The document discusses the structure and functions of the skin and teeth. It notes that the skin has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis - and contains structures like sweat glands, oil glands, nerves and blood vessels. Good skin care involves cleansing, toning and moisturizing. The document also outlines the different types of teeth and their functions in breaking down food, as well as the importance of good oral hygiene.

1. © PDST Home Economics

2. Mouth
Contains a muscular
tongue and a set of teeth.
Chemical ( enzymes)
and mechanical (teeth)
digestion of food takes
place in the mouth
Secretes a juice called
saliva from the salivary
glands. Saliva contains
an enzyme called
amylase.

3. • Primary teeth / milk teeth begin to grow
during a baby’s first/second year and last
until around age 7.
• No molars present
• Permanent teeth (32 teeth) begin to grow at
age 7-8, replace milk teeth and should last a
lifetime.

4. Healthy teeth and gums are
important because:
• They help digest food properly.
• They add to your general appearance.
• For good health – bad teeth can cause
problems such as stomach upsets, bad
breath etc…
• They enable you to speak clearly.

5. Upper Jaw -- Teeth

7. Our 4 types of teeth

8. Functions of the teeth
• Incisors: bite food.
• Canines: cut and tear food.
• Molars and pre-molars: grind food.

9. Crown
Root
Pulp cavity
has nerves
and blood
vessels.

11. Tooth DecayTooth Decay

12. TOOTH DECAY
• Tooth decay is caused by PLAQUE which forms a
sticky film on the teeth between washing.
• Plaque consists of BACTERIA and ACID formed by
the breakdown of food in the mouth.
• Plaque eats away the ENAMEL on the teeth, until it
reaches the softer dentine which decays very quickly.
• TOOTHACHE occurs when the decay reaches the
nerves in the pulp cavity

13. Care of teeth
• Clean teeth thoroughly each day using a fluoride
toothpaste.
• Use a good quality toothbrush
and replace when necessary.
• Visit your dentist regularly.
• Limit the amount of sweet foods and drinks you eat.
• Eat foods rich in calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D
e.g. milk, cheese to help strengthen teeth.

14. • Fluoride is a mineral which strengthens tooth enamel
so it can resist plaque which causes decay.
• Fluoride is often added to the water supply and is
found in toothpaste and dental rinses.

15. • Don’t eat between meals.
• Eat calcium rich foods.
• Never abuse your teeth.
• Try to avoid sugary foods.
• Insist on brushing teeth after each meal.
• Shop for a good quality toothbrush and
replace it regularly.
• Toothpaste containing fluoride is best for
your teeth.
• Visit your dentist every 6 months.

16. • Begin at back of lower jaw. Brush outer edges.
• Brush inner surfaces.
• Repeat this process for upper jaw.
• Brush the biting surface of both lower and upper
teeth.
Brushing your teeth

17. Good
Health
guide
Get enough rest
and sleep.
Have good
personal
hygiene
Try to avoid smoking, drug abuse and
excessive consumption of alcohol.
Take regular exercise
Be happy.
Always look on
the bright side
of life.
Eat a balanced diet.

18. Advantages of Exercise
• Exercise helps your body to look good.
• Improves muscle tone.
• Your heart, lungs and circulation work more efficiently.
• It keeps weight down.
• Reduces stress.
• Keeps the body youthful, and delays problems of old age
such as heart disease.

19. Rest and relaxation
• Rest and relaxation restore energy and relax the mind.
• Rest and sleep give us more energy.
• We look and feel better.
• Concentration improves.
• Leisure is a time away from work, school and study.
• Leisure time allows you to get fit.
• Keeps your brain active.
• You can help someone e.g. babysit.

20. Precaution against illness
• Immunisation or vaccination.
• Health and development checks for children.
• Health checks for adults e.g. breast checks.
• Take steps to avoid cancer e.g. don’t smoke, avoid
over-exposure to sunlight etc…

21. Mental health
• Mental health is concerned with the mind and how we
think and feel.
• Attitude and self esteem.
• People with high self esteem have a positive attitude
to life.
• Those with low self esteem have a negative attitude.

22. Emotions
• Love – being loved makes us secure and happy. The most
important person to love is yourself.
• Fear – this can help us keep safe and away from danger
e.g. walking through a park late at night.
• Anger –normal emotion. How we deal with our anger
shows whether or not we are emotionally mature.
• Stress – a little stress can be useful, it can make us
work for exams or hurry to meet deadlines at work.
• To relieve stress:
• Cut our workload
• Learn to relax, take time out
• Learn meditation
• Take exercise
• Get plenty of rest and sleep

24. • Functions of Each Part:
o Epidermis: Protective upper layer of dead skin cells
o Dermis: Inner layer of living cells which contains many other
parts
o Fat Cells: Beneath the dermis, acts as an energy reserve and
help keep us warm
o Sweat Gland: Removes waste and excess water from the blood
via a pore
o Oil Gland: Attached to hair, lubricates the skin and keeps the
hair in good condition
o Nerve: With which we feel and touch
o Hair: Role in maintaining body temperature
o Blood vessels: Help control body temperature and nourish the
skin

25. • The skin is made up of two layers the epidermis and the
dermis. Beneath these layers is the subcutaneous tissue,
which contains fat-rich cells, called the adipose tissue.
The epidermis
• The epidermis is a thin layer which protects the dermis.
The surface of the epidermis is composed of flattened
dead cells which are constantly being lost through wear
and tear.
• As the dead cells are being lost they are replaced by a
layer of rapidly dividing living cells directly underneath
them.
• The malpighian layer is the deepest layer of the
epidermis and its cells contain a pigment (melanin) which
is responsible for the colour of the skin.

26. The dermis
The dermis tissue contains
• Nerves which allow us to feel sensations e.g. heat, cold,
touch.
• Blood vessels, which supply the skin with oxygen and
nutrients.
• Hairs, the roots of the hairs are found in the dermis,
each hair grows up through a structure called the hair
follicles and can be seen on the surface of the skin
• Glands – sweat glands produce sweat which is lost from
the body through pores in the skin
• Sebaceous/oil glands produce an oily substance called
sebum which lubricates the hairs and keeps the skin
soft.
• Adipose tissue is a layer of fat cells that insulates the
body.

27. • Protection
• Prevents loss of body fluids
• Vitamin D production
• Food store
• Sense organ - nerves
• Excretion
• Temperature regulation - sweat

28. To Keep the Skin Healthy
1: Keep your Skin and Body clean.
2:Get plenty of Sleep.
3: Get lots of Fresh Air & Exercise.
4: Eat healthy foods (Lots of Fruit & Vegetables)
5: Avoid Alcohol &
Cigarettes.
6: Remove make-up at night.

29. Skin care
Cleanse To remove dead skin
cells, dirt, bacteria,
make up etc.. Which
would block pores and
cause skin problems such
as blackheads.
Use soap and
water or cleansing
milk or lotion.
Tone To close pores after
cleansing.
Use cold water or
a toning lotion.
Moisturise To soften the skin and
keep in good condition.
Use a moisturiser
which suits your
skin type.

30. Care of hair
• Wash hair at least once a week using shampoo which suits
your hair type. Use conditioner if necessary.
• Use a good quality hair brush and do not allow others to
use your brush.
• Keep brush clean.
• Too much heat damages hair so avoid using very hot water
or holding the dryer very near the hair.

31. Care of feet
• Wash daily and dry thoroughly
• Have a pedicure regularly, cut toe nails straight to
avoid in growing
• Change socks or tights regularly
• Wear shoes well designed to support the feet. They
should be comfortable and give the feet room to
grow.
• Guard against verrucas by wearing protective shoes
in swimming pools.