Tema 1.9 Session2
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The document discusses various addition reactions involving alkenes, carbonyl compounds, and other functional groups. It describes electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes with halogens, hydrogen halides, and hydration. It also discusses nucleophilic addition reactions of carbonyl compounds with hydrides, Grignard reagents, and primary amines. Additionally, it covers the aldol reaction where enolates act as nucleophiles in carbon-carbon bond forming reactions.
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enzyme catalyzed reactions
This document discusses enzyme-catalyzed organic redox reactions, specifically examples of enzymes that catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions. It provides details on several enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of molecules like glucose, carbohydrates, and alcohols. It also gives examples of enzymes that catalyze the reduction of molecules like oxaloacetate and haloacetophenones. Enzymes are able to speed up redox reactions and allow these reactions to proceed more efficiently in living systems.
Gattermann koch
The Gattermann-Koch reaction is a chemical reaction discovered in 1897 by German chemists Ludwig Gattermann and Julius Arnold Koch. It involves the formylation (addition of an aldehyde group) of aromatic compounds using a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, and anhydrous aluminum chloride catalyst. The unstable formyl chloride intermediate reacts to add the formyl group to the aromatic ring, producing an aromatic aldehyde such as benzaldehyde from benzene.
Knoevenagel reaction
The Knoevenagel condensation reaction involves the nucleophilic addition of an active hydrogen compound to a carbonyl group, followed by a dehydration reaction to form an α,β-unsaturated enone. It is a modification of the aldol condensation and uses an active methylene compound and an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a weak base such as pyridine. With malonic acid derivatives, the reaction product can undergo decarboxylation to form trans-2,4-pentadienoic acid. The Knoevenagel reaction is widely used in the synthesis of conjugated enones for various reactions.
Aldol condensation 2
The document describes the objective of synthesizing α,β-unsaturated ketones from aldehydes and ketones using aldol condensation. Specifically, it aims to purify the product through recrystallization and identify purity using TLC and melting point analysis. The document then discusses dibenzalacetone and its various biological activities. It provides details on the experimental procedure for aldol condensation including reagents, reaction conditions, product isolation and purification techniques like recrystallization, TLC analysis and melting point determination. Results of the reaction with different substrates are presented in tables listing product characteristics and yields. IR spectroscopy is used to analyze functional groups in the purified products.
Common named reactions
The document discusses several carbon-carbon bond forming reactions:
1. Aldol condensation allows aldehydes and ketones to undergo self-condensation in the presence of a base to form β-hydroxy carbonyl compounds.
2. The Perkin reaction uses an acid anhydride to form α,β-unsaturated aromatic acids from aromatic aldehydes.
3. The Wittig reaction converts a carbonyl group to an alkene using a phosphonium ylide.
Cannizaro rxn
The Cannizzaro reaction is a chemical reaction discovered by Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro in 1853. It involves the disproportionation of an aldehyde in the presence of a strong base. One aldehyde molecule is oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid, while another is reduced to the alcohol. The reaction allows the conversion of aldehydes lacking an alpha hydrogen to the corresponding acid and alcohol. It has various applications in organic synthesis and is an important reaction in chemistry.
Aldol reaction & condensation project work for Presentation by EducationBhask...
Aldol reaction & condensation project work for Presentation by EducationBhaskar.com
For Seminars, Science, chemistry Project, Conferences
Enols & Enolates
This Power Point Presentation is for topic "Enols & Enolates". This chapter is for S.Y. B. Pharmacy students as per University of Mumbai syllabus.
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enzyme catalyzed reactions
This document discusses enzyme-catalyzed organic redox reactions, specifically examples of enzymes that catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions. It provides details on several enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of molecules like glucose, carbohydrates, and alcohols. It also gives examples of enzymes that catalyze the reduction of molecules like oxaloacetate and haloacetophenones. Enzymes are able to speed up redox reactions and allow these reactions to proceed more efficiently in living systems.
Gattermann koch
The Gattermann-Koch reaction is a chemical reaction discovered in 1897 by German chemists Ludwig Gattermann and Julius Arnold Koch. It involves the formylation (addition of an aldehyde group) of aromatic compounds using a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, and anhydrous aluminum chloride catalyst. The unstable formyl chloride intermediate reacts to add the formyl group to the aromatic ring, producing an aromatic aldehyde such as benzaldehyde from benzene.
Knoevenagel reaction
The Knoevenagel condensation reaction involves the nucleophilic addition of an active hydrogen compound to a carbonyl group, followed by a dehydration reaction to form an α,β-unsaturated enone. It is a modification of the aldol condensation and uses an active methylene compound and an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a weak base such as pyridine. With malonic acid derivatives, the reaction product can undergo decarboxylation to form trans-2,4-pentadienoic acid. The Knoevenagel reaction is widely used in the synthesis of conjugated enones for various reactions.
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Common named reactions
The document discusses several carbon-carbon bond forming reactions:
1. Aldol condensation allows aldehydes and ketones to undergo self-condensation in the presence of a base to form β-hydroxy carbonyl compounds.
2. The Perkin reaction uses an acid anhydride to form α,β-unsaturated aromatic acids from aromatic aldehydes.
3. The Wittig reaction converts a carbonyl group to an alkene using a phosphonium ylide.
Cannizaro rxn
The Cannizzaro reaction is a chemical reaction discovered by Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro in 1853. It involves the disproportionation of an aldehyde in the presence of a strong base. One aldehyde molecule is oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid, while another is reduced to the alcohol. The reaction allows the conversion of aldehydes lacking an alpha hydrogen to the corresponding acid and alcohol. It has various applications in organic synthesis and is an important reaction in chemistry.
Aldol reaction & condensation project work for Presentation by EducationBhask...
Aldol reaction & condensation project work for Presentation by EducationBhaskar.com
For Seminars, Science, chemistry Project, Conferences
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This Power Point Presentation is for topic "Enols & Enolates". This chapter is for S.Y. B. Pharmacy students as per University of Mumbai syllabus.
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The Cannizzaro reaction, named after its discoverer Stanislao Cannizzaro, is a chemical reaction that involves the base-induced disproportionation of two molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde to give a primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid
Homogeneous catalysis
Homogeneous catalysis involves reactants and catalysts existing in the same phase or state. Three examples of homogeneous catalysis are provided:
1) Hydroformylation reactions add carbon monoxide and hydrogen to alkenes to form aldehydes.
2) The Monsanto process synthesizes acetic acid from methanol and carbon monoxide using a rhodium catalyst.
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The aldol condensation reaction allows carbonyl compounds containing an α-hydrogen atom to undergo condensation. It is a reversible reaction that proceeds through an enolate intermediate formed when hydroxide deprotonates the α-hydrogen. The enolate then acts as a nucleophile that attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde or ketone. Protonation of the resulting alkoxide forms the β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone product. The reaction can join two different aldehydes or ketones in a crossed-aldol condensation that expands the synthetic possibilities.
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Condensation reactions
Condensation reactions involve the combination of two molecules with the loss of a small molecule like water. Aldol condensation forms carbon-carbon bonds by reacting an enolate ion with a carbonyl compound. It plays a role in gluconeogenesis, photosynthesis, and producing perfumes. Other condensation reactions discussed include Claisen, Knoevenagel, Schiff base formation, and Dieckmann cyclization. Condensation polymers are formed through condensation reactions and examples include nylon and DNA. Condensation reactions are widely used in organic synthesis and producing pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and polymers.
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Crossed Aldol Condensation
The aldol condensation reaction involves the reaction of two carbonyl compounds in the presence of a strong base to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone. The reaction proceeds through the formation of an enolate ion intermediate that acts as a nucleophile, attacking the carbonyl carbon of the other molecule. This forms a carbon-carbon bond between the α-carbon of the donor molecule and the carbonyl carbon of the acceptor molecule. The reaction allows for the facile synthesis of larger molecules from simple starting materials.
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The aldol condensation is a reaction where carbonyl compounds undergo condensation in the presence of a base to form β-hydroxy aldehydes or ketones. It can occur between two aldehydes, two ketones, or a mixed aldehyde and ketone. The reaction involves the base-catalyzed formation of an enolate ion from the α-hydrogen of one carbonyl compound, which then undergoes nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon of the second reactant. Removal of a water molecule produces the β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone product.
Presentation cannizzaro reaction organic chemistry M.Saqib
The Cannizzaro reaction involves the base-induced disproportionation of two aldehyde molecules to yield a carboxylic acid and a primary alcohol. A hydroxide ion attacks the carbonyl group of an aldehyde, forming an unstable intermediate anion. This intermediate donates a hydride ion to a second aldehyde molecule, converting one to an alcohol and the other to a carboxylic acid. Overall, the reaction disproportionates two aldehydes into an acid and alcohol.
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Cannizzaro reaction
The document discusses the Cannizzaro reaction, which is the disproportionation of aldehydes in basic conditions to produce an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. It was discovered by Stanislao Cannizzaro in 1853. The reaction requires an aromatic or aliphatic aldehyde without alpha hydrogens and a strong base like potassium hydroxide. The mechanism involves deprotonation of the aldehyde followed by hydride transfer to another aldehyde molecule. Examples and limitations of the reaction are provided. Variations like the crossed and intramolecular Cannizzaro reactions are also described.
Vilsmeier haack reaction
The Vilsmeier-Haack reaction involves treating an electron-rich aromatic or heterocyclic system with a Vilsmeier reagent, which is formed from an amide like DMF and POCl3, to install a formyl group. The reaction proceeds through an iminium intermediate and takes place around 100°C in a solvent like DCM over 10-24 hours. It is useful for synthesizing aldehydes and ketones from electron-rich aromatic and heterocyclic substrates.
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Aldol reaction
Aldol condensation is a reaction where aldehydes or ketones undergo self-condensation in the presence of a base to form β-hydroxyaldehydes or β-hydroxyketones (aldols). It requires the carbonyl compound to have at least one α-hydrogen. The reaction involves the enolate of one carbonyl compound attacking the carbonyl carbon of another molecule. This can occur between two identical or different aldehydes/ketones. Formaldehyde cannot undergo aldol condensation because it lacks α-hydrogens. The products are usually β-hydroxyaldehydes or aldol compounds.
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Perkin ppt
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more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
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PRESENTATION
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The Cannizzaro reaction, named after its discoverer Stanislao Cannizzaro, is a chemical reaction that involves the base-induced disproportionation of two molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde to give a primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid
Homogeneous catalysis
Homogeneous catalysis involves reactants and catalysts existing in the same phase or state. Three examples of homogeneous catalysis are provided:
1) Hydroformylation reactions add carbon monoxide and hydrogen to alkenes to form aldehydes.
2) The Monsanto process synthesizes acetic acid from methanol and carbon monoxide using a rhodium catalyst.
3) Wilkinson's catalyst, a rhodium complex, facilitates the hydrogenation of alkenes to form alkanes.
Aldol condensation
The aldol condensation reaction allows carbonyl compounds containing an α-hydrogen atom to undergo condensation. It is a reversible reaction that proceeds through an enolate intermediate formed when hydroxide deprotonates the α-hydrogen. The enolate then acts as a nucleophile that attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde or ketone. Protonation of the resulting alkoxide forms the β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone product. The reaction can join two different aldehydes or ketones in a crossed-aldol condensation that expands the synthetic possibilities.
Darzen glycidic
The document summarizes the Darzen condensation reaction, which involves the formation of α,β-epoxy esters (glycidic esters) from aldehydes/ketones and α-halo esters under basic conditions. It provides background on the reaction's history and development. The reaction mechanism proceeds through an initial aldol reaction followed by epoxide ring formation. Examples and applications in multi-step syntheses are described. Limitations include the reaction failing for some aldehydes due to self-condensation and difficultly obtaining high, sole product yields needed for kinetic studies.
Name reactions mechanism-Reimer tiemann reaction and Clemmensen reduction rea...
this involves reimer tiemann reaction and clemmensen reduction reaction. Reimer tiemann reaction is used for ortho-formylation of phenols when phenol reacts with chloroform and NaOH. While Clemmensen reduction reaction is used for reduction of carbonyl group into methylene group in the presence of zinc-amalgam and HCl
Condensation reactions
Condensation reactions involve the combination of two molecules with the loss of a small molecule like water. Aldol condensation forms carbon-carbon bonds by reacting an enolate ion with a carbonyl compound. It plays a role in gluconeogenesis, photosynthesis, and producing perfumes. Other condensation reactions discussed include Claisen, Knoevenagel, Schiff base formation, and Dieckmann cyclization. Condensation polymers are formed through condensation reactions and examples include nylon and DNA. Condensation reactions are widely used in organic synthesis and producing pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and polymers.
Aldol Condensation || with Mechanism || Aldehyde Chemical Rxn| ALDOL Reactio...
Aldol Condensation reaction in Aldehydes
You can watch this lecture video on youtube
https://youtu.be/bnQn7LunefE
Subscribe the channel
Follow at twitter:@LifeHobbies
Follow at Instagram:anlifehobbies
Crossed Aldol Condensation
The aldol condensation reaction involves the reaction of two carbonyl compounds in the presence of a strong base to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone. The reaction proceeds through the formation of an enolate ion intermediate that acts as a nucleophile, attacking the carbonyl carbon of the other molecule. This forms a carbon-carbon bond between the α-carbon of the donor molecule and the carbonyl carbon of the acceptor molecule. The reaction allows for the facile synthesis of larger molecules from simple starting materials.
Chemistry lectures : Condensation
The document summarizes key aspects of aldol condensation reactions. It describes how an enolate acts as a nucleophile in the reaction with the carbonyl carbon of a second carbonyl compound, forming a new carbon-carbon bond. The position of equilibrium depends on reaction conditions and substrates. The aldol product can undergo base-catalyzed dehydration to an alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl. Aldol reactions favor alpha-monosubstituted aldehydes and disfavor alpha,alpha-disubstituted aldehydes and ketones. Mixed aldol reactions between two different carbonyl compounds are also discussed, as well as the benzoin condensation reaction between two aromatic aldehydes
Condensation and aldol
The aldol condensation is a reaction where carbonyl compounds undergo condensation in the presence of a base to form β-hydroxy aldehydes or ketones. It can occur between two aldehydes, two ketones, or a mixed aldehyde and ketone. The reaction involves the base-catalyzed formation of an enolate ion from the α-hydrogen of one carbonyl compound, which then undergoes nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon of the second reactant. Removal of a water molecule produces the β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone product.
Presentation cannizzaro reaction organic chemistry M.Saqib
The Cannizzaro reaction involves the base-induced disproportionation of two aldehyde molecules to yield a carboxylic acid and a primary alcohol. A hydroxide ion attacks the carbonyl group of an aldehyde, forming an unstable intermediate anion. This intermediate donates a hydride ion to a second aldehyde molecule, converting one to an alcohol and the other to a carboxylic acid. Overall, the reaction disproportionates two aldehydes into an acid and alcohol.
Important Name reaction
Name reactions:Clemmensen reduction, Darzens condensation, Diels Alder, Eschweiler-Clarke, Friedel-Crafts, Grinard, HofmanMannich, Michael, Meerwin- Pondorf- Verley, Perkin, Reformatsky, Reimer-Tiemann,, Witting and Wolf-Kishner reduction, Aldol condensation.
Cannizzaro reaction
The document discusses the Cannizzaro reaction, which is the disproportionation of aldehydes in basic conditions to produce an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. It was discovered by Stanislao Cannizzaro in 1853. The reaction requires an aromatic or aliphatic aldehyde without alpha hydrogens and a strong base like potassium hydroxide. The mechanism involves deprotonation of the aldehyde followed by hydride transfer to another aldehyde molecule. Examples and limitations of the reaction are provided. Variations like the crossed and intramolecular Cannizzaro reactions are also described.
Vilsmeier haack reaction
The Vilsmeier-Haack reaction involves treating an electron-rich aromatic or heterocyclic system with a Vilsmeier reagent, which is formed from an amide like DMF and POCl3, to install a formyl group. The reaction proceeds through an iminium intermediate and takes place around 100°C in a solvent like DCM over 10-24 hours. It is useful for synthesizing aldehydes and ketones from electron-rich aromatic and heterocyclic substrates.
Organic Name Reaction With Their Respective Mechanism
The document summarizes three organic name reactions - Combes quinoline synthesis, Knorr pyrazole synthesis, and Pinner pyrimidine synthesis - and their respective mechanisms. The Combes quinoline synthesis involves the condensation of anilines and β-diketones to form quinolines via an acid-catalyzed ring closure. The Knorr pyrazole synthesis converts hydrazines or derivatives with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to pyrazoles using an acid catalyst in a three step mechanism. The Pinner pyrimidine synthesis involves the condensation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with amidines catalyzed by acids or bases
Aldol reaction
Aldol condensation is a reaction where aldehydes or ketones undergo self-condensation in the presence of a base to form β-hydroxyaldehydes or β-hydroxyketones (aldols). It requires the carbonyl compound to have at least one α-hydrogen. The reaction involves the enolate of one carbonyl compound attacking the carbonyl carbon of another molecule. This can occur between two identical or different aldehydes/ketones. Formaldehyde cannot undergo aldol condensation because it lacks α-hydrogens. The products are usually β-hydroxyaldehydes or aldol compounds.
Chapter23克莱森缩合
This document discusses ester enolates and the Claisen condensation reaction. The Claisen condensation involves the deprotonation of a 3-oxoalkanoate to form an ester enolate, which then undergoes nucleophilic addition and elimination to form a β-ketoester product. The acidic hydrogens of β-ketoesters make them readily enolizable and allow the reaction to be driven to completion. Ester enolates can undergo reactions like alkylation, Michael addition, and the Robinson annulation. Methods for synthesizing α-hydroxycarbonyls involve the use of masked alkanoyl anions like 1,3-dithiane derivatives or a catalytic
Perkin ppt
The document summarizes the Perkin reaction, which involves converting an aromatic aldehyde and an anhydride to an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid using a base catalyst such as sodium acetate. The reaction proceeds via an E1cb mechanism, which is a two-step process where a base abstracts a proton to form a stabilized anion, whose lone pair of electrons then moves to the neighboring atom to expel a leaving group and form a double bond. Some applications of the Perkin reaction include synthesizing coumarin and the anticoagulant drug warfarin.
Kolbe schmitt reaction
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
Synthesis of Salicylic Acid, Organic Synthesis
Topic 20 4 condensation reactions
This document discusses organic chemistry topics including condensation reactions which combine two smaller molecules to form one larger molecule with the elimination of a small molecule like water. It provides examples of esterification reactions forming esters and amide formation, as well as condensation polymerization reactions that form polymers from monomers with functional groups undergoing condensation. Specific examples discussed include the formation of terylene, nylon 6,6, and polypeptides from amino acid monomers.
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Name reactions mechanism-Reimer tiemann reaction and Clemmensen reduction rea...
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Aldol Condensation || with Mechanism || Aldehyde Chemical Rxn| ALDOL Reactio...
Aldol Condensation || with Mechanism || Aldehyde Chemical Rxn| ALDOL Reactio...
Presentation cannizzaro reaction organic chemistry M.Saqib
Presentation cannizzaro reaction organic chemistry M.Saqib
Organic Name Reaction With Their Respective Mechanism
Organic Name Reaction With Their Respective Mechanism
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PRESENTATION
Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide produced through gasification processes. It can be used directly as fuel or to synthesize other fuels and chemicals. The main industrial processes for syngas production are steam reforming, autothermal reforming, and partial oxidation of hydrocarbons. Partial oxidation involves reacting hydrocarbons with oxygen without steam, producing syngas at lower costs but higher temperatures than steam reforming. Catalytic partial oxidation uses catalysts to control the reaction and reduce heat generation. Research continues to improve catalyst heat resistance and prevent coking while reducing costs of syngas production.
SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOACTIVITY OF NOVEL
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of novel organophosphorus compounds and their biological evaluation. Eight α-hydroxyphosphonate compounds were synthesized using an Abramov reaction involving various aldehydes and diphenyl phosphite. The compounds were characterized using techniques like IR spectroscopy and melting point determination. Their antibacterial activity was tested against four bacterial strains using MIC and MBC assays, with some compounds showing activity. The anticancer potential was evaluated using an acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay, with some compounds exhibiting inhibition of the enzyme. In conclusion, a convenient method for synthesizing α-hydroxyphosphonates was developed and some of the compounds demonstrated selected biological activities.
Ph.D. work
Introduction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, quinoline and their biological importance. Design, diversity oriented synthesis, primary antimycobacterial activity evaluation against M.smegmatis strain and library generation of bedaquiline related quinolinyl heterocycles. Structure optimization of obtained active hits by using molecular hybridization, ring functionalization and antimycobacterial activity evaluation against M.smegmatis strain. Low cytotoxicity against A549 cells highlighted the efficiency of the hits. Also antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities were also carried out. BDMS catalyzed one pot multicomponent synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine and Friedlander synthesis of quinolone under solvent free conditions.
Ph.D. Thesis overview_
This document summarizes the author's research experience and Ph.D. thesis. Over six years, the author gained expertise in organometallic chemistry and catalysis. The thesis focused on studying whether cooperative participation of two metal components could enhance reaction rates, selectivity, or enable new reactions. Bimetallic catalysts incorporating palladium, ruthenium, and copper were synthesized and evaluated for reactions like C-C bond formation, carbene transfer, cyclopropanation, and allylation. The thesis contained four chapters describing the synthesis of various dinuclear complexes and studies of their catalytic properties.
Plazma conversion ltd full presentation
The project proposes a new non-catalytic method of converting methane to synthesis gas using a microwave plasma torch that could enable profitable small-scale natural gas processing. Experimental results showed 45% methane conversion rate with energy costs around half that of traditional steam methane reforming. The technology would allow underutilized natural gas resources to be processed locally, addressing issues for remote deposits and associated petroleum gas.
Kabachnik fields reaction- Variations, Applications
The Kabachnik-Fields reaction is a multi-component reaction that involves the synthesis of α-amino phosphonates from a carbonyl compound, amine, and dialkyl phosphite. It was discovered independently in 1952 by Martin I. Kabachnik and Ellis K. Fields. The reaction produces α-amino phosphonate products in a one-pot reaction under mild conditions. Variations to the traditional Kabachnik-Fields reaction include using different substrates, catalysts, solvents and conditions such as microwave irradiation or solvent-free systems. The α-amino phosphonate products have applications as enzyme inhibitors, antibiotics, and in polymer synthesis.
07 syn gas
Synthesis gas, also known as syngas, is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It is primarily produced from natural gas and oil through steam reforming and the water-gas shift reaction. Syngas has many uses as a chemical feedstock and in producing derivatives like methanol and alcohols. Some of the major engineering challenges involved are removing sulfur from hydrocarbon feeds, efficiently supplying heat for the endothermic reforming reactions, preventing carbon formation on catalysts, and absorbing byproducts like carbon dioxide.
Hydrogenation
1) Wilkinson catalyst, chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I), is an efficient homogeneous catalyst for hydrogenation of alkenes.
2) The mechanism of hydrogenation involves oxidative addition, ligand dissociation, alkene coordination, migratory insertion, ligand association, and reductive elimination steps.
3) The hydrogenation is selective based on sterics and substitution - less substituted and sterically hindered alkenes react first, followed by exocyclic over endocyclic and cis over trans alkenes.
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Competitive Dissociative Adsorption
Reducibility of Metal Oxides
Feed Stock of the Fischer-Tropsch Process
Catalytic Partial Oxidation
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Manufacturing process of methanol
Methanol most flexible chemical commodities and energy sources produced from convert the feedstock natural gas into a synthesis gas and also by catalytic synthesis of methanol
Ppt on omc
This document provides an overview of organometallic compounds, focusing on organolithium, organomagnesium, organozinc, and organocopper compounds. It defines organometallic chemistry as the study of chemical compounds containing carbon-metal bonds. Key applications of these compounds include forming new carbon-carbon bonds through nucleophilic addition reactions and serving as precursors for other organometallic reagents. The document discusses the structures, properties, preparations and reactions of various organometallic compounds.
Hydrogenation
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Mesoporous Catalysis
Mesoporous materials like MCM-41 have advantages over zeolites for hydrocarbon cracking due to their larger pore sizes and higher surface areas. MCM-41 has a hexagonal structure formed by surfactant templating during synthesis. Composites of MCM-41 and zeolites like ZSM-5, called CMZ, combine the mesoporous structure with microporous zeolites to improve catalytic performance for biofuel production. CMZ with a Si/Al ratio of 20:1 and MCM-41 pore size had the highest yield and selectivity for liquid products over gases. Mesoporous materials are particularly suited for mild hydrocarbon cracking conditions due to reduced pore collapse at lower temperatures and pressures.
Catalyst deactivation and regeneration
For enhancing the rate of chemical reaction use of catalyst is mandatory. Study of catalyst activity after use is described in the slides
Design and Production of Heterogeneous Catalysts
Development of
- Improved catalysts to be employed within existing production units for existing reactors
- Improved catalysts for existing reactors using new procedures calling for new equipment
- Integration of catalyst and reactor
Heat transfer and mass transport
- Integration of catalytic reaction and separation of reactants or reaction products
Catalytic distillation as an example : performing a catalytic reaction within a distillation column ......
DEACTIVATION OF METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYSTS
DEACTIVATION OF METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYSTS
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THERMAL SINTERING
3 CATALYST POISONING
4 REACTANT INDUCED DEACTIVATION
5 SUMMARY
TABLES
1 DEACTIVATION PROCESSES ON METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYSTS
2 MELTING POINT, HUTTIG AND TAMMANN TEMPERATURES OF COPPER, IRON AND NICKEL
3 SINTERING RATE CONSTANTS CALCULATED INLET AND OUTLET SIDE STREAM UNIT FOR VULCAN VSG-M101
4 COMPARISON BETWEEN CALCULATED S∞ AND DISCHARGED MEASUREMENTS ON VULCAN VSG-M101
5 EFFECT OF POSSIBLE CONTAMINANTS AND POISONS ON CU/ZNO/AL2O3 CATALYSTS FOR METHANOL SYNTHESIS
6 GUARD SCREENING TEST RESULTS ON METHANOL MICRO-REACTOR. EFFECT OF DEPOSITED METALS ON METHANOL ACTIVITY
FIGURES
1 THE HΫTTIG AND TAMMANN TEMPERATURES OF THE COMPONENTS OF A SYNTHESIS CATALYST
2 A SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF TWO CATALYST SINTERING MECHANISMS
3 SIDE STREAM DATA FOR VULCAN VSG-M101. INLET TEMPERATURE 242 OC, PRESSURE 1500 PSI, GAS COMPOSITION 6% CO, 9.2% CO2, 66.9% H2, 2.5% N2 AND 15.4% CH4, SPACE VELOCITY 17,778 HR-1. MEAN OUTLET TEMPERATURE 280 OC
4 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE RATE OF SINTERING
5 MECHANISM OF SULFUR RETENTION
6 CORRELATION OF SULFUR CAPACITY WITH TOTAL SURFACE AREA
7 EFFECT OF DEPOSITED (NI+FE) PPM ON METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYST ACTIVITY
8 DISCHARGED (FE + NI) DEPOSITION LEVELS ON METHANOL SYNTHESIS PLANT SAMPLES
9 EPMA ANALYSIS OF DISCHARGED LABORATORY SAMPLE OF POISONED VULCAN VSG-M101
10 THE EFFECT OF CO2 ON SYNTHESIS CATALYST DEACTIVATION
REFERENCES
VULCAN Catalytic Reaction Guide - (106) Heterogeneous Reaction Mechanisms
VULCAN Catalytic Reaction Guide - (106) Heterogeneous Reaction Mechanisms
CONTENTS
0 HETEROGENEOUS POWDERED CATALYSTS
1 CHOICE OF METAL
2 CHOICE OF SUPPORT
3 MASS TRANSPORT AND REACTOR DESIGN
4 CATALYST DESIGN
5 CATALYST SEPARATION, FILTRATION
6 PROCESS ECONOMICS
6.1 Activated Carbon
6.2 Alumina
6.3 Calcium Carbonate
6.4 Barium Sulfate
6.5 Other Powdered Supports
APPENDIX
1. Hydrogenation
1.1 C-C Multiple Bonds
1.2 Aromatic Ring Compounds
1.3 Carbonyl Compounds
1.4 Nitro and Nitroso Compounds
1.5 Halonitroaromatics
1.6 Reductive Alkylation's
1.7 Imines
1.8 Nitriles
1.9 Oximes
1.10 Hydrogenolysis
1.11 Other
2. Dehydrogenation
3. Hydroformylation
4. Carbonylation
5. Decarbonylation
6. Hydrosilylation
7. Cross Coupling
7.1 Heck
7.2 Suzuki
7.3 Buckwald-Hartwig
7.4 Organometallics
7.5 Sonogashira
7.6 Other
8. Cycloproportion
9. Selective Oxidation
9.1 Alcohols to Carbonyls
9.2 Dihydoxylation of Alkenes
9.3 Oxygen Insertion Reactions
9.4 Others
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- 2. Session 2 Addition reactions . Electrophilic adittion to alkenes. Catalytic hydrogenation. Electrophilic addition of halogens. Electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides. Hydration of alkenes. Mechanistic considerations and synthetic applications. Nucleophilic addition and nucleophilic “addition-elimination” at the carbonyl group . Reactivity of ketones and carboxylic acid derivatives. The enolate as nucleophile: the aldol reaction. Synthetic applications.
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