NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO IN FRUIT PRODUCTION, IMPROVED VARIETIES & HYBRIDS, RECENT ADVANCES IN PROPAGATION AND ROOTSTOCK INFLUENCE IN TEMPERATE FRUITS AND NUTS NUT CROPS

1. DOCTORAL SEMINAR
ON
NATIONALAND INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO IN FRUIT PRODUCTION,
IMPROVED VARIETIES & HYBRIDS, RECENT ADVANCES IN PROPAGATION
AND ROOTSTOCK INFLUENCE IN TEMPERATE FRUITS AND NUTS
COURSE NO. - FSC 691 CREDIT HOURS- 1(0+1)
Seminar Incharge :
Dr.Prabhakar Singh Presented By:
Professor and Head K. Hita
Department of Fruit Science Ph.D.(Hort.) 1st year
COA, IGKV, Raipur Department of Fruit Science
COA, Raipur

2. CONTENTS
1. TEMPERATE FRUITS
2.GLOBAL SCNARIO OF FRUIT CROPS
3.NATIONAL SCENARIO OF FRUIT CROPS
4.IMPROVED VARIETIES OF TEMPERATE FRUITS
5.RECENT ADVANCES IN PROPAGATION AND ROOTSTOCK INFLUENCE IN
TEMPERATE FRUITS.
6. CASE STUDIES
7.CONCLUSION
8.REFERENCES

3. WHY TEMPERATE FRUITS SHOULD BE GROWN?
Highly remunerative for replacing subsistence farming and thus
eliminate poverty level.
Have potential for development of wastelands through planned
strategies.
Provide higher employment opportunity.
Important for nutritional security.
High value crops with high potential of value-addition
Have high potential for foreign exchange earnings

4. GLOBAL FRUIT PRODUCTION FROM
2010-2020
YEARS PRODUCTION IN MILLION METRIC
TONNES
2010 740.54
2011 766.41
2012 778.94
2013 810.54
2014 822.73
2015 835.74
2016 839
2017 842.79
2018 865.88
2019 882.16
2020 887.03
Source: FAO,2020

5. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF FRUIT
CROPS FROM LAST 10 YEARS
Source: FAO,2020
650
700
750
800
850
900
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Production in million metric tonnes

6. LEADING PRODUCERS OF FRUITS WORLDWIDE IN YEAR 2020
COUNTRY PRODUCTION IN
MILLION
METRIC TONS
CHINA 242.79
INDIA 105.97
BRAZIL 39.76
TURKEY 24.15
MEXICO 23.84
UNITED STATES 23.75
INDONESIA 22.74
SPAIN 19.47
IRAN 18.96
ITALY 17.83
242.79
105.97
39.76
24.15
23.84
23.75
22.74
19.47
18.96
17.83
PRODUCTION in Million metric tons
Source: FAO, 2020

7. GLOBAL TEMEPRATE FRUIT
PRODUCTION IN THE YEAR 2020 ( in
million metric tons)*
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Source: FAO, 2020

8. GLOBAL SCENARIO AND INDIA’S SHARE IN AREA AND
PRODUCTION IN MAJOR TEPERATE FRUIT CROPS
FRUIT CROP AREA (000’Ha) % SHARE PRODUCTION
(‘000 MT)
% SHARE
WORLD INDIA WORLD INDIA
ALMOND 2071.88 11 0.53 3182.90 14 0.44
APPLE 4904.30 301 6.14 86142.19 2327.0 2.70
APRICOT 548.73 5.62 1.02 3838.52 20.45 0.53
CHERRY 432.31 3.54 0.82 2547.94 10.95 0.43
PEACH 1712.42 19 1.11 24453.42 121 0.49
PEAR 1381.92 43 3.11 23733.77 306 1.29
STRAWBERRY 372.36 1 0.27 8337.09 5 0.06
WALNUT 1159.48 113 9.75 3662.51 317 8.66
Source: FAO, 2020

9. NATIONAL SCENARIO OF FRUIT CROPS
• India's diverse climate ensures availability of all varieties of fresh
fruits.
• India ranks second in fruits production in the world, after China
with 20% of fruit production.(FAOSTAT,2020)
• India has witnessed voluminous increase in horticulture
production over the last few years.
• Significant progress has been made in area expansion resulting in
higher production.
• Fruit cultivation in India is a prominent business sector for
exporting merchandise and thus earning a good amount of
international revenue.
• India being a home for wide variety of fruits holds a unique
position in production figures among other countries.

10. ESTIMATED VOLUME OF FRUITS PRODUCED ACROSS INDIA IN 2022 BY
LEADING STATES
• Andhra Pradesh produced the largest volume of fruits in India,
accounting for over 18 million metric tons in financial year 2022.
• Maharashtra came in second at over 12 million metric tons that year.
As a leading producer of low-cost fruits the state had an enormous
export market.
• The main exports included onions, mango pulp, fresh mangoes, dried
walnuts and fresh grapes.
Source: FAOSTAT 2022

11. LEADING FRUIT PRODUCING STATES IN INDIA (2022) IN MILLION METRIC TONNES
Source: FAOSTAT, 2022

12. AREAAND PRODUCTION OF TEMPERATE FRUIT AND NUT CROPS IN
INDIA (2021-2022)
Fruits Area in ‘000 Ha Production in ‘000 MT
TOTAL FRUITS 6967 102924
APPLE 313 2437
PEACH 18 108
PEAR 42 279
PLUM 23 78
STRAWBERRY 3 14
WALNUT 109 282
ALMOND 10 11
OTHER FRUITS 359 3592
Source: NHB 2021-22

13. Fruits Area in ‘000 Ha Production in ‘000 MT
APRICOT 5.62 14
CHERRY 3.54 10.95
Source: FAOSTAT, 2020

14. INDIA’S POSITION AS AN IMPORTER OF FRUIT CROPS
S.No
Importing
Country
Qty Value Share(%)
1 U S A 12,042,502.00 13,978,420.00 15.23
2 China P RP 5,098,538.00 8,612,475.00 9.38
3 Germany 5,165,986.00 7,167,173.00 7.81
4 Netherland 4,118,173.00 5,904,458.00 6.43
5 France 3,316,666.00 4,558,508.00 4.97
6 U K 3,297,462.00 4,460,131.00 4.86
7 Russia 5,096,292.00 4,371,708.00 4.76
8 Canada 1,490,322.00 3,423,377.00 3.73
9 Hong Kong 1,564,040.00 3,138,923.00 3.42
10 Spain 1,748,022.00 2,381,298.00 2.59
24 India 725,853.00 689,861.00 0.75
Value in (000USD)
Quantity in MT
Source:COMTRADE, United Nations

15. TOP 5 FRUIT IMPORTING COUNTRIES IN
WORLD (share % )
TOP 5 INDIA EXPORTING FRUITS TO
WORLD (Share %)
Source: DGCIS 2021-2022

16. INDIA’S POSITION AS AN EXPORTING COUNTRY OF
FRESH FRUITS
S.No Exporting Country Qty Value
1 Spain 7,128,469.00 9,986,776.00
2 Mexico 4,746,639.00 8,434,179.00
3 Chile 2,241,755.00 6,089,248.00
4 Thailand 1,925,169.00 4,681,267.00
5 Ecuador 6,853,082.00 4,592,039.00
6 U S A 1,633,300.00 4,140,243.00
7 South Africa 3,138,568.00 3,606,738.00
8 Peru 1,459,575.00 3,536,525.00
9 Costa Rica 4,799,413.00 3,424,516.00
10 Netherland 1,885,102.00 3,169,488.00
42 India 198,728.00 228,571.00
Source : COMTRADE, United Nations,2020

17. EXPORT OF PROCESSED FRUITS BY INDIA
 The diverse Agro-climatic zones make it possible to grow almost all varieties of fresh fruits in
India.
 The country has exported 374,259.98 MT of Processed Fruits, Juices & Nuts to the world for
the worth of Rs. 3,626.11 Crores/ 486.55 USD Millions during the year 2021-22.
Major Export Destinations (2021-22) :
1. Netherland,
2. U.S.A
3. Saudi Arab
4. United Arab EMTs
5. United Kingdom
Source: APEDA 2021-22

18. APPLE STATE WISE AREAAND
PRODUCTION
STATES AREA ‘000
Ha
PRODUCTI
ON ‘000 MT
ARUNACHA
L PRADESH
4.66 7.34
HIMACHAL
PRADESH
114.65 643.85
JAMMU &
KASHMIR
167.10 1719.42
NAGALAND 0.24 1.80
TELANGAN
A
0.01 0.08
UTTARAKH
AND
25.98 64.88
TOTAL 312.70 2437.37
Source : NHB 2021-22
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
AREA PRODUCTION

19. PEAR STATE WISE AREAAND
PRODUCTION
STATES AREA ‘000
Ha
PRODUCTI
ON ‘000
MT
Arunachal
Pradesh
0.15 0.65
Chhattisgarh 2.07 8.41
Himachal
Pradesh
6.67 20.80
Nagaland 0.20 2.05
Jammu &
Kashmir
14.01 83.17
Punjab 3.34 78.24
Sikkim 1.66 4.14
Tamil Nadu 0.62 3.72
Uttarakhand 13.25 73.78
Total 23.37 78.48
Source: NHB 2021-22.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
AREA PRODUCTION

20. PEACH STATE WISE AREAAND
PRODUCTION
STATE AREA ‘000
Ha
PRODUCTI
ON ‘000 MT
Arunachal
Pradesh
0.08 0.24
Haryana 0.40 5.87
Himachal
Pradesh
4.93 7.11
Jammu &
Kashmir
2.43 7.35
Nagaland 0.26 1.79
Punjab 1.80 32.23
Sikkim 0.14 0.34
Tamil Nadu 0.07 0.36
Uttarakhand 8.28 52.86
total 18.45 108.15
Source: NHB 2021-22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
AREA PRODUCTION

21. PLUM STATE WISE AREAAND
PRODUCTION
STATES AREA ‘000
Ha
PRODUCTI
ON ‘000 MT
ARUNACHA
L PRADESH
0.06 0.19
HARYANA 0.11 1.29
HIMACHAL
PRADESH
8.79 16.71
J& K 4.10 13.53
MAHARASH
TRA
0.01 0.07
NAGALAND 0.44 2.72
PUNJAB 0.40 7.04
TAMIL
NADU
0.39 2.09
UTTARAKH
AND
9.08 34.84
TOTAL 23.37 78.48
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
AREA
Source: NHB 2021-22

22. WALNUT STATE WISE AREA
AND PRODUCTION
STATES AREA
in ‘000
Ha
PRODUC
TION
‘000 MT
J & K 85.34 258.73
HIMACHAL
PRADESH
4.43 3.91
UTTARAKH
AND
17.76 18.93
ARUNACH
AL
PRADESH
1.00 0.63
TOTAL 108.54 282.21
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Source: NHB 2021-22

23. STRAWBERRY STATE WISE
AREAAND PRODUCTION
STATES AREA ‘000
Ha
PRODUCTI
ON ‘000 MT
Haryana 0.21 4.26
Himachal
Pradesh
0.04 0.21
J & K 0.15 2.83
JHARKHAN
D
0.05 0.09
KERALA 0.04 0.04
MADHYA
PRADESH
0.09 0.53
MAHARAS
HTRA
1.64 3.28
MEGHALA
YA
0.12 1.07
MIZORAM 0.17 1.08
TAMIL
NADU
0.03 0.13
TOTAL 2.56 13.52
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
AREA PRODUCTION
Source: NHB 2021-22

24. STATE WISE AREAAND
PRODUCTION OF ALMOND
STATES AREA in
‘000 Ha
PRODUCT
ION‘000
MT
HIMACHAL
PRADESH
4.68 0.95
JAMMU &
KASHMIR
5.48 9.93
TOTAL 10.17 10.88
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
HIMACHAL
PRADESH
JAMMU &
KASHMIR
AREA PRODUCTION
Source: NHB 2021-22

25. IMPROVED VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS
1. APPLE
S.No. VARIETY PARENTS INSTITUTE CHARACTERS PICTURES
1. Shalimar
Apple- 2
Red Delicious ×
Ambri
SKUAST,
Kashmir
Flesh creamy white,
juicy, sweet and crispy
texture.yield =25-28
t/ha.
2. Shalimar
Apple-1
Sunheri x Prima SKUAST-
Kashmir
High quality apple,
reddish orange
blushed with sweet
taste. average yield of
23-25 t/ha

26. S.No VARIETY PARENTS INSTITUTE CHARACTE
RS
PICTURES
3. Firdous Golden Delicious x
Rome Beauty x Malus
floribunda
SKUAST-
Kashmir
Skin-dark red
blush colored
with
yellowish
green
background,
Average yield
from a mature
plant is 12-15
t/ha.
4. Autumn
Crisp
Golden Delicious ×
Monroe
Cornell
University
Extra crisp
and juicy.
Excellent for
apple slice
snacks.
5. Cosmic
Crisp
Honey Crisp × Enterprise Washington
State
University
Good keeping
quality

27. • g
S.No VARIETY PARENTS INSTITUTE CHARACTER
S
PICTURES
6. Shireen Lord x Lambourne x
Melba x R-12740-7A
SKUAST-
Kashmir
Fruit small to
medium in size,
sweet, with dark
red coloured
over yellowish
green
Average yield
15-17 t/ha.
7. CITH, Lodh Apple Bud sport of Red
Delicious
CITH,
Mukeshwar,
Nainital,2012
It is very
precociuos, TSS
13.6 ˚B. High
yielding (28-32
t/ha.
8. Sunheri Ambri x Golden
Delicious
SKUAST-
Kashmir
Good pollinizer
yield 15-17 t/ha

28. S.No VARIETY PARENTS INSTITUTE CHARACTE
RS
PICTURES
8. Amrich Richard ×
Ambri-15
YSPUH, H.P Tolerant to
scab
10. Ammol Ambri x
Mollies
Delicious
CITH,
Srinagar
Early maturity
11. Ambrit Ambri x Top
red
CITH ,
Srinagar
Typical Ambri
flavour
12. Priame Prime x Ambri CITH,
Srinagar
Scab resistant

29. APPLE CULTIVAR
• This apple is a recent product of
breeding by Dr. Richard Bell.
• Its parents are Sheldon × US 62563
• The variety Gem has demonstrated
fire-blight resistance that is improved
over that of Bartlett.
• But it is moderately susceptible to
powdery mildew, scab, and psylla.
GEM
Source: ARS, USDA

30. VARIETIES OF PEAR
S.No VARIETY PARENTS CHARACTERS PICTURES
1. Butter pear ooty-1 Clonal selection Fruits are long,
pyrifom, buttery and
pleasant flavour’
Yield- 97.13 kg/ha
2. Red Clapp Mutation of clapp’s favorite An early maturing,
The fruit finishes with
an attractive red color,
is medium to large.

31. S.No VARIETY PARENTS CHARACTERS PICTURES
3. Prabhat Sharbati × Florida Sun Early maturing
4. Red Anjou Anjou red with golden-
white flesh that has
a smooth texture
5. Punjab Nakh Selection from patharnakh Spreading variety
Fruit with
prominent dots.
6. Punjab Nectar precocious,
fruit.Total soluble
solids 13.6 ˚Brix
Yield- 80 kg/ha.
Suitable for table
and processing
purposes.

32. VARIETIES OF PLUM
S.No VARIETY PARENTS INSTITUTE CHARACTERS PICTURES
1. Blues jam Furst O.P. Cornell
University
Processing plum
blue skin and green
flesh.
moderate mite
susceptibility.
2. Geneva
Mirabelle
American
Mirabelle O.P.
Cornell
University
Incredibly
productive and full
of sugary flavor,
this freestone fruit
is filled with rich,
fragrance. Used in
Processing.

33. S.No VARIETY INSTITUTE CHARACTERS PICTURES
3. Ruby Queen ARS, USDA dark-red to
reddish-black,
with firm red
flesh outstanding
flavor. The plum
is round. it is
moderately
resistant to
bacterial spot.
4. Santa Rosa Developed by
Luther Burbank,
The Queen of all
plums.
Medium to large
purple skinned
fruit with yellow
tinged pink, juicy,
tangy flesh.
Japanese variety.

34. S.No. VARIETY PARENTS INSTITUTE CHARACTE
RS
PICTURES
5. Jam Session Late Muscatel O.P. Cornell
University
Ideal for jams,
sauces and
chutneys.
Fruit Skin:
Purple/Blue
6. Rosy Gage Imperial Epineuse
O.P.
Cornell
University
Rich flavor
and juicy,
syrupy texture
Rosy-skinned
and yellow-
fleshed.

35. PLUM CULTIVAR
• The plum transgenic cultivar Honeysweet shows the
appearance of a viral coat protein (CP) gene that has the
ability to check the replication of a virus through the
inhibition of virus activity.
• Developed by ARS, USDA.
• Marker-assisted selection.
• This work was done in the European plum (Prunus
domestica).
• The gene for PPV coat protein was separated from the
PPV virus and inserted into the plum DNA, which was
then regenerated and grown into complete plum trees.
These trees now had the additional gene in their DNA
and became resistant to PPV. The new PPV-resistant
variety was named Honey Sweet.
HONEY SWEET
ARS,USDA

36. VARIETIES OF APRICOT
S.No VARIETY PARENTS INSTITUTE CHARACTER
S
PICTURES
1. CITH- Apricot 1 Clonal Selection CITH, Srinagar Fruits are large
(79 g) smooth
round,
yellowish
orange with red
blemishes, early
maturing High
yielding –
20kg/tree.
2. CITH Apricot 2 Clonal Selection CITH, Srinagar Fruits are very
large, oblate ,
asmmetrical,.Hi
gh yielding 12
kg/ tree.

37. S.No VARIETY PARENTS INSTITUT
E
CHARACTER
S
PICTURES
3. CITH Apricot-3 Clonal Selection CITH,
Srinagar
Fruits are
medium
sized,oblate,
symmetrical,yie
ld- 10kg/tree.
4. Chaubattia Alankar Kaishu × Charmagz FRS,
Ranikhet ,
Uttarakhan
d
Low Chilling &
Early ripeneing.
5. Chaubattia Madhu Turkey ×
Charmagz
FRS,
Ranikhet,
Uttarakhan
d
Mid season
6. Shakarpara White fleshed
apricot × blonde
cherry plum
Very good taste
and aroma,
requires high
chilling hours.
TSS- 26˚ Brix

38. VARIETIES OF WALNUT
S.No VARIETY INSTITUTE CHARACTERS PICTURES
1. CITH- Walnut -10 CITH, Srinagar Nuts are small,
round, smooth shell
texture shell nut
weight (19.95g) and
kernel weight
(11.08g).
2. CITH Walnut- 9 CITH, Srinagar Nuts are medium in
size,light in colour,
strong shell.Nut
weight (21.23g) and
kernel weight (
11.01 g)
3. CITH Walnut- 8 CITH, Srinagar A high yielding
variety, nut weight
is 20.35g.

39. S.No VARIETY CHARACTERS PICTURES
4. Gillet
(Developed by University of
California)
high yield, medium
nut weight (15.2 g),
large with good
shell, medium kernel
weight (7.7 g).
5. Sexton
(Developed by University of
California)
Precocious variety

40. VARIETIES OF CHERRY
S.No VARIETY PARENTS INSTITUTE CHARACTER
S
PICTURES
1. CITH- Cherry 01 Selected from
Bigarreo
Napolean
CITH, Srinagar Tree is semi
spreading,
precocious,
regular fruits are
large, ovoid.
2. CITH- Cherry 02 Selected from
Local Mishri
CITH, Srinagar Tree upright,
precocious,
Regular bearer,
fruits are large
with attractive
red.
3. Radiance Pearl PR-1-638×
NY5656
Cornell
University
The fruit
averages 11g
with 20% sugar
and has
exceptional
flavor and low
rain cracking.

41. S.No VARIETY PARENTS INSTITUTE CHARACTE
RS
PICTURES
4. Nugent Germersdorfer
× O.P
Unknown
Mazzard
Cornell
University
Nugent cherry
is an all
yellow sweet
cherry with no
pink blush.
Average fruit
weight is 8g.
5. Ebony Pearl Somersrt ×
O.P
Cornell
University
very high
quality cherry,
excellent
crack
resistance.

42. S.No VARIETY PARENTS INSTITUTE CHARACTER
S
PICTURES
1. Clancy MDUS4774×
MDUS5199
Cornell University
Clancy is a very
vigorous late mid-
season variety
2. Herriot NYUS299 ×
Winona
Cornell University
It produces large,
bright red fruit that
are uniformly
conical in shape
3. L’Amour MDUS5252 ×
Etna × Cavendish
Cornell University
produces very
attractive heart
shaped berries
with bright red
color.

43. S.No VARIETY PARENTS INSTITUTE CHARACTERS PICTURES
5. Walker NYUS299×NY16
74
Cornell University Marketed under
Purple Wonder,
conical fruit
shape, uniformity
in shape dark red-
purple fruit color
and glossy fruit
skin.

44. VARIETIES OF ALMOND
S.No VARIETY CHARACTERS PICTURES
1. Neplus Ultra
French variety.
produces large nuts with white
chocolate colour
3. Supernova Late flowering, Self compatible
variety.
4. Non- Pereil Earliest harvesting variety
5. Yorizane New self fertile variety

45. HYBRIDS OF PEACH
S.No HYBRIDS PARENTS CHARACTERS
1. GF- 557 Peach × Almond Used as rootstock
2. GF- 677 Peach × Almond Widely used rootstock for
Peach and Almond
3. Myran
(Inter-specific hybrid)
Prunus helsiana × Yunnan Variety tolerant to
drought, root knot
nematode.
4. Marianna P. domestica × P. munsoniana Tolerates wet soils,
moderately resistant to
root rot, crown rot.
5. Nemaguard P. persica × P. davididasa
Highly resistant to root
knot nematode.

46. CULTIVARS OF PISTACHIO NUT
S.No CULTIVARS CHARACTERS PICTURES
1. Kermen
small in size, great for
cooking,
3. Lost hills vibrant nutty flavor, and
they have a higher
unsaturated fat content.

47. S.No. CULTIVARS CHARACTERS PICTURES
4. Kalehghouchi
very sensitive to both
cold weather and a
shortage of water
5. Aria Heavily grown in
Iran, round in shape

48. RECENT ADVANCES IN PROPAGATION AND ROOTSTOCK INFLUENCE OF
TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS
APPLE
A. SEEDLING
ROOTSTOCK
Crab Apple
B.CLONAL ROOTSTOCK
M9 Dwarf, suitable for HDP
M27(M13× M9) Ultra dwarf, suitable for HDP.
MM 104, MM106 Resistant to apple wooly aphid.
MM 111 Vigorous
G.41 New dwarf Rootstock, highly
resistant to fire blight and
phytophthora
G 16 New fully dwarf rootstock,
resistant to fire blight.

49. APPLE
V3 (Vineland 3) Dwarfing rootstock
More yield efficient
G 65 (Geneva 65) Dwarfing rootstock
Has few suckers.
Mark Parented rootstock from
Michigan Apple clone
Resistant to collar rot
O 3 (Ottawa 3) It is more cold hardy.
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural affairs

50. PEAR
A. SEEDLING ROOTSTOCK Kainth (P. pashia) Commercially
used in India.
B. CLONAL ROOTSTOCK
Quince C Ultra dwarf, suitable for HDP.
Quince A Vigorous, Preferable Rootstock
D- 4 (P. Calleryana) Most Vigorous rootstock
OHF Series( Old Home ×
Farmindale)
Resistant to fire blight
Adams 322 Semi dwarfing
PLUM
A. SEEDLING ROOTSTOCK Wild Apricot
B. CLONAL ROOTSTOCK
Myrobalan B Resistant to cold, Collar rot and
Nematode.
Mariana Resistant to nematode

51. PLUM
Pixy Ultra dwarf rootstock
S 1 & S3 Improved winter tolerance
rootstock
BA 29 Suitable to hot dry soils
St. Julien Most versatile rootstock

52. PEACH
Nemaguard, Nemared,
Floraguard, Guardian
Resistant to nematode(RKN)
Sharpe Tolerant to Armillaria fungus
Rubira Semi dwarf
Titan hybrid Highly vigorous
CHERRY
Gisela Cold hardy
Mazzard (P. avium) Dwarf, Commercial rootstock
for sweet cherry.
Colt Semi dwarf .
Mahaleb Most drought tolerant
F 12/ 1 Tolerant to bacterial canker,
suitable for HDP.
ALMOND Nemaguard Most widely used rootstock
Peach
APRICOT Wild apricot Commercially used in India

53. WALNUT
Paradox Vigorous, moderately
resistant to phytophthora
J.hindsii Tolerant to waterlogged soils.

54. CASE STUDY 01
EVALUAION OF ROOTSTOCK IN TEMEPRATE FRUIT CROPS
BASED ON YIELD, QUALITY AND RESISTANCE
• Susceptibility to biotic and abiotic factors is
the major concern in the temperate fruit crops
which leads to the reduction in yield, poor
quality of fruits, and sometimes the
unproductiveness and death of the entire tree.
• Therefore, using suitable rootstocks for
propagation plays a key role in enhancing the
longevity of the orchard and help in fetching
beautiful market price.
• In Temperate areas, winters are more severe
as compared with the summers so, the
evaluation of such rootstocks which are
tolerant to cold and have higher chilling
requirements is the most important prospect.
• This review has focused only on some
important fruit crops and describes the
selection and evaluation of important
rootstocks to increase the productivity of
temperate fruit crops.
Sharma et al., 2020, Punjab

55. APPLE
• The roots of the plants were frozen with 1˚C temperature/hour to check the cold
resistance. In the first study, the MST of M26 (-10.0˚C) was observed lower
followed by MM106 (- 7.2˚C) and M7 (-6.7˚C) budded with Golden Delicious
and Heyer12.
• In the second study, Summerland McIntosh variety was used as scion and the
average MST of P.2 (-13.3˚C) and Ottawa 3I (-13.2˚C) was significantly lower
followed by B9 (12.3˚C), Jork 9 (- 11.8˚C), Alnorp 2 (-11.2˚C) than the M9 (-
9.6˚C) and M7 (-7.6˚C).
• Dwarfing rootstocks (Nicole L. Russo et al., 2007) Geneva 935, G41, G11, and
B.9 are resistant to fire blight and phytophthora root rot with increased yield
efficiency.
CHERRY
• Two rootstocks Mazzard (wild sweet cherry) and P. mahaleb (St Lucie) are the
most popular rootstocks of cherry but they also don't contribute to size control.
Four clonal rootstocks Z1, PN, P3, and P7 (Lanauskas et al., 2004) for sweet
cherry (Vytenu rozine) were evaluated for yield and other field parameters at the
Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture.
• Among all 4 rootstocks, P3 resulted in highest productivity.

56. PLUM
• Plum pox virus is a serious disease in plum which results in great yield loss.
Hybrid Myrobalan 29 C (Almond x peach) and L 2 cherry are reported
resistant to plum pox virus and do not show any symptoms of virus infection
(Manuel Rubio et al., 2005).
• Whereas the clonal rootstock ISG 1/5 has reported tolerant to lime induced
chlorosis (Cinelli and Loreti, 2002).
APRICOT
• Rootstocks such as Mariana GF 8-1, Greengage CD-4 and Damas1869 are
reported to give higher yields in combination with scion varieties
(Dimitrova, 2003).
• Studies have been reported that two rootstock selections namely GF305
peach and Real Fino apricot seedlings are resistant to ACLSV and did not
show any symptom of disease on the leaves (Ibarra et al., 2010).

57. MICRO-PROPAGATION
• Micropropagation is a method of plant propagation using extremely small pieces of
plant tissue taken from a carefully chosen and prepared mother plant, and growing
these under laboratory conditions to produce new plants.
• For micropropagation nodal explant is the best starting material than shoot tip, root
tip and internodal segments.
• Advantages:
• production of many plants that are clones of each other.
• Micropropagation can be used to produces disease-free plants.
• Micropropagation produces rooted plantlets ready for growth, and saves time for the
grower, instead of seeds or cuttings.

58. CASE STUDY NO-2
MICROPROPAGATION OF APPLE Malus domestica USING SHOOT EXPLANTS
• The objective of this study was to
develop micropropagation protocol for
MM106 and Anna varieties using shoot
explants.
• Among different concentrations of
BAP in combination with IBA, 96.7%
(29 out of 30) MM106 shoot explants
were initiated on MS medium
containing 1.0 mgl-1 BAP in
combination with 0.1 mgl-1IBA
• whereas 93.3% (28 out of 30) Anna
explants were initiated on 1.5 mgl-
1BAP in combination with 0.1 mgl-
1IBA.
Gaudie et al.,2016, Ethiopia

60. CASE STUDY 3
In Vitro Protocol Standardization for Growth and Rooting in Strawberry
• To study in vitro explant response and
regeneration capacity of strawberry
cultivar sweet Charlie using different
media composition through micro
propagation.
• For explant, meristem gave superior and
significantly better results than nodals.
• Also, best effect came due to the treatment
DEM1 with respect to regeneration
percentage, shoot length and leaves.
• The interaction between the two factors
concluded that it was better to use
meristem as explants and DEM1 as media
composition for better regeneration
potential and vegetative growth.
Kaur et al., 2020, Punjab

63. CASE STUDY 4
PRODUCTION OF STRAWBERRY BY in – Vitro PROPAGATION
• Nodal segment of strawberry gave rise to
multiple shoots when cultured on MS
medium supplemented with different
concentration of kinetin and BAP with IAA
and NAA.
• The highest response of shoot
multiplication was obtained in MS medium
containing 2.5 mg/l kinetin+0.1 mg/l IAA.
Source: Anuradha et al., HAU, 2016

65. CONCLUSION
• Need adoption of recommended strategies to achieve the goals.
• India has a diverse climatic condition therefore proper utilization of
advances can enhance the growth and production of fruit crops.
• Fruits have vast potential for diversifying agricultural economy,
increasing income and reducing poverty to some extent.
• Advanced technologies like micropropagation help in meeting the
demands of all the desired characters that can be acquired.

66. REFERENCES
Dimitrova, M. (2001). Evaluation of some plum rootstocks as rootstock for apricot
in the orchard.VII International Symposium on Plum and Prune Genetics,
Breeding and Pomology 577: 311-314.
Hu C Y and Wang P J (1983). Meristem, shoot tip and bud culture. In: Handbook of
Plant Tissue Culture. Vol. I. (D.A. Evans, W.R. Sharp, P.V. Ammirato and Y.
Yamada) pp.177-227, Macmillan, New York.
Ibarra, A. G., Rubio, M., Dicenta, F., and Gomez P. M. (2010). Evaluation of
Resistance to Apple Chlorotic Leaf Spot Virus (ACLSV) in Controlled
Greenhouse Conditions in Apricot Breeding Programme of CEBASCSIC in
Murcia (Spain). ActaHorticulturae 862: 487-490.
Kaur R, Gautam H and Sharma D R (2005). A low cost strategy for micro
propagation of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivar Chandler. Acta
Hortic 696: 129-133.
Khan S and Spoor W (2004). A study of an in vitro callus culture and regeneration
system from leaf disc explants in strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa) cultivar
Tango. Int JBiol and Biotechnol1 (3) : 423-428
Lanauskas, J., Kviklys, D., and Uselis, N. (2004). Evaluation of Rootstocks for
Sweet Cherry cv. ‘Vytenurozine’. International Symposium on Canopy,
Rootstock and Environmental Physiology in Orchard Systems 732: 335-339.

67. Loreti, S., Faggioli, F., and Barba, M. (1997). Identification and characterization of an Italian
isolate of pear blister canker viroid. Journal of Phytopathology, 145(11‐12), 541-544.
Rubio, M., Martínez‐Gómez, P., Pinochet, J., and Dicenta, F. (2005). Evaluation of resistance
to sharka (Plum pox virus) of several Prunus rootstocks. Plant Breeding124(1): 67-70.
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