This document discusses various technologies and methods used in dentistry, including infection control protocols using gloves, visors, and sterilization procedures. It also examines instruments used for dental examinations like mirrors, probes, and tools for sensibility tests. Methods for creating bite registrations and indicators for plaque, caries, and occlusion are outlined. Finally, it briefly touches on digital radiology systems and the radioopacity of different dental materials.

1. Examining, treating and
preventive methods used in
dentistry from technological
aspect

2. Infection Control:
• Gloves:
latex (allergic reaction), vinyl,
some of the latex gloves are powder-free – „hypoallergen”
multiple hand wash increase the porosity -> risk of infection
hand creams
• Visors, safety glasses, shields

3. Infection Control:
• Rubberdam:
Latex /Latex-free
Prefabricated

4. Infection Control:
• Disinfectants, sterilisation
procedures?
• Disposable instruments,
covers

5. Instruments used for dental examinations:
• Mouth mirror –
• allows indirect visualization of obscure areas of the mouth
• reflects light into the area being examined or treated
• retracts soft tissues
• Silvering can be on the outer surface of the glass ->less
resistant, or on the inner surface -> double image.

6. Instruments used for dental examinations:
• Dental probe: favourable with rounded end
• Perio-probe: with depth gauge
• Material usually stainless steel -> can be sterilized, but some
disinfectant solutions can be harmful

7. Sensibility tests
The tooth, it’s dental pulp is considered vital if the blood
supply of the pulp is intact. It could be tested directly,
with a laser Doppler equipment.
Based on their coincidence in general, function of the
nerves supply the dental pulp is usually tested.
• Thermal stimuli (cold, hot)
• Mild electric stimulus applied on the tooth surface (EPT)

8. Fixed prosthetic appliences
• Crowns, bridges, post retained cores, …

9. • Controlling the precision fit of cast
metal parts:
1. Fluids, containing stain particles (Arti-spot 2),
2. Pigment containing aerosols (Arti-spray),
3. Impression materials with very low viscosity
(Fit Checker)

10. Removable dentures
• Complete and partial

11. • Controlling the precision fit of denture
parts supported by mucosa:
To locate coarse imprinting of the prothesis, causing soft
tissue injuries
1. Guttapercha dissolved in chloroform, disclosing
waxes
2. Zinc-oxide powder mixed with Vaseline,
3. Low viscosity impression materials

12. Occlusion

13. Occlusal indicators
To locate normal and pathologic occlusal contacts
• Occlusal foils, papers:
Optimal thickness 8-16 µm,
Irrespectively of the material of the occlusal surface
mark the occlusal contacts, but only the real contacts
Should not change the pattern of the occlusion,
The examined surface should be dry
Different colours for the contacts in different jaw
positions,

14. Occlusal indicators
To locate normal and pathologic occlusal contacts
• Occlusal foils, papers:

15. Occlusal indicators
To locate normal and pathologic occlusal
contacts
• waxes
• Fluid dye
• Colour powders,
• Celluloid foils (power needed to pull out
form the occluding surfaces)

16. Bite registration

17. Bite registration materials
To determine the relation of the upper an lower
dental arch.
If the jaw-relation is strictly determined by the
contacts between the upper and lower teeth,
this procedure is not obligatory
In case of signifficant tooth-loss bite-plates are
necessary.
• Pink-wax,
• Aluminax
• Elastomers
• Zinc-oxide eugenol pastes
• Self curing acrylic resins

18. Bite registration materials
• Pink-wax,
• Aluminax
• Elastomers
• Zinc-oxide eugenol pastes
• Self curing acrylic resins

19. Bite registration materials
• Pink-wax,
• Aluminax
• Elastomers
• Zinc-oxide eugenol pastes
• Self curing acrylic resins

20. Bite registration materials
• Pink-wax,
• Aluminax
• Elastomers
• Zinc-oxide eugenol
pastes
• Self curing acrylic
resins

21. Bite registration materials
• Pink-wax,
• Aluminax
• Elastomers
• Zinc-oxide eugenol
pastes
• Self curing acrylic
resins

22. Bite registration materials
• Pink-wax,
• Aluminax
• Elastomers
• Zinc-oxide eugenol pastes
• Self curing acrylic resins

23. Plaque indicators
• To visualize the dental-plaque for the patients,
making it easier to instruct them how their teeth
should be cleaned
• Tablets, solutions (fuchsine, erythrosine containing)
plaque is stained red. Some of the pigments are
visible only under UV light.

24. Caries indicators
• Stains – for differentiating between the demineralised,
infected dentin from the sound tooth substances on
the bottom of the cavity, during cavity preparation.
• Sound dentin, which can remineralise after correct
treatment remains unstained.

25. Plaque, debris removing
• Scaling
• Polishing: abrasive pastes that remove superficial stains but do not
impair the enamel.
The accidentally exposed dentine, cement is less resistant to abrasive
particles
• „Air-polishing”: air-stream with Na+-bicarbonate particles

26. Materials used in dental radiology:
• Intraoral plain films: usually 3- 4 teeth
can be seen on the image

27. Materials used in dental radiology:
• Occlusal films: all the teeth in the upper or lower dental
arch and some of the surrounding soft tissues are
depicted

28. Materials used in dental radiology:
• Extraoral films: In different sizes, according to the
user’s demands, an amplifier layer can be used
(phosphorus containing layer)

29. Digital systems
Sensors
1. CCDs – wire,
immediate image
2. Phosphorous
sensors – wireless,
further procesing is
needed

30. Radioopacity of dental materials
Radioopaque: metals, hard tissues of the teeth, bone,
temporary, or permanent fillings, root canal filling
materials, liners, base materials containing Ca-, Ba-
ions.
Radiolucent: soft tissues, polymers: materials of dentures,
older composite fillings (nowadays radiopaque
admixtures are used to make visible these fillings also
on X-rays )