Technostress, managing stress, technophobia, technology acceptance model

1. Technostress, Managing
Technostress,
Technophobia, and
Technology Acceptance
Model (TAM)
(Chuttur, 2009)

2. TECHNOSTRESS

3. Stress
• Stress is a complex term to define. It's
simplest definition might be that it is an
event or situation that forces a person to
adapt to the event. Stress is the event
itself and the reaction to that event within
the person experiencing it. Thus stress is
completely subjective. What may be
stressful to one person might be pleasant
or fun to another.

4. At least 30% of all
groups irrespective
of gender or age
HesitantResistant
Frustrated

5. “Technostress” by Michelle M. Weil and Larry D. Rosen

6. Technostress
Technostress is the negative psychological
association between people and the new
technologies.
It is a result of altered habits of work and
collaboration that human being brought
about due to the use of modern
information technologies at office and
home situations.

7. Technostress
• Technostress is “a modern disease of
adaptation caused by an inability to cope
with the new computer technologies in a
healthy manner."
• Technostress is an undesirable
phenomenon spawned by use of
computing and communication devices
such as PC's, tablets and smartphones.

8. Complaints of Technostress
• Psychological stress can manifest itself
physically. Similarly there are a number
of librarians’ physical complaints like
backaches, eye strain, neck pain, stiff
shoulder, and joint pains. Others are
experiencing insomnia, anxiety, loss of
temper, irritability, and even frustration.

10. Work Environment of Technostress
In the 21st
century learning environment,
librarians are well equipped with latest
technology to better serve their clients and
most of the professionals are likewise
experiencing levels of technostress.
The fact that most of their works are done by
sitting and facing the computers for a longer
time and resulted into physical strain.

11. Sensory
Memory
∞
Short-term
Memory
5-9 chunks
20 secs
∞
Five
Senses
∞
Long-term
Memory
Long time
∞

12. Work Environment of Technostress
The physical work environment where
library staff spend eight or more hours a
day is critical to their security, job
satisfaction, and increasingly their
health.
In a technological world, providing
employees with an appropriate and safe
physical environment is a necessity.

13. Work Environment of Technostress
Too much exposure to computer
monitors is associated with emotional
stress, the professionals are slightly
affected emotionally by the technostress
in their workplaces.
Professionals are already used as part of
their professional work and computer
related problems are handled by the
computer technicians.

14. A Typical Day
Individua
lly
Designe
d
To make
Life
easier
-but-
Collectiv
ely

16. Managing Technostress

17. Managing Technostress
Outcomes of technostress include decreased job
satisfaction, organizational commitment and
productivity.
Experts recommended to minimize the technostress:
• A periodic assessment is necessary to check the
level of technostress affecting the professionals
especially the physical and emotional aspects.

18. Managing Technostress
• Managers should organize technology-
based trainings for employees to make them
comfortable with technologies and the
awareness of harmful effects.
• Managers should organize technology-
based trainings for employees to make them
comfortable with technologies and the
awareness of harmful effects.

19. Managing Technostress
• Universities and colleges need to employ
qualified information and technology
specialist and troubleshooters to maximize
system accessibility and provide a level of
comfort to the professionals.

20. There are five conditions that are classified as
"technostress creators": “Techno-overload”
describes situations where use of computers
forces people to work more and work faster.
“Techno-invasion” describes being “always
exposed” where people can potentially be
reached anywhere and anytime and feel the
need to be constantly connected. The
regular work-day is extended, office work is
done at all sorts of hours, and it is almost
impossible to "cut away".

21. • Techno-complexity” describes situations where
the complex computer systems used at work
force people to spend time and effort in learning
and understanding how to use new applications
and to update their skills. People find the variety
of applications, functions, and jargon
intimidating and consequently feel stressed.
“Techno-insecurity” is associated with situations
where people feel threatened about losing their
jobs to other people who have a better
understanding of new gadgets and computing
devices.

22. • Techno-uncertainty” relates to short
life cycles of computer systems.
Continuing changes and upgrades do
not give people a chance to
experience at a particular system.
People find this unsettling because
their knowledge becomes rapidly
outdated and they are required to re-
learn things very rapidly and often.

23. Technologically Captive Moments
• Increments of time spent waiting for some
machine-driven event to happen
• e.g.
– Being on hold, listening to hold music, waiting
for someone to respond
– Skipping to a song you want to hear on CD
– Waiting for the microwave to finish
– Waiting for you PC to boot
– Waiting for a download

24. Technostress can be dealt with:
• Get adequate, user friendly software
• Create better communication within
the environment
• Create a level of reassurance, patience, and
stability within the environment
• Maintain an ever-present system of training
and education to new and old technologies
• Avoid using technology
• foster sharing of computer related knowledge
within the organization.

25. Technostress can be dealt with:
• A responsive and easily reached help-desk can allay
managers’ anxiety and concerns, guide them in using and
familiarizing with new computer applications and assure
them in case of problems
• keep employees “involved” in the general scheme of things
in the context of new computer systems. The more involved
and familiar they are, the less techno - stressed they would
be.
• encourage people to “experiment” and innovate in the
context of computer use
• encourage employees to communicate, discuss, and share
their knowledge about computers

26. Designing Better Interfaces
• Make them easy-to-use
• Follow design guidelines
• Maybe had configurable interfaces
– Beginner
– Intermediate
– Expert

27. TechnoPhobia

28. Question
• Is Technostress the same
thing as Technophobia, or is
there any reality behind the
idea of have an actual phobia
to computers and technology ?

29. Answer
• This paper…
• Thorpe, S. J., & Brosnan, M. J. (2007).
Does computer anxiety reach levels
which conform to DSM-IV criteria for
specific phobia? Computers in Human
Behavior Vol 23(3) May 2007, 1258-
1272.
• says

30. Answer
• This paper…
• Thorpe, S. J., & Brosnan, M. J. (2007).
Does computer anxiety reach levels which
conform to DSM-IV criteria for specific
phobia? Computers in Human Behavior
Vol 23(3) May 2007, 1258-1272.
• says
YES

39. Fear of Technology
• People who live in the past
• Luddites
• Saboteurs
• The Lead Pencil Club
• Neo-Luddites

40. People who live in the past
• Nutcases

41. On the other hand…

43. Topless Meetings

44. Communications Overload

45. Worker’s Technology Bill of Rights
Technology puts independent workers in the
driver's seat
To keep technology in it's proper
perspective, declare your independence.

46. Worker’s Technology Bill of Rights
1. I am the boss, not my technology.
2. Technology is available to help me express my creativity.
3. I decide when to use the tools technology provides.
4. I have the right to choose what technology to use and what to put
aside.
5. I can use technology to stay connected, informed, and productive
– my way.
6. Technology offers a world of information. I get to choose what
information is important to me.
7. Technology will have problems, but I will be prepared to handle
them.
8. Technology can work 24-hour days, but I can choose when to
begin and when to stop working.
9. Technology never needs to rest, but I do.
10. I can work successfully by enforcing my boundary needs.

47. Technology Acceptance Model
(TAM)

48. What is Technology Acceptance
Model (TAM)?
• A model developed to study
the acceptance of the technology by
an individual taking into account,
basically, both the perceived easy of
use and the usefulness of
the technology.

49. What is Technology Acceptance
Model (TAM)?
• The TAM was initially proposed by Davis
(1989). It comprises two beliefs, the
perceived utilities and the perceived ease
of application, which determine attitudes to
adopt new technologies. The attitude
toward adoption will decide about the
adopter’s positive or negative behavior in
the future concerning new technology.

50. What is Technology Acceptance
Model (TAM)?
• One of the most frequently
employed models for research into new
information technology acceptance.
The TAM suggests that when users are
presented with a new technology, a
number of factors determine their decision
about how and when they will use it.

51. What is Technology Acceptance
Model (TAM)?
• a model of individual acceptance of IT, stating
that an individual’s adoption of IT is dependent
on the perceived ease of use and perceived
usefulness of the technology.
• TAM is a model of user acceptance of
information systems technology-based on the
theory of reasoned action. Two variables
perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use
lead to attitude toward use, behavioral intention
to use and use of the system.

52. What is Technology Acceptance
Model (TAM)?

53. Technology Acceptance Model
(TAM)
TAM tells us the impact of the factors that
the user decides on whether they will go
to use the new technology or not.

54. References:
• Brod, Craig. Technostress: The Human Cost of the Computer Revolution.
Reading, Mass: Addison Weslety, 1984.
• Chuttur M.Y. (2009). "Overview of the Technology Acceptance Model: Origins,
Developments and Future Directions ," Indiana University, USA . Sprouts:
Working Papers
on Information Systems, 9(37). http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
• Davis, F. D. (1989), "Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user
acceptance of information technology", MIS Quarterly 13 (3): 319–340, doi:
10.2307/249008
• Ennis, Lisa A. "The Evolution of Technostress." Computers in Libraries, Sept.
2005, 10-12.
• Gorman, M. (2001). Technostress and library values. Library Journal, 124
• (7), 48-50.
• Harper, S. (2000). Managing technostress in UK Libraries: A realistic guide.
Ariadne. Available online at:
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue25/technostress/intro.html.

55. References:
• Murthy, T. A. V., & Cholin, V. S. (2003). Library automation. Available
online at: http://dspace.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/1994/170/3/03cali_1.pdf
• Ragu-Nathan, T.S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B. and Tu,
Q., Consequence of Technostress in End Users: Conceptual
Development and Empirical Validation, Information Systems Research,
December 2008, 19, 4, 417-433.
• Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, T.S., Ragu-Nathan, B. and Tu, Q., The
Impact of Technostress on Productivity, Journal of Management
Information Systems, Summer 2007
• West, J. (2007). Technophobia, technostress, and technorealism. In
R.S. Gordon, (Ed.), Information tomorrow: reflection on technology and
the future of public and academic libraries (pp 203-215) Medford, New
Jersey : Information Today.
• Weil, M. M. and L. D. Rosen. (1997). Technostress: Coping with
Technology @ work @ home @ play. New York : John Wiley.