet.
Scarcity of skilled manpower
28. Opportunities related to Temperate Fruits
• Higher productivity and farm income
• Huge market demand (domestic and international) : 138 crore population, Negative trade
deficit: 13, 30, 760 (000 $).
• Increasing awareness about nutritional value of fruits created round the year demand in every
house hold.
• Fast increasing economy improved the purchasing power.
• Diversification and optimum utilization of resources/ regions.
• Opportunities for small holders
• Waste land utilization
• Resilience to climate change and carbon sequestration.
• Scope of processing, packing, storage, value addition and transportation are the sectors to
provide employment.
• Export and import of the of temperate fruits is a high income generating sector.
• Employment generator : Need more skilled manpower
• Huge potential in nursery business
29. Name of the State Locations Approximate range
of elevation (amls)
Fruit crops that can be
successfully tried
Arunachal
Pradesh
Kameng, Siang, Trirap
and Lohit
District
900-4000 m Apple, Peach, Plum, Pear
Apricot, Walnut, Chestnut,
Cherry.
Meghalaya Central plateau-Khasi and
Jaintia
hills districts.
950-1900 m Plum, Pear, Peach, Apricot,
Persimmon.
Manipur Sekmai, Maram, Tadubi,
Mao,
Ukhrul, Tengnoupal.
900-2000 m Peach, Plum. Pear, Apricot,
Persimmon.
Nagaland Mokokchung, Wokha
Tuensang,
Kohima. Phek districts.
1000-3000 m Peach, Plum, Pear, Apricot.
Sikkim West, East and North
Districts
1000-4000 m Apple, Pear, Kiwi
Prospects of growing temperate fruits in in different states of
North Eastern India.
32. • Use of high yielding varieties: productivity can further be increased from 5.55 t/ha to 11 t/ha.
• Diversification in fruit crops (Minor and unutilized fruits)
• Adoption of high density orcharding on clonal rootstocks in HDP. – 5-10 fold increase
• Pollination management (apple, pear, plum, cherry, almond, walnut).
• Use of efficient irrigation including fertigation technologies. – inc. 30-40%
• Integrated nutrient management with focus on organic farming/biofertilizer application for
eco-friendly nutrition as long term strategy.
• Integrated pest management with focus on biological control & use of biopesticides
• Harvest management practices & post harvest handling, processing, value addition and
scientific storage.
• Production of true to type/certified quality planting material.
• Establishment of bud banks of superior genotypes
• Adoption of modern market management practices
Strategies for increasing temperate fruit production
36. Productivity potential of some indigenously
developed apple cultivars
Cultivar Year of release Av. Yield
(kgs/tree)
Yeild
(Mt/ha)
Lal Ambri 1973-74 150-160 35-40
Sunheri 1973-74 64-72 16-18
Akbar 2000-01 160-170 40-45
Firdous 1995 50-60 12-15
Shireen 1995 50-60 12-15
Gulshan 2001-02 119-120 29-30
37. Superior apple cultivars and rootstocks identified
S. No. Type Varieties
1 Spur type and
semi spur
Red Chief, Red Spur, Ruby Red, Hardi Spur, Sturdee Spur,
WellSpur, Super Red Chief, Stark Spur Red, Spur Type Red
Delicious, Bright-n-Early, Oregon Spur, Starkrimson.
2 Colour strains Top Red, Hi Red, Vance Delicious, Hardeman
3 Low chilling Tropical Beauty, Schlomith Michal, Maayan. Vered, Tamar, Anna,
Naomi
4 Scab resistant Priscilla, Sir Prize, Macfree, Freedom, Coop 12 and Coop 13,
Firdous and Shireen are indigenously developed scab resistant
cultivars
5 Varieties of
promise
Fuji, Red Fuji, Gala, Scarlet Gala, Gala Mast, Granny Smith,
Breaburn, Jonagold, Empire, Criterion.
6 Processing
cultivars
Delicious, Granny Smith, Liberty, Rome Beauty, York Imperial,
Stayman Winesap, Northern Spy, Prima, Priscilla, Sir Prise,
Freedom, Redfree, Summer Red, McIntosh, Maharaji, Prima.
7 Indigenously
developed
varieties
Lal Ambri, Sunhari, Firdous, Shireen, Akbar, Chaubatia Princess,
Chaubattia Anupam, Chaubattia Agrim, Chaubattia Swarniam,
Chaubattia Alanker, Chaubattia Anurag, Ambred, Ambrich,
Ambroyal, Ambstarking
8 Root stocks M-7, M-9, M-26, M-27, MM-106, MM-109, MM-111 and EMLA-
106.
38. Future requirement
Development of designer trees/model plants
with balanced shoot and root growth for
maximizing productivity
Golden ScentinelScarlet Scentinel
39. Pear
Variety RS Training
system
Spacing
(m)
Density
(Trees/ha)
Yield (t/ha) Reference
Abbe Fetel Quince
clone (MC)
V-shape 3.6 x 0.50 5555 262.0 After
7th year
cumm.
Musacchi et al. 2005
(Italy)
Abbe Fetel Quince
clone (MC)
Vertical
axis
3.6 x 0.50 5555 257.0 After
7th year
cumm.
Musacchi et al. 2005
Conference Quince
clone (MC)
V-shape 3.6 x 0.50 5555 181.0 After
7th year
cumm.
Musacchi et al. 2005
Doyenné du
Comice
Quince
clone (MC)
Vertical
axis
3.6 x 0.35 7936 132.0 After
7th year
cumm.
Musacchi et al. 2005
Conference Quince-A Y-trellis 4.0 x 1.50 1666 47.5 -
40.
41. Peach
Variety Rootstock Training system Spacing
(m)
Density
Tree/ha
Yield (t/ha) Reference (Country)
Royal Giant Nema
guard
V-shape 2.0 x 5.5 909 353.0 USA
Flavour Crest Nema guard V-shape 2.0 x 5.5 909 206.0 USA
Baby Gold-5 Nema guard V-shape 2.0 x 5.5 909 169.0 USA
Cresthaven Nemaguard Tatura trellis 2.5 x 2.5 1600 47.26 (6th Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2013-14
Glohaven Nemguard Tatura trellis 2.5 x 2.5 1600 42.99 (6th Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2013-14
Red Globe Nemaguard Tatura trellis 2.5 x 2.5 1600 41.12 CITH, Annual Report, 2013-14
Glowhaven Standard V-Shape 3.0 x 3.0 1111 40.08 (5th Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2012-13
Fantasia Standard Modified leader 2.5 x 2.5 1600 20.6 (3rd Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2010 (India)
Red Globe Standard Modified leader 3.0 x 3.0 1111 16.86 (3rd Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2010 (India)
Red Globe Standard Modified leader 2.5 x 2.5 1600 15.77 (3rd Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2010 (India)
Cresthaven Standard Modified leader 2.5 x 2.5 1600 13.8 (3rd Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2010 (India)
Glohaven Standard Modified leader 3.0 x 3.0 1111 13.22 (3rd Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2010 (India)
Fantasia Standard Modified leader 3.0 x 3.0 1111 12.12 (3rd Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2010 (India)
Cresthaven Standard Modified leader 3.0 x 3.0 1111 10.89 (3rd Year) CITH, Annual Report, 2010 (India)
42.
43. Plum
Variety Rootstock Training
system
Spacing
(m)
Density
(Trees/ha)
Yield
(t/ha)
Reference
(Country)
Simca Nemaguard Central
Leader
2.0 x 5.5 909 169.8 -
Mallard St. Julian A Y-trellis 0.5 x 4.0 5000 95.1 Meland, 2005
(Norwey)
Opal St. Julian A Y-trellis 0.5 x 4.0 5000 77.6 Meland, 2005
(Norwey)
Elda St. Julian A Y-trellis 0.5 x 4.0 5000 53.0 Meland, 2005
(Norwey)
Mariposa Standard Modified
leader
5. 0 x 5.0 625 27.26
(9th leaf)
CITH Annual
Report, 2014-15
AU-Cherry Standard Modified
leader
5. 0 x 5.0 625 23.99
(9th leaf)
CITH Annual
Report, 2014-15
Tarrol Standard Modified
leader
5. 0 x 5.0 625 23.40
(9th leaf)
CITH Annual
Report, 2014-15
44.
45. Apricot
Variety Rootstock Training
system
Spacing
(m)
Density
(Trees/ha)
Yield
(t/ha)
Reference
CITH-AP-3 Standard Modified
leader
5 x 5 625 23.64
(10th Yr)
CITH, 2014-15
CITH-AP-2 Standard Modified
leader
5 x 5 625 23.02
(10th Yr)
CITH, 2014-15
CITH-AP-1 Standard Modified
leader
5 x 5 625 19.06
(10th Yr)
CITH, 2014-15
Harcot Standard Modified
leader
5 x 5 625 18.20
(10th Yr)
CITH, 2014-15
Rival Standard Modified
leader
5 x 5 625 17.51
(7th Yr)
CITH, 2014-15
60. Chilling
Hours (Hrs)
Cultivars
>350-400 Gulfcrimson (400), Gulfprince (400), Sun Ripe (400),
Florda Home (400), La Festival (400), La Pecker (400), Rio
Grande (400)
>400-450 Tejan (420), Rechan (450), Tex Star (450)
>450-500 Whiterobin (500), Bonita (500), Sunfire (500), Ventura
(500), May Gold Su (500)
>500-550 Gulfcrest (525), Flordaqueen (540), Sungold (540)
>550-600 Gulfcrest (525), Flordaqueen (540), Sungold (540)
>600-650 Springtime (650), June Gold (650)
>650-700 Maygold (660), Junegold (660), Springtime (660), Armgold
(660), Suwannee (660),
Others Tropic Snow, Parbhat, Pratap, Khurmani, Sharbati,
Safeda Early Cream, Saharanpur Prabhat, Shan-i-Punjab,
Shaharanpur No. 6, Ranjit Bagh Early, Safeda (LR
Brothers), Shaharanpur Hybrid 3, China Flat, Babcock
61. Early Grande: introduced
variety, performs very well
under Punjab conditions.
• . 100 Chilling hrs.
Flordaprince: introduced,
suits to the Punjab
conditions.
• 150 chilling hrs
•'Red Ceylon
•Requires 50 hours of chilling,
•well-established in southern Florida
Tropic Beauty Tropic Snow
62. 'Saharanpur‘–An early ripening, white-fleshed peach
hybrid was released from Saharanpur.
'Sharbati‘: selection released in 1950, chilling requirement
of 30 to 40 hours.
Shan-e-Punjab: is most popular cultivar due to larger
size, potential variety to grow under Ludhiana
conditions gave yield 8.5 t/ha.
Pant Peach-1: chance seedling from cv. Sharbati.
Pratap: selected for subtropical conditions in Punjab.
Fruit matures one week earlier (3rd week of April) than
that of Flordasun.
63. Babcock Bonita
Babcock:- Considered
the best all-around white peach,
low chill requirements of 350-400
hours.
It bears small to medium
freestone peaches, with light
pinkish skin, little fuzz, and white
flesh turning red near pit that
ripens in late June or early July.
Sweet with some tang,
Bonita: medium
to large peach with
light yellow skin that
has a deep red blush;
firm, yellow flesh with
good flavor; freestone.
Midseason harvest.
64. GULF KING Large clingstone
peach with small pits. Red
over gold skin and yellow
flesh. Firm, sweet flesh that
can ripen longer on the tree.
Ripens early May. Self-
pollinating. 350-400 chill
hours.
JUNEGOLD Late bloomer good
for frost pockets. Large freestone
peach with beautiful, red- blushed
skin and golden-yellow flesh.
Great for canning. Ripens in June.
Self-pollinating. 650 chill hours.
66. Plum (Prunus salicina)
• Satluj Purple,
• Kala Amritsari,
• Jamuni Meeruti,
• Aloo Bokhara Peshawari
• Titron,
• Alucha Black,
• Titron Howe,
• Gulfruby,
• Gulfbeauty,
• Gulfblaze,
• Gulfrose
•Plum is also one of the potential fruit crop suitable to grow under
subtropical conditions.
67. ‘Alu Bokhara: Under Amritsar (Punjab)
conditions the selection named as ‘Alu Bokhara
Peshawari’ showed its promise by producing.
Kala Amritsari: most popular cultivar in Punjab.
This is self-fruitful but yield improves if pollinated
with Titron..
Pant Plum-1: selection from the seedling
population It can be a dwarfing rootstock for
plum cultivars.
Satluj Purple: Tree is self-incompatible and must
be inter-planted with ‘Kala Amritsari’ as
pollinizder.
68. 'Gulfbeauty' was released in
1998 from University of
Florida.
'Gulfblaze' released by the
University of Florida.
Gulfrose‘ 'Gulfruby'
71. : Best pickling but
used as double purpose 30-40%
Kalamata: Best variety for
table
Picual: Best variety for pickle
Coratina: Main oil producing
cultivar
Frontoio: Main oil producing
cultivar Coronaiki: Best variety for
oil
72. Scarcity of QPM
Produce and make available the
quality planting material
is the
…..challenge
……opportunity
73. • Jammu & Kashmir (20.0 - 25 lakh),
• Himachal Pradesh (15.0 -20 lakh),
• Uttarakhand (10.0- 12 lakh),
• North Eastern States (5.0 – 8.0 lakh).
• Total 50 – 65 lakhs
State wise planting material requirement of
temperate fruits
(only 40-50 % is met available in India)
74. Challenges faced in quality planting material
production
1. Lack of soil and irrigation facility
2. No budwood mother orchard/bank
3. No pedigree records
4. No rootstock banks
5. Plant protection measures
6. Skilled manpower
7. Lack of infrastructure
8. Improper implementation of nursery registration act
75. Use of promising rootstocks for mitigating abiotic stress and improving
productivity of high quality fruits
S.N
o
Crop Rootstocks Salient features
1 Apple EMLA 111/ MM 111 Suit to drought prone areas
EMLA.7/ M-7 Suit to sloppy, virgin lands, semi vigorous
EMLA.106/MM.106 Suit to sloppy, and less clay soils, semi
vigorous
EMLA 9/M9 For high density planting with assured
irrigation and deep fertile soils, very dwarf
M 779 For hilly areas of Uttarakhand and H.P.
2 Pear Quince-A Standard rootstocks ,semi vigorous
BA .29C Standard rootstocks ,semi vigorous
Quince - C Very dwarf
Quince - B Semi vigorous
3 Apricot Apricot seedling Vigorous, drought tolerant and compatible
Peach seedling Suitable for dry and light soils
4 Peach Peach seedling Vigorous and compatible
Gf-557 & gf-677 Drought tolerance
Siberarian-C * Rubia Dwarf
76. 5 Plum Wild peach × Apricot seedling Seedling are vigorous
Myrobalan-B, Myrobalan-29C,
Myrobalan-GF-31, Marigona-
2621, GF-8/1
Clonal and semi vigorous, compatible
rootstocks
Pixy × st. Julian. K Dwarfing rootstocks
Peach ×Apricot seedlings Semi vigorous
6 Cherry Colt Semi dwarf
F-12/1 Vigorous
Mazzard and Mahales Vigorous
7 Almond Apricot, peach and almond
seedlings
Vigorous
Peach and almond hybrids GF-
557×GF-677
Semi dwarfing, good for high density
8 Walnut Walnut seedlings Vigorous
77. Important Exotic Collections of Pome and Stone Fruits
Fruits True temperate zone Mid to high altitute Mid hill to moderat
Apple Red Fuji, Red Co- Fuji,
Ambri, Red Delicious,
Golden Delicious, Oregon
Spur, Rich-a-Red,
Starkrimson, Red Chief,
Gala Spartan, Top Red,
Vance Delicious, Gold Spur,
Silver Spur, Royal Delicious,
Vista Bella, Gala Mast, Early
Red One, Scarlet Spur,
Scarlet Gala
Tydeman’s Early,
Mollies Delicious,
Starkrimson, Starking
Delicious, Red Delicious,
Rich-a-red, Granny-
Smith, Top Red, Red
Chief, Oregon Spur,
Golden Spur, Gold Spur,
Silver Spur, Vance
Delicious, Royal
Delicious,
Early Shanburry,
Chaubattia
Princess, Fanny
Benoni, Red
Delicious, Starking
Delicious, Oregon
Spur, Rich-a-Red,
Starkrimson, Red
Chief, Well Spur
Pear William, Kashmir Nakh,
Bagugosha, Beurre Hardy,
Max Red Bartlett, Red
Bartlett, Flemish Beauty,
Conference, Doyenne-du-
Comice, Anjou, Fertility.
China, Bartlett, Max
Red Bartlett, Flemish
Beauty,
Doyene du Comice,
William’s Bartlett,
Beurre Hardy,
Flemish Beauty
78. Raising of seedling and clonal rootstocks of apple Raising of seedling and clonal rootstocks of cherry
Grafted and budded plants ready for sale
79. Apricot Charmagz, Halman,
Rachkaikarpo, Nari,
Shakarpara, CITH-
Apricot-1 CITH-Apricot-
2 CITH-Apricot-3,
Harcot, Errani, Turkey,
Rival, Tilton,
Kaisha, Nugget, Castle,
Saffeida, Charmagz
Charmagz, Kaisha,
Moorpark, Turkey,
St. Ambrose
Plum Satsuma, Santa Rosa,
Burbank, Grand Duke,
President, Early Italian,
Frontier, Diurret, Friar,
Kelsey, Santa Rosa,
Titron, Satsuma,
Mariposa
Jamuni, Kelsey,
Santa Rosa, Titron
Peach July Elberta, Elberta,
Flordasun, Snowqueen,
Fantasia Nectarine,
Gloheaven, Red Globe,
Crest Heaven,
July Elberta, JH
Hale, Sharbati, Shan-
e-Punjab, Burbank,
Paradelux
Sharbati Safeida,
Flordasun, Shan-e-
Punjab
80. Sweet
Cherry
Black Heart, Bigarreau Noir
Grossa (Misri), Guigne Pour
Pora Pecoce (Awal), Bigarreau
Napoleon (double), Guigne
Pourpeara Prece, Bigarreau
Noir Grosse, Stella, Compact
Stella, Van and Bing
Black Tartarian,
Napoleon,
Lambert, Bing
Black
Heart,
Bedford
Prolific,
Black
Heart,
Almond Drake, Ne-Plus-Ultra,
Shalimar, Makhdoom,
California Paper shell, IXL,
Primorskij, Non Pareil,
Drake, IXL,
Mission, Ne-
Plus-Ultra
-
Walnut Suliman, Hamdan, CITH-W-1,
CITH-W-2, CITH-W-3, CITH-
W-4, CITH-W-5, CITH-W-6,
CITH-W-7, CITH-W-8, CITH-
W-9, CITH-W-10
Hartley,
Howard,
Chandler,
Blackmore
Local
Selection
81. Promising rootstocks and their characteristics identified for higher and
quality fruit production
S.N
o
Crop Rootstocks Salient features
1 Apple EMLA 111/ MM 111 Suit to drought prone areas
EMLA.7/ M-7 Suit to sloppy, virgin lands, semi vigorous
EMLA.106/MM.106 Suit to sloppy, and less clay soils, semi
vigorous
EMLA 9/M9 For high density planting with assured
irrigation and deep fertile soils, very dwarf
M 779 For hilly areas of Uttarakhand and H.P.
2 Pear Quince-A Standard rootstocks ,semi vigorous
BA .29C Standard rootstocks ,semi vigorous
Quince - C Very dwarf
Quince - B Semi vigorous
3 Apricot Apricot seedling Vigorous, drought tolerant and compatible
Peach seedling Suitable for dry and light soils
4 Peach Peach seedling Vigorous and compatible
Gf-557 & gf-677 Drought tolerance
Siberarian-C * Rubia Dwarf
82. 5 Plum Wild peach × Apricot seedling Seedling are vigorous
Myrobalan-B, Myrobalan-29C,
Myrobalan-GF-31, Marigona-
2621, GF-8/1
Clonal and semi vigorous, compatible
rootstocks
Pixy × st. Julian. K Dwarfing rootstocks
Peach ×Apricot seedlings Semi vigorous
6 Cherry Colt Semi dwarf
F-12/1 Vigorous
Mazzard and Mahales Vigorous
7 Almond Apricot, peach and almond
seedlings
Vigorous
Peach and almond hybrids GF-
557×GF-677
Semi dwarfing, good for high density
8 Walnut Walnut seedlings Vigorous
84. Hot Cable Callusing in walnut
• Advantages
– High success percentage (60-70%)
• Disadvantages:
– Temperature and humidity need to be maintained continuously
88. Bud wood bank of apple
Bud wood bank of almond
Bud wood bank of walnut
89. Disease Diagnosis (Molecular disease diagnosis)
• Early detection of disease
• More accuracy
• Virus elimination at early stage
• Prognosis of infection
90. Micro-propagation
• For production of large no. of disease free identical
plants
Micro-propagation protocols have been developed in number of
temperate horticultural crops like
Apple
Pear
Peach
Plum
Cherry
Walnut*
Strawberry
Apricot
* Refinement of protocols and hardening is under progress
91. • Effecting fruit production & productivity
• Need proper augmentation in desired proportion (11-33%)
• Bloom and colour synchronization between main varieties and
pollinizers is essential
• Pollinizers should be self fruit full
• Reciprocally cross compatible
• High bloom density
• Extended flowering
• Resistant to pests and diseases
• Must have commercial value.
Inadequate pollinizers and pollinating
insects (honey bees)
92. Early Bloomer: McIntosh, Black Ben Davis, Tydeman’s Early Worcester, Manchurian,
Everest, Malus floribunda.
Mid Bloomer: Winter Banana, King of Pippin, Rus Pippin, Lord Lambourne, Yellow
Newton, Summer Queen, Snow Drift, Gloster, Red Gold, Red Flesh, Chestnut, Gala,
Spartan, Commercial, Dolgo, Cox orange Pippin, Yellow Transparent, York Imperial,
Jonathan, Winter Banana, Lodi.
Late Bloomer: Golden Delicious, Gold Spur, Rome Beauty, Granny Smith, Worcester
Pearmain, Golden Hornet, Starkspur Golden.
Crab apples as pollinizers: Crab apples are regular in flowering with high bloom index,
bears flowers on spurs as well as on one year shoots and have a long flowering duration,
bloom first on spurs followed by flowering on shoots. In India Manchurian crab,
Snowdrift, Golden Hornet and Japanese crab have been recommended as pollinizers.
Recommended pollinizer varieties
93. Placement of bee hives in orchard (A. cerana; A. mellifera) found to
increase fruit set and yield by 12-15 percent.
1. Orchards with <15% pollinizers = 8 hives
2. Orchards with >30% pollinizers = 2-3 hives
3. High density orchards = 5-8 hives(requires more numbers of
hives because of more plant density per unit area and higher
bloom density of spur type cultivars)
Management of pollinating insects (honey bees)
94. • Principle objective is to develop management
system i.e,
Economically viable
Productive
Take care & safe gourds against all ill effects on ecology and
human health
Follows integrated orchard management practices (IOMP) and
address all the orchard management aspects including
pomological, pathological and entomological problems.
Good Horticultural Practices (GHP)
95. • Orchard nutrition management
• Orchard floor management
• Orchard irrigation management
• Canopy management
• System approach for cost reduction
• Precision farming
• Organic farming
• Insect pests and disease management
• Orchard protection strategies
• Pre and post harvest practices
Components of GHP:
96. a. Orchard nutrition management
• Involves orchard hygiene,
• soil aeration,
• soil moisture conservation,
• weed growth restriction,
• soil drainage,
• Facilitate better interaction among soil micro organisms, nutrient
pool and organic matter.
b. Orchard floor management
• INM is important involving need based OM/composts, inorganic
fertilizers, bio-fertilizers, inter crops etc.
• Dose and application should be based on leaf and soil analysis
& age of the tree
97. • India has the largest irrigation system in the world but its water use
efficiency is not more than 40 percent.
• Water in the temperate region is a main limiting factor provides irrigation
only to 15-20% of the fruit area resulting in very low productivity
• Water harvesting and micro irrigation (drip/sprinkler) techniques and
mulching can save 40-70% of water and increase yields by 10-100%.
• Conventional system requires 3,840 litres/tree while drip system requires
1695 l/tree. On an average 90 litres/tree per irrigation by drip is required.
• Fertigation with water soluble fertilizers like ammonium nitrate, calcium
nitrate; urea, potassium chloride; potassium nitrate; potassium sulfate has
become important as it saves lot of nutrients;
c. Orchard irrigation management
98. • Proper canopy management leads to better light interception and
distribution at tree as well as orchard level
• Generally 70% light is intercepted by tree canopy and rest 30% strikes
orchard floor.
• More than 30% full radiation is beneficial for spur development and
flower initiation,
• 50-70% radiation exposure is good for fruit size and colour.
• Orchard with less than 30% light interception is low in productivity in
comparison to an orchard with 50-70% light interception.
• Traditionally modified and open centre training systems are practiced.
• High density plantation systems involves skill and therefore specialized
training system has to be adopted
d. Canopy management
99. 1. Horticulture is a labour intensive farming
2. Production costs is going very high and the availability of labour during peak
operations has also become limited.
3. To reduce input and operational costs efficient input management through
drip irrigation, fertigation, ultra low volume power sprays, precision farming
and mechanization of all operations from planting till marketing are
important under intensive production system.
Land preparation
Nursery bed preparation
Pit making
Pruning
Harvesting
Plant protection
Propagation:
Cultural operations
Drip irrigation and Fertigation
Post harvest machinery and equipments
System approach for cost reduction
100. • High density planting,
• Proper training
• Canopy management,
• Precise application of water and nutrients through drip irrigation
increases productivity and fruit quality; shortens juvenile phase
and gives high early returns.
Precision farming
Traditional orchard system has larger plant spacing vigorous trees
Improper training and pruning have lead to wastage of manpower,
insecticides/pesticides and irrigation water.
High precision technologies make efficient use of land, light, water
and nutrients and facilitates ease of harvest
101. 1. Health and other environmental problems, increasing day by day.
2. Demand for organically produced products is increasing
3. System emphasizes use of biological materials in combination with
agronomic methods for sustainable production by avoiding the use of
synthetic materials.
4. Organic farming restores our natural resources and safe guards our
environment and biodiversity.
5. Components of organic farming include maintenance and enhancement
of soil fertility through biological means; addition of organic manures;
use of soil micro organisms and utilization of biomass and crop residues;
management of pests and diseases through use of botanicals; biological
control agents; cultivation of inter crops; use of crop rotations; use of
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhyza (VAM) and Trichoderma etc. and other
methods of biological control of pests and diseases.
Organic farming:
102. 6. Global trade in organic farming has crossed 30 billion US$
7. India could be a bigger beneficiary of this boom.
8. The rainfed natural farming and use very low chemical inputs in raising apples in India provide
great scope and can be considered under organic farming regime for earning higher income
and export promotion.
9. In certain high altitude areas of J & K, H.P. and Uttarakhand apples are grown with minimum
application of synthetic chemicals.
10. Advantages of natural farming need to be propagated and popularized in the region for taking
advantages of international markets for which Identification of potential varieties of apple for
organic farming is required.
11. Guidelines for organic product/processing as per IFOAM (International Federation of Organic
Agriculture Movement) and NPOP (National Program for Organic Production) and
development of package of practices involving various components needs to be worked for
promoting organic culture.
12. Uttarakhand has taken a lead and promoting organic farming in a large way by introducing
various schemes and subsidies.
13. The other hill states too having greater advantage can exploit the opportunity on scientific line
to take advantage of export market.
103. • Causing 30-40% losses in yield.
• Impairing quality
• Effective eco-friendly management is most essential for increasing
production and productivity
Insect, pests and diseases and their management
Insect and pests Diseases
Sanjose scale Scab
Aphids Powdery mildew
Woolly aphid Leaf spot
Peach leaf curling aphids Brown rot
Stem and root borer Gummosis
Tent cater pillar Canker
Codling moth
European red mite
White grub
104. • Integrated approach
Cultural, biological and
chemical control
Most appropriate for
producing residue free fruits
and their value added
products
Predict appearance for insect pests and diseases
Effective control possible as and when needed.
Possible to provide timely advise to farmers for taking appropriate measures.
VENTEM (Scab warning system) PODEM (apple powdery mildew warning system)
are available
• Weather based forecasting models
105. Impact of climate – Inclement
weather conditions and
temperate fruits
106. Impact of climate change in Himalayan states
(Erratic climate/ climate change)
Variation in temperature
rise is visible (1980-2009)
Early melting of glaciers
and floods
Change in cropping
pattern/systems
Warmer and extended
winters – erratic changes
Erratic and reduced
winter precipitation and
snowfall
Depletion of ground
water and water scarcity
0
1
2
J&K
UA
HP
1.89
1.51
1.37
Riseinannualmean
temperatureby(oC)
This formerly
paddy land has
been
converted into
an orchard in
Khan Sahib
107. Shift in apple cultivation
towards higher altitude
and cold arid areas
Shift in ecological zones
Majority of the apple
orchards in UK have
become unproductive
over the year – low
chilling (?)
Incidence and
resurgence of insect and
diseases of horticultural
crops
Apple production in Ladakh
(Future potential area)
Unproductive orchards
in lower altitudes in
U.K.
Fruit bearing
peach trees in
U.K.
108. Mechanical damage
during active growing
stage directly
responsible for canker &
gummosis
Hail storms and low
temperature during
spring – common
phenomenon now.
Crop failure in high
chill fruit crops under
low altitutes
Dry spell during late
spring and early
summers
Early blooming of fruit blossoms and
flowers due to warmer temperatures
during February and March in Kashmir has
been damaging fruit produce as sudden
late snows in February and March
devastate blossoms
109. Effect on flowering
Bud burst is advanced
and the onset of growth
occurs earlier as in apple
where most of the trees
sprout 2-3 weeks earlier
than normal sprouting (
mid April )
Due to change in bud
opening in March, they
may become Susceptible
to frost damage
Occurrence of late snowfall- causes heavy
damage to almonds- coincided with full bloom
Apricot in bloom-coincided with late
winter snow fall
110. Apples fails to attain their
characteristic deep red
color if night temperature
are high (11.5 & 21)
High temperature and
moisture stress increases
sunburn & cracking in
apples, apricot, cherry,
pomegranate etc.
Effect on fruit quality
111. Wetter, warmer winters favours incidence
of diseases like Phytophthora,
Fusarium etc.
Drier, warmer summers favours diseases
such as Alternaria, powdery mildew,
sooty bark diseases (under moisture
stress)
Warm and humid temperature favours
apple scab
Very dry summers results in increase in
population of red spider mite and aphids
--- more problem of attacks on apple
(Orson, 1999)
Effect of climate change on diseases and insects
Powdery mildew of apple
at dry and warmer
summers
Apple scab in warm
and humid
temperature
Mite attack on apple
Apple aphid in dry summer
Flea beetle in warm and
humid climate
Woolly aphis
112. Proper drought management, moisture conservation, critical
irrigation, water harvesting)
Anti hail nets/ guns-prevent damage to some extent.
Foggy and cloudy weather-leads to russeting and fly speck - early
genotypes and early harvest prevent damage.
Insufficient chilling –low chilling cultivars like Schlomit, Anna and
Micheal are good for such conditions.
Weather forecasting-helps in taking advance measures in a changing
scenario for predicting crop growth, yield, and insect pests resurgence
• Strategies to overcome climate change and other
environmental vagaries
113. • Causing heavy losses/ gluts/ inferior quality
• Lower price and lesser income/ inflow of imported apples etc.
Inadequate pre and post harvest practices
Crop regulation and pre-harvest management
Improving fruit set : (3% Dormex, 1 % boric acid, Miraculan
0.75 ml/l; biozyme 2 ml/l)
Thinning : (Hand thinning upto 2-3 fruit lets ; NAA 10
ppm at petal fall)
Fruit drop:
- Early drop- Poor pollination / fertilization, hail, drought
- June drop- Moisture stress, competition for growth and food
- Pre-harvest drop- Physiological imbalance or any disorder
* App of NAA 10 ppm a week before fruit drop or 20-25 days before
harvest can check the drop.
114. • Rise in temperature early in the season leads to poor colour
development
• Physico-chemical changes essential for quality produce does not
takes place properly in marginal areas below 1828.8 m mean sea
level which fetch poor market price.
• Fruits at higher altitude areas get sufficient maturity duration
accompanied by day time strong solar radiation and cooler night
which favours better colour and quality.
• Application of 250-500 ppm 2-chloroethyl phosphoric acid (Ethrel,
CEPA or Ethephon) about 20 days before harvest improves colour
of fruit substantially but impairs shelf-life.
Fruit colour and maturity and pre harvest treatments
115. Pre harvest treatments for extension of shelf life of fruits:
• Apples can be stored under ambient conditions
Upper belts-90 days
Lower belts- 60 days
• Three pre-harvest sprays of 0.5 % CaCl2 from second week of July at
2 weeks interval and addition of carbendazim (0.05%) extends shelf
life, reduces blue mould etc.
116. Maturity indices and harvesting
• Maturity indices/harvesting stage determine the quality of fruits
and its shelf life.
• Maturity standards in apple have been calculated and standardized
based on days to harvest from full bloom and TSS.
Maturity Indices for Commercial Cultivars of Apple for H.P.
Cultivars DAFB Firmness (kg) TSS (0Brix)
Starkrimson 103 + 3 8.2 + 0.20 12.5-13.5
Royal Del 120 + 5 8.2 + 0.40 12.0-13.5
Rich-a-red 128 + 3 8.6 + 0.25 12.0-13.0
Red Delicious 134 + 5 8.4 + 0.40 10.0-14.0
Mclntosh 135 + 4 6.8 + 0.25 11.5-13.5
Golden Del 148 + 6 8.4 + 0.40 12.0-14.5
Granny Smith 180 + 5 8.7 + 0.30 11.5-13.0
117. Physiological: Attainment of final stage of development.
Defining maturity
Horticultural: Developmental state of fruit on the tree, which will result in a satisfactory
product after harvest
1. Dessert maturity
2. Shipping maturity
3. Processing maturity
4. Culinary maturity
118. Codex and quality standards:
• Before import export, declaration and phytosanitary certifications are
required and have to be followed strictly under international marketing.
• Apple shipment must be free from insect-pests and diseases
The apple shipment must be free from insect-pests and diseases like
Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), codling moth (Cydia pomonella),
light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana), scarlet mealy bug
(Pseudococcus calceolariae), comstock mealy bug (Pseudococcus comstocki)
and apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella) and fire blight (Erwinia
amylovora).
1. Phytosanitary certifications :
At 0 0C or 0.55 0C or below for 10 days before shipment or 1.1 0C for 12 days in
transit refrigeration is must for export as per international standards.
2. Cold treatment
119. 1. Grading of fruits before packaging is an important post
harvest operation as it determines price of the fruit.
2. Fruits are generally graded for size and quality.
3. In India fruits are generally graded manually but
mechanical grading should be preferred as it enhances
efficiency.
4. Automatic and mechanical graders which are common
in western countries are rare in India
Post harvest management
120. Apple grades followed in India
Grade
Minimum fruit
diameter
(± 2.5 mm)
Conventional method
of measurement
Super large 85 4 finger and thumbs
Extra large 80 Over 4 fingers
Large 75 3-4 fingers
Medium 70 2-3 fingers
Small 65 1-2 fingers
Extra small 60 0-1 finger
Pittoo 55 No space
121. Apple grades followed in India
Grade
Minimum fruit
diameter
(± 2.5 mm)
Conventional method
of measurement
Super large 85 4 finger and thumbs
Extra large 80 Over 4 fingers
Large 75 3-4 fingers
Medium 70 2-3 fingers
Small 65 1-2 fingers
Extra small 60 0-1 finger
Pittoo 55 No space
122. Grade A :
Typical in shape and colour of variety, sufficient mature, clean free from
injuries, bleminess, disease spot, bruises etc
Grade B :
Fruit with slight abnormal shape and even with less than 50% colour
characterestics of the variety, may have up to 3 healed spot (>0.5 cm in
size)
Grade C :
Not graded in A and B
Quality grading
123. Proposed grades as per codex standards
Size code
Diameter (mm) Weight (g)
A or 1 >80 >240
B or 2 71-80 191-240
C or 3 66-70 151-190
D or 4 61-65 121-150
124. • Top icing
• Room cooling
• Forced air cooling
• Hydro-cooling
• Vacuum cooling
Pre cooling:
Methods of pre-cooling
Forced air cooling or hydro-cooling conditions of -1 to 0 0C as preferable temperature, RH 90-
95%, freezing temperature around -1.70C suitable for maximum of 8 month storage.
125. • An important component essential to protect the fruits.
• There are two levels of packaging
* Consumer package
* Package that contains consumer packs (for storage and
transport/ shipment)
Packaging:
• Must have sufficient mechanical strength,
• Material of construction must not contain chemicals,
• Must meet the handling and marketing requirement in terms of weight, size and shape,
• Allow rapid cooling of the content,
• The mechanical strength should unaffected by its moisture content when wet or at high
humidity,
• Security of package or its ease of opening and closing,
• The package should identify its contents
Requirement for Packaging
126. Wooden box packing:
Generally two types of wooden boxes are preferred, one is of 45.7 x 30.5 cm internal dimension
with height of and 25.4 to 30.5 cm to accommodate 18-20 kg apple and other is of 41.5 x 18.5 x
16.5 cm dimension to accommodate 10 kg apple
Corrugated fiber board carton:
CFB weighs around 1.25 kg with very negligible bruising loss (3.5%) over wooden boxes with 4.0
kg in weight and loss as high as 32%.
Plastic crates:
Collapsible or non collapsible plastic crates are also in use for apple collection from harvesting
site to packing house or for stacking in cold storage and for local market transport.
127. • Individual fruits are wrapped after quality grading for packing
in the boxes.
• Wrapping materials may be newspaper, tissue paper,
polyethylene liner/bags, wax coating and paper mounted
trays.
• Wax coating is a good post harvest practice for extending shelf
life of apple.
• Policies about waxing of apple is not clear in India.
• USA and Australia exports waxed apples.
• China and New Zealand export unwaxed apples.
Wrapping material:
128. 1. There are different systems of storage such as low temperature
storage, evaporative cooler, zero energy cool chamber, controlled
atmosphere storage, hypobaric storage etc.
2. Cold and CA storage facilities at strategic locations i.e. at Udhampur
or Jammu for J&K; Parwano and Pathankote for H.P and Kathgodam
and Dehradun for Uttarakhand.
3. Possible to regulate supply of produce during off season from cold
or CA storage to compete import invasion.
4. Produce should be transported under refrigerated conditions (vans,
containers etc.)
5. Total cool chain system required from production site till it reaches
the consumers.
Storage and transport of fruits:
129. 1. Global apple processing is about 20% of the produce.
2. Major processing countries are Malaysia (83%), South Africa (80%), Philippines
(78%), Brazil (70%) and USA (65%).
3. In India only 0.5% apples are processed.
4. Major proportion of apple processing is done as apple juice concentrate. USA and
Germany are major importers of apple juice concentrate. China, Poland, Hungary,
USA, Chile, Argentina, Italy, South Africa, Germany, New Zealand and Spain are the
some leading processors of apple into juice concentrate.
5. China holds 50% of apple juice world export. World apple juice production is
estimated to be 1.4 million metric ton
Processing and apple marketing status:
130. Processing status in India
• Processing of apple in large scale in India is concentrated only in Himachal Pradesh and J&K.
In Uttarakhand also many small scale units have been established for processing.
• Apart from private processing unites, World Bank aided processing units like HPMC
(Himachal Pradesh) and JKHPMC (J&K) have limited infrastructure for apple processing.
• Apples are processed into mainly apple juice, concentrate, sauce, butter, candy, jam, jelly,
apple ginger appetizer, freeze dried apple beverage, juice blends, butter, creamed apple,
apple preserves, toffees, pickles, slices and canned. Fermented beverage products are cider,
cider vinegar, sparkling cider, wine, vermouth and brandy.
• The waste material from apple like peel, core and pomace can be utilized for making of
pectin and other by products. In J&K, 4 new processing units are being established at
different sites with the capacity of 50,000 MT per annum for proper utilization of apple for
processing.
• More infrastructure for processing is urgently required to
convert huge quality of C grade apples into value added
processed products.
131. 1. State-wise and altitude wise harvesting scheduling for supply over an
extended period,
2. Proper road linkage and rope way networking to access remotely
located orchards,
3. Supply of packaging materials in time,
4. Transportation risk management policies,
5. Internet marketing,
6. Proper quantification for demand vs. supply in the peak season and
off season and accordingly storage of surplus quality graded fruits,
7. Proper procurement policies for culled, damaged and c-graded fruits
for better utilization for processing purpose,
8. Cold chain facilities like refrigerated vehicles for transportation from
cold storage during summer and hot weather period,
Marketing strategies
132. Immediate Post-Harvest Management requirements for
regulating production to over come imports
• Packing house (sorting, grading, packing etc.)
• Pre-cooling unit
• Refrigerated/ specialized transport system
• Retail outlets (with refrigerated facilities)
• Aseptic packaging etc.
• Any other infrastructure having direct/ indirect bearing on
reduction of post-harvest losses
133. Conclusion
• Challenges are unlimited
• At the same time Potential is huge and rather
greater than challenges
• But there is Needs adoption of recommended
strategies for achieving the goals.
Thank you