The document discusses different types of engines including heat engines, internal combustion engines, external combustion engines, steam engines, and four-stroke engines. A heat engine converts thermal energy to mechanical work by bringing a working substance through high and low temperature states. An internal combustion engine burns fuel within the engine, while an external combustion engine burns fuel externally and transfers heat to the working fluid. Steam engines were an early form of heat engine important to the Industrial Revolution. Four-stroke engines intake, compress, combust, and exhaust fuel in four strokes over two revolutions to extract energy from combustion.

1. Tecnologia
1-Què és un motor tèrmic?
2-Què és un motor tèrmic de combustióinterna?
3-Què és un motor tèrmic de combustió externa?
4- Màquina de vapor
História (inventor / importància en la història)
Parts/estructura + Funcionament
5- Motor Otto/ Explossió/ QuatreTemps
Parts/ Estructura
Funcionament
6- Cilindres ---Com es fa la combustió
7- Motor de 2 temps
Parts/ estructura
Funcionament

2. 1) In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that
performs the conversion of heat orthermal
energy to mechanical work. It does this by bringing a
working substance from a lower state temperature to a
high state temperature. A heat "source" generates
thermal energy that brings the working substance to the
high temperature state. The working substance
generates work in the "working body" of the engine
while transferring heat to the colder "sink" until it
reaches a low temperature state. During this process
some of the thermal energy is converted into work by
exploiting the properties of the working substance. The
working substance can be any system with a non-
zero heat capacity, but it usually is a gas or liquid.
2)The internal combustion engine is an engine in which
the combustion of a fuel (normally afossil fuel) occurs with
an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an
integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an
internal combustion engine (ICE) the expansion of the
high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by
combustion apply direct force to some component of the
engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine

3. blades, or anozzle. This force moves the component over a
distance, transforming chemical energy into useful
mechanical energy. The first commercially successful
internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir.
3.An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a heat
engine where an (internal) working fluid is heated by
combustion in an external source, through the engine wall or
a heat exchanger. The fluid then, by expanding and acting
on the mechanism of the engine, produces motion and
usable work. The fluid is then cooled, compressed and
reused (closed cycle), or (less commonly) dumped, and cool
fluid pulled in (open cycle air engine).

4. 4)The history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the 1st century
AD; the first recorded rudimentary steam engine being
the aeolipile described by Hero of Alexandria. Over a millennium after
Hero's (or "Heron's") experiments, a number of steam-powered devices
were experimented with or proposed, but it was not until 1712 that a
commercially successful steam engine was finally developed, Thomas
Newcomen's atmospheric engine. During the industrial revolution, steam
engines became the dominant source of power and remained so into the
early decades of the 20th century, when advances in the design of
the electric motor and the internal combustion engine resulted in the rapid
replacement of the steam engine by these technologies. However, the steam
turbine, an alternative form of steam engine, has become the most common
method by which electrical power generators are driven.Investigations are
being made into the practicalities of reviving the reciprocating steam
engine as the basis for a new wave of 'advanced steam technology' .
5)A four-stroke engine (also known as four-cycle) is
an internal combustion engine in which the piston completes
four separate strokes—intake, compression, power, and

5. exhaust—during two separate revolutions of the
engine's crankshaft, and one single thermodynamic cycle.
There are two common types of four-stroke engines. They
are closely related to each other, but have major differences
in design and behavior. The earliest of these to be developed
is the Otto cycle engine developed in 1876 by Nikolaus
August Otto in Cologne, Germany,after the operation
principle described by Alphonse Beau de Rochas in 1861.

6. 6)nopuctrobara internet
7)As their name implies, four-stroke internal
combustion engines have four basic steps that repeat
with every two revolutions of the engine:
(1) Intake/suction stroke (2) Compression stroke (3)
Power/expansion stroke and (4) Exhaust stroke
From: David Smeljanskij