Team Nile conducted a feasibility study for Avista Corporation to analyze solutions for closing three transmission lines in the Big Bend area. They used PowerWorld simulator to test designs under heavy summer and high transfer load cases. For the high transfer case, Team Nile proposed three solutions: the most expensive option involving extensive new transmission lines and substations; the least expensive focusing on reconductoring and capacitor/reactor banks; and the most cost-effective option. They analyzed each design's ability to prevent overloads during contingency scenarios and produced cost analyses for Avista.
1) An engineering firm has planned and designed an offshore wind farm near Cape Cod, Massachusetts to help address energy needs and reduce environmental impacts from fossil fuels.
2) The wind farm will consist of 30 turbines located 1.5 miles offshore and will have an estimated annual output of 867 million kWh, enough to power around 48,000 homes.
3) Key challenges addressed in the design include determining the best turbine model, foundation type, electrical connections, and minimizing environmental impacts to wildlife. Extensive research was done to find the optimal location off Cape Cod.
This proposal suggests installing a tidal and wave power plant off the coast of Southern California to supply electricity to 100,000 customers. The plant would use Deep Green tidal stream generators and WaveNet wave energy converters. 30 Deep Green DG-12 devices, rated at 500 kW each, would generate 15 MW from tidal energy. 141 WaveNet Series 24 devices, rated at 750 kW each, would harness wave power to generate 100 MW. The combined plant is expected to have a total installed capacity of 115 MW.
A case study in offshore wind farm project managementmtingle
The document discusses the Wolfe Island Shoals offshore wind farm project in Lake Ontario, Canada. Some key points:
- It will be a 300 MW offshore wind facility costing $1.5 billion Canadian dollars.
- It faces special challenges related to permitting, engineering, logistics, and financing of an offshore wind farm in the Great Lakes.
- ORTECH has been appointed project manager and discusses the project schedule, permitting process, engineering considerations like soil testing and foundation design, turbine selection, marine transport and installation logistics, operation and maintenance planning, and financing.
This document provides information about nuclear energy and power production. It discusses different types of nuclear reactions including fusion and fission. It also includes statistics on global energy supply and top nuclear generating countries. Diagrams show the anatomy of a nuclear power plant and electricity flow in the United States. Advantages of nuclear power include being clean and having a high energy density, while drawbacks include high initial costs and radioactive waste. New reactor technologies aim to address some of these challenges.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs Could Power Future Aircraft and Oth...Lewis Larsen
Technologists at NASA, Boeing, and California Polytechnic have been investigating alluring possibility of using ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) to power future aircraft.
Large Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota, among others, have active R&D programs and patent filings in LENRs and are publishing some of their experimental results in peer-reviewed science and engineering journals. It appears likely that their ultimate goal is to replace the internal combustion engine.
After decades of inaction and benign neglect, incredibly cautious and conservative U.S. Dept. of Energy has belatedly recognized LENRs; it is now willing to entertain proposals for modest amounts of funding through its transformational technology breakthrough arm, ARPA-E.
LENRs could revolutionize the world as we know it today if the technology is successfully commercialized and scales-up to several hundred kWh from just Watts today in laboratory devices; megawatt power outputs are only required for a small percentage of applications
Widom-Larsen theory explains device physics behind LENRs; it is published and fully consistent with a large body of peer-reviewed, published experimental data. Altogether, this implies that commercialization of the technology is possible and in fact likely. That said, non-trivial engineering lies between small, unreliable milliwatt laboratory devices of today and scaled-up high performance multi-kilowatt commercial products of tomorrow. Somebody or somebodies, somewhere, will eventually succeed --- Lattice will play a role in this process.
The document outlines a renewable energy plan that includes:
1) Constructing a 4 MW solar demonstration project within 6 months and completing an environmental assessment for solar projects by June 2012.
2) Determining the viability of geothermal energy by September 2011-March 2012 and, if viable, developing a 20 MW geothermal plant.
3) If geothermal is not viable, increasing solar facilities to 20 MW total through various funding options like power purchase agreements.
IRJET- Design of Small Hydro Electric Power Plant at CheeyapparaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of a small hydroelectric power plant proposed for Cheeyappara, Kerala, India. A reconnaissance survey identified a suitable location with a head of up to 100m. An ogee-type diversion weir and intake gate, 100m penstock, and 15x8x10m powerhouse are proposed. A cross-flow turbine with horizontal shaft is selected due to the head and discharge. Power calculations estimate the plant could generate 700kW, with two 350kW units proposed. The total cost is estimated at 295 lakhs with a cost of Rs.5.17/kWh and sale rate of Rs.5.46/kWh, yielding a payback period of
1) An engineering firm has planned and designed an offshore wind farm near Cape Cod, Massachusetts to help address energy needs and reduce environmental impacts from fossil fuels.
2) The wind farm will consist of 30 turbines located 1.5 miles offshore and will have an estimated annual output of 867 million kWh, enough to power around 48,000 homes.
3) Key challenges addressed in the design include determining the best turbine model, foundation type, electrical connections, and minimizing environmental impacts to wildlife. Extensive research was done to find the optimal location off Cape Cod.
This proposal suggests installing a tidal and wave power plant off the coast of Southern California to supply electricity to 100,000 customers. The plant would use Deep Green tidal stream generators and WaveNet wave energy converters. 30 Deep Green DG-12 devices, rated at 500 kW each, would generate 15 MW from tidal energy. 141 WaveNet Series 24 devices, rated at 750 kW each, would harness wave power to generate 100 MW. The combined plant is expected to have a total installed capacity of 115 MW.
A case study in offshore wind farm project managementmtingle
The document discusses the Wolfe Island Shoals offshore wind farm project in Lake Ontario, Canada. Some key points:
- It will be a 300 MW offshore wind facility costing $1.5 billion Canadian dollars.
- It faces special challenges related to permitting, engineering, logistics, and financing of an offshore wind farm in the Great Lakes.
- ORTECH has been appointed project manager and discusses the project schedule, permitting process, engineering considerations like soil testing and foundation design, turbine selection, marine transport and installation logistics, operation and maintenance planning, and financing.
This document provides information about nuclear energy and power production. It discusses different types of nuclear reactions including fusion and fission. It also includes statistics on global energy supply and top nuclear generating countries. Diagrams show the anatomy of a nuclear power plant and electricity flow in the United States. Advantages of nuclear power include being clean and having a high energy density, while drawbacks include high initial costs and radioactive waste. New reactor technologies aim to address some of these challenges.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs Could Power Future Aircraft and Oth...Lewis Larsen
Technologists at NASA, Boeing, and California Polytechnic have been investigating alluring possibility of using ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) to power future aircraft.
Large Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota, among others, have active R&D programs and patent filings in LENRs and are publishing some of their experimental results in peer-reviewed science and engineering journals. It appears likely that their ultimate goal is to replace the internal combustion engine.
After decades of inaction and benign neglect, incredibly cautious and conservative U.S. Dept. of Energy has belatedly recognized LENRs; it is now willing to entertain proposals for modest amounts of funding through its transformational technology breakthrough arm, ARPA-E.
LENRs could revolutionize the world as we know it today if the technology is successfully commercialized and scales-up to several hundred kWh from just Watts today in laboratory devices; megawatt power outputs are only required for a small percentage of applications
Widom-Larsen theory explains device physics behind LENRs; it is published and fully consistent with a large body of peer-reviewed, published experimental data. Altogether, this implies that commercialization of the technology is possible and in fact likely. That said, non-trivial engineering lies between small, unreliable milliwatt laboratory devices of today and scaled-up high performance multi-kilowatt commercial products of tomorrow. Somebody or somebodies, somewhere, will eventually succeed --- Lattice will play a role in this process.
The document outlines a renewable energy plan that includes:
1) Constructing a 4 MW solar demonstration project within 6 months and completing an environmental assessment for solar projects by June 2012.
2) Determining the viability of geothermal energy by September 2011-March 2012 and, if viable, developing a 20 MW geothermal plant.
3) If geothermal is not viable, increasing solar facilities to 20 MW total through various funding options like power purchase agreements.
IRJET- Design of Small Hydro Electric Power Plant at CheeyapparaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of a small hydroelectric power plant proposed for Cheeyappara, Kerala, India. A reconnaissance survey identified a suitable location with a head of up to 100m. An ogee-type diversion weir and intake gate, 100m penstock, and 15x8x10m powerhouse are proposed. A cross-flow turbine with horizontal shaft is selected due to the head and discharge. Power calculations estimate the plant could generate 700kW, with two 350kW units proposed. The total cost is estimated at 295 lakhs with a cost of Rs.5.17/kWh and sale rate of Rs.5.46/kWh, yielding a payback period of
Must hybrid power generation station {wind turbine(hawt)&solar (pv)}Mohammed Ahmed Ramadan
This document contains the graduation project of four mechanical engineering students on the design of a hybrid power generation system combining wind turbines and solar PV. It includes 7 chapters that cover renewable energy sources, the design of a 5kW horizontal axis wind turbine using blade element theory and CFD, the design of a 600kW solar PV plant, the construction of a physical model, and the analysis of augmenting the wind turbine with a diffuser. The chapters include descriptions of the design process, calculations, simulation results, and diagrams of the system components. The overall aim is to develop an optimized hybrid power system for clean energy production.
1) The NRC has lowered its estimate of potential fatalities from a nuclear plant meltdown, now estimating less than 2% cesium release compared to the previous 60% estimate.
2) A new traveling wave reactor design generates heat at the top instead of centrally, which makes heat extraction easier but increases some radiation wear on the containment system. It requires 3-4 times more resilient materials.
3) New proposals aim to increase fuel efficiency in city driving by 20% using smartphone data, provide endless power to EVs through wireless road charging, and allow converting conventional vehicles to hybrids with wheel motor kits.
Lattice Energy LLC - Radiation-free Nuclear Propulsion for Advanced Hypersoni...Lewis Larsen
Document outlines our speculative concepts about propulsion of hypersonic aircraft by the controlled triggering LENRs on nanoparticles in dusty plasmas
Lattice published document to stimulate interest in further developing this new approach to propulsion
Please note that this technical discussion presumes that further progress will be made on commercially fabricating and triggering μ-scale LENR-active sites on planar substrate surfaces and on non-planar surfaces of purpose-engineered nanoparticles comprised of multiple elements and varied isotopes
Unique properties of so called “dusty plasmas” are key to operation of this exciting application in LENR technology; these plasmas were appreciated only relatively recently, so the bulk of relevant literature about such plasmas is mostly less than 25 years old
Unlike hypersonic Lockheed Martin SR-72 UAV, Lattice would integrate an LENR dusty plasma scramjet engine with an LENR-powered 50+% efficient Brayton combined cycle turbine that generates DC electricity for power
Enormous flexibility in designing and engineering LENR nanoparticle target fuels; can choose among huge selection of different elements and materials
Could utilize optimized combinations of LENR nuclear and very energetic chemical reactions simultaneously inside the very same reaction chamber
Engine thrust control achieved by tightly regulating amounts of DC input current into dusty plasma and LENR target fuel injection rates
Incredibly high energy densities and low weight of LENR nanoparticulate target fuels might allow an LENR dusty plasma scramjet the luxury of carrying multiple fuel types that are optimized for different flight envelopes
Unlike fission or fusion technologies there would not be any radiation or radioactivity problems, even with a bad crash event in populated area
Please note that many key proprietary engineering-related details have been deliberately omitted from this presentation for obvious commercial reasons
Wind power role in india aitam ppt finalabhi4kismat1
Wind power has significant potential to help meet India's power needs. The document discusses wind power sources in India, the history and evolution of wind turbines, current wind power capacity and leaders worldwide, components of modern wind turbines, and the need for further development of wind power resources and infrastructure in India through national wind mapping, offshore assessments, policy support, workforce training, and electricity market reforms.
Renewable Energy Sources & Energy Conservation (RES&EC) Diploma mechanical E...ARAVIND U
Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Conservation - Diploma Mechanical Engineering - V Semester - III Year - All Unit Introduction Power point Presentation - Intro PPT
Prepared By.....
Mr. U. ARAVIND, B.E., M.I.S.T.E.,
LECTURER / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LAKSHMI AMMAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
K.R. NAGAR, KOVILPATTI - 628 503
THOOTHUKUDI DISTRICT, TN
Mobile No: 9943244068
Email Id: aravindulaganathanmech@gmail.com
aravindmech@lapc.in
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=4E3rzVQAAAAJ&hl=en
Wind power has potential in Pakistan but faces challenges. It could help address Pakistan's electricity shortage by providing power to remote areas not connected to the national grid. However, wind is intermittent and large-scale wind farms are needed to meet major power demands. While wind is free and produces no emissions once turbines are built, some view turbines as eyesores that damage landscapes. Pakistan is exploring a project with China to build small wind plants and aims to obtain 5% of its energy from renewables by 2030, but financial and political issues may limit wind power's growth.
The document discusses floating solar power plants and their advantages over land-based solar. It provides details on the components of floating PV systems including the floating structure, mooring system, PV system, and underwater cables. Performance data is presented from two floating PV plants installed in South Korea showing 10.3% higher efficiency than land-based systems. The document also outlines government initiatives and policies in India to promote renewable energy including solar, as well as the financial modeling considerations for setting up floating solar PV plants.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR transmutation of Carbon better energy strategy than...Lewis Larsen
While Obama’s new clean power plan is certainly very well-intentioned, it implicitly throws the fossil fuel industry “under the bus,” naively assumes that wind and solar power will take up the slack at reasonable cost, and does not really attempt to develop radical new sources of low-cost energy.
Rather than eventually replacing fossil fuels with solar, wind, and renewable energy sources over time, LENR technology instead enables oil, gas, and coal producers to convert fossil fuels into cleaner, more valuable form of CO2-free LENR energy --- energy producers, energy consumers, and Mother Earth all win.
While solar PV and wind are CO2-free and extremely biosafe, their intrinsic energy densities are much lower than today’s fossil fuels and inherently intermittent --- not continuous --- sources of electrical and thermal power. Solar and wind renewables therefore simply cannot 100% replace fossil energy sources without enormous economic disruption and gigantic increases in energy costs.
LENRs are the only primary energy technology on foreseeable horizon that could provide the world with affordable dense green energy, connect the unconnected, and empower billions of now powerless, energy-poor people
Lattice’s strategy for replacing today’s combustion with LENR transmutation of Carbon saves the fossil fuel industry yet is highly synergistic with renewables, enables sustainable economic growth, and helps to ameliorate CO2-driven climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC- Toyota Confirms Mitsubishi Transmutation of Cs to Pr-Oct ...Lewis Larsen
In Oct. 2013, Toyota published a paper in the peer-reviewed Japanese Journal of Applied Physics which confirmed important experimental results that Mitsubishi Heavy Industries had first published in 2002. MHI had claimed transmutation of Cesium into Praseodymium via the forced diffusion of Deuterium gas through a thin-film heterostructure containing elemental Palladium using a permeation method pioneered by Mitsubishi; it is capable of triggering nuclear reactions in condensed matter systems under modest temperatures and pressures.
Importantly, all of this experimental data is predicted and fully explained by the peer-reviewed Widom-Larsen theory of low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs).
While the Mitsubishi permeation method is not a suitable embodiment for commercial power generation systems based on LENRs, it has proven to be an excellent laboratory tool for demonstrating that nuclear transmutations can be triggered at will without the use of huge macroscopic temperatures and pressures. In other words, aging stars, supernovae, fission reactors, and thermonuclear explosions are not necessarily required; nucleosynthesis can occur in tabletop experiments that surprisingly do not have or need any radiation shielding.
Toyota's experimental confirmation of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries’ (MHI) neutron-catalyzed LENR-based transmutation method also effectively provided a proof-of-concept for disposal of rather nasty radioactive Cesium (Cs-137) commonly found in nuclear fission reactor wastes into other heavier, non-radioactive stable elements/isotopes using MHI’s permeation process. In principle, a variant of MHI's LENR method with larger neutron fluxes would be extremely flexible and should work on any other type of radioactive isotope that can capture low energy neutrons, e.g., very dangerous Strontium-90, many long-lived transuranics such as Neptunium (please see http://wwwndc.jaea.go.jp/nds/proceedings/2004/harada_h.pdf ), etc..
Lastly, at an American Nuclear Society meeting held in November 2012, Yasuhiro Iwamura of Mitsubishi revealed the Toyota Motor Company itself had recently become involved in LENR R&D, along with other large Japanese companies that he declined to name publicly. Given Japanese companies well known excellence at long-term strategic thinking, it would not be surprising if their ongoing LENR R&D programs aim to ultimately replace the internal combustion engine.
Wind power development in Pakistan has significant potential. The country has an estimated 346,000 MW of untapped wind power potential. To develop this resource, Pakistan has taken several steps to create an enabling environment for wind power projects. This includes providing an attractive feed-in tariff, standardizing project documents, and obtaining an ADB counter guarantee to boost investor confidence. Several initial wind power projects totaling over 500 MW are now under construction. Pakistan aims to attract more investment into the wind sector to help meet its renewable energy target of 9,700 MW by 2020 and reduce dependence on expensive imported fuel.
Current status of Wells Turbine for Wave Energy Conversionijsrd.com
The method of wave energy conversion utilizes an oscillating water column (OWC). The OWC converts wave energy into low-pressure pneumatic energy in the form of bi-directional airflow. Wells has been used to convert this pneumatic power into uni-directional mechanical shaft power. But a Wells turbine has inherent disadvantages like lower efficiency and poorer starting characteristics. This paper provides current status of wells turbine and reviews various researches done to improve starting and running characteristics of wells turbine.
Pakistan nuclear energy vs electricity by noman javed noman
The document discusses Pakistan's energy sector and goals for increasing nuclear power generation. It notes that Pakistan currently has 750 MW of nuclear energy capacity but aims to increase this to 8,800 MW by 2030 under its Vision 2030 plan. To achieve this target, Pakistan would need to build 29 new nuclear reactors of 300 MW each or 10 reactors of 900 MW each, representing an investment of around $30 billion. The document also outlines Pakistan's current and alternative energy sources as well as organizations involved in its nuclear sector like PAEC and PNRA.
Presentation by Bushveld Energy at the African Solar Energy Forum in Accra, Ghana on 16 October 2019. The presentation covers four topics:
1) Overview of energy storage uses and technologies, including their current states of maturity;
2) Benefits to combining solar PV with storage, especially battery energy storage systems (BESS)
3) Examples from Bushveld’s experience in combining BESS with PV for commercial and industrial customers;
4) Introduction to Bushveld and its approach to BESS projects.
The document proposes an Atmospheric Breathing Electric Thruster (ABET) for planetary exploration. An ABET would ingest a planet's atmosphere, ionize a fraction of the gas to use as propellant for electric Hall thrusters, without needing to transport propellant from Earth. Initial testing of a 1500W Hall thruster with CO2 showed 31mN/kW of thrust at 25% efficiency. Further analysis and DSMC modeling suggest the design could collect 20-40% of Mars' atmosphere needed for a 1kW thruster at 160km altitude. Potential missions include atmospheric sampling, surface mapping of entire planets like Mars, and enabling creative new mission profiles with long-duration, in-situ propellant use
Lattice Energy LLC - Battery energy density - product safety - thermal runawa...Lewis Larsen
Global quest to improve performance drives battery R&D toward ever-higher energy densities. High gravimetric energy density rewards battery users with lighter portable or mobile power sources and longer operating times between recharges. Product safety & reliability could be the hidden costs --- higher energy density is a two-edged sword that cuts both ways. Internal electrical shorts, hot sparks, and catastrophic electric arcs are reducing durability and causing thermal runaways, fires, and even explosions in Lithium-ion batteries. Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) may be causing some of these extreme events; engineering for LENR effects could potentially help improve future battery safety and durability.
This document discusses harnessing wind power from high altitude winds using tethered wind turbines. It describes two designs - a four-rotor tethered craft and the HK design, which is an array of small units each with four rotors. Both designs use generators and conductive tethers to transmit the generated electrical power to the ground. Projections indicate the cost of energy from these systems would be competitive at $0.01-$0.02/kWh. Harnessing high-altitude winds is a promising renewable energy source due to the strong, persistent winds and limited environmental impacts.
Offshore Wind Energy – Potential for India
This presentation analyze energy demand scenario, especially that of almost unlimited wind energy and highlight vast potential of offshore wind energy for India in territorial water along its long coastline. Challenges to exploit this potential, financial viability of such offshore energy projects, social, environmental, and other related issues are discussed in Indian context to serve as a useful tool for policymakers to allocate resources for detailed studies for estimation and its ultimate utilization to add to growing pool of renewable energy
This document presents information on X-Wind technology, an airborne wind energy system that uses tethered kites to harness wind power. Key points:
- X-Wind plants combine well-known technologies like kites, generators, and track systems to generate electricity from wind in a more efficient manner than conventional wind turbines.
- Kites are able to fly at higher altitudes where wind speeds are greater, allowing the systems to generate power over 90% of the time compared to 10-40% for traditional wind turbines.
- Initial test flights in 2012 were successful in producing energy. The technology aims to make wind power comparable in cost to fossil fuels and provide grid stability benefits through dispatchable generation.
HZGD#23 Lara Esser - Small Hydro Power & Sustainability Goals v1cHangzhouGreenDrinks
HZGD#23 - Wed, 5 Mar 2014 @Vineyard Cafe/Bar (味雅咖啡), Hangzhou, China
Topic details: Lara would like to present some of the results of the first World Small Hydropower Development Report (2013) in the context of international sustainable energy goals.
Speaker background: Lara Esser is Senior Programme Officer at the International Center on Small Hydro Power (IC-SHP) under auspices of UNIDO here in Hangzhou. She has been coordinating the first World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013, which is now available from ‘Small Hydropower World” knowledge platform (www.smallhydroworld.org).
Lara comes from Germany, but has studied and lived in the UK, the Netherlands, France, Austria, Hong Kong, the United States, Thailand and China. Her background is in the field of marine and freshwater biology, species conservation and assessment, ecological management, climate resilience and rural sustainable development. She has a recent Master’s in Environmental Technology from the Centre of Environmental Policy at Imperial College London.
If you wish to contact Lara, then please send an email to: HangzhouGreenDrinks [AT] gmail [DOT] com
If you want to read about the report related to Lara's presentation you can find it here: http://www.smallhydroworld.org/
This document discusses national and regional power system planning in India. It begins with an introduction to power system planning, including transmission versus distribution planning and long-term versus short-term planning. It then covers various aspects of planning such as generation planning, capacity resource planning, and transmission planning. The document outlines the five electricity regions in India and discusses the economic benefits of regional coordination in planning. It concludes with mentions of integrated resource planning and least cost utility planning strategies.
Lessons Learned of AC Arc Flash Studies for Station Auxiliary Service SystemsPower System Operation
Substation auxiliary service systems are important to supply continuous and momentary power to electrical equipment inside a substation, such as lighting, HVAC, transformer fans, circuit breaker motors, etc. [1]. As a result, station service equipment must be frequently operated or maintained. Either operation or maintenance could trigger an arc flash incident if a fault occurs simultaneously. In order to minimize potential arc flash hazards, AEP Transmission uses ASPEN to model station service systems and calculate incident energy at identified risk locations using an embedded arc flash hazard calculator based on IEEE-1584 [2]. This paper discusses various lessons learned from AEP studies with a focus on project processes and a sensitivity analysis of input data. Knowledge from these lessons learned allows arc flash studies to be more accurate, efficient, and less burdensome to station projects.
Must hybrid power generation station {wind turbine(hawt)&solar (pv)}Mohammed Ahmed Ramadan
This document contains the graduation project of four mechanical engineering students on the design of a hybrid power generation system combining wind turbines and solar PV. It includes 7 chapters that cover renewable energy sources, the design of a 5kW horizontal axis wind turbine using blade element theory and CFD, the design of a 600kW solar PV plant, the construction of a physical model, and the analysis of augmenting the wind turbine with a diffuser. The chapters include descriptions of the design process, calculations, simulation results, and diagrams of the system components. The overall aim is to develop an optimized hybrid power system for clean energy production.
1) The NRC has lowered its estimate of potential fatalities from a nuclear plant meltdown, now estimating less than 2% cesium release compared to the previous 60% estimate.
2) A new traveling wave reactor design generates heat at the top instead of centrally, which makes heat extraction easier but increases some radiation wear on the containment system. It requires 3-4 times more resilient materials.
3) New proposals aim to increase fuel efficiency in city driving by 20% using smartphone data, provide endless power to EVs through wireless road charging, and allow converting conventional vehicles to hybrids with wheel motor kits.
Lattice Energy LLC - Radiation-free Nuclear Propulsion for Advanced Hypersoni...Lewis Larsen
Document outlines our speculative concepts about propulsion of hypersonic aircraft by the controlled triggering LENRs on nanoparticles in dusty plasmas
Lattice published document to stimulate interest in further developing this new approach to propulsion
Please note that this technical discussion presumes that further progress will be made on commercially fabricating and triggering μ-scale LENR-active sites on planar substrate surfaces and on non-planar surfaces of purpose-engineered nanoparticles comprised of multiple elements and varied isotopes
Unique properties of so called “dusty plasmas” are key to operation of this exciting application in LENR technology; these plasmas were appreciated only relatively recently, so the bulk of relevant literature about such plasmas is mostly less than 25 years old
Unlike hypersonic Lockheed Martin SR-72 UAV, Lattice would integrate an LENR dusty plasma scramjet engine with an LENR-powered 50+% efficient Brayton combined cycle turbine that generates DC electricity for power
Enormous flexibility in designing and engineering LENR nanoparticle target fuels; can choose among huge selection of different elements and materials
Could utilize optimized combinations of LENR nuclear and very energetic chemical reactions simultaneously inside the very same reaction chamber
Engine thrust control achieved by tightly regulating amounts of DC input current into dusty plasma and LENR target fuel injection rates
Incredibly high energy densities and low weight of LENR nanoparticulate target fuels might allow an LENR dusty plasma scramjet the luxury of carrying multiple fuel types that are optimized for different flight envelopes
Unlike fission or fusion technologies there would not be any radiation or radioactivity problems, even with a bad crash event in populated area
Please note that many key proprietary engineering-related details have been deliberately omitted from this presentation for obvious commercial reasons
Wind power role in india aitam ppt finalabhi4kismat1
Wind power has significant potential to help meet India's power needs. The document discusses wind power sources in India, the history and evolution of wind turbines, current wind power capacity and leaders worldwide, components of modern wind turbines, and the need for further development of wind power resources and infrastructure in India through national wind mapping, offshore assessments, policy support, workforce training, and electricity market reforms.
Renewable Energy Sources & Energy Conservation (RES&EC) Diploma mechanical E...ARAVIND U
Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Conservation - Diploma Mechanical Engineering - V Semester - III Year - All Unit Introduction Power point Presentation - Intro PPT
Prepared By.....
Mr. U. ARAVIND, B.E., M.I.S.T.E.,
LECTURER / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LAKSHMI AMMAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
K.R. NAGAR, KOVILPATTI - 628 503
THOOTHUKUDI DISTRICT, TN
Mobile No: 9943244068
Email Id: aravindulaganathanmech@gmail.com
aravindmech@lapc.in
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=4E3rzVQAAAAJ&hl=en
Wind power has potential in Pakistan but faces challenges. It could help address Pakistan's electricity shortage by providing power to remote areas not connected to the national grid. However, wind is intermittent and large-scale wind farms are needed to meet major power demands. While wind is free and produces no emissions once turbines are built, some view turbines as eyesores that damage landscapes. Pakistan is exploring a project with China to build small wind plants and aims to obtain 5% of its energy from renewables by 2030, but financial and political issues may limit wind power's growth.
The document discusses floating solar power plants and their advantages over land-based solar. It provides details on the components of floating PV systems including the floating structure, mooring system, PV system, and underwater cables. Performance data is presented from two floating PV plants installed in South Korea showing 10.3% higher efficiency than land-based systems. The document also outlines government initiatives and policies in India to promote renewable energy including solar, as well as the financial modeling considerations for setting up floating solar PV plants.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR transmutation of Carbon better energy strategy than...Lewis Larsen
While Obama’s new clean power plan is certainly very well-intentioned, it implicitly throws the fossil fuel industry “under the bus,” naively assumes that wind and solar power will take up the slack at reasonable cost, and does not really attempt to develop radical new sources of low-cost energy.
Rather than eventually replacing fossil fuels with solar, wind, and renewable energy sources over time, LENR technology instead enables oil, gas, and coal producers to convert fossil fuels into cleaner, more valuable form of CO2-free LENR energy --- energy producers, energy consumers, and Mother Earth all win.
While solar PV and wind are CO2-free and extremely biosafe, their intrinsic energy densities are much lower than today’s fossil fuels and inherently intermittent --- not continuous --- sources of electrical and thermal power. Solar and wind renewables therefore simply cannot 100% replace fossil energy sources without enormous economic disruption and gigantic increases in energy costs.
LENRs are the only primary energy technology on foreseeable horizon that could provide the world with affordable dense green energy, connect the unconnected, and empower billions of now powerless, energy-poor people
Lattice’s strategy for replacing today’s combustion with LENR transmutation of Carbon saves the fossil fuel industry yet is highly synergistic with renewables, enables sustainable economic growth, and helps to ameliorate CO2-driven climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC- Toyota Confirms Mitsubishi Transmutation of Cs to Pr-Oct ...Lewis Larsen
In Oct. 2013, Toyota published a paper in the peer-reviewed Japanese Journal of Applied Physics which confirmed important experimental results that Mitsubishi Heavy Industries had first published in 2002. MHI had claimed transmutation of Cesium into Praseodymium via the forced diffusion of Deuterium gas through a thin-film heterostructure containing elemental Palladium using a permeation method pioneered by Mitsubishi; it is capable of triggering nuclear reactions in condensed matter systems under modest temperatures and pressures.
Importantly, all of this experimental data is predicted and fully explained by the peer-reviewed Widom-Larsen theory of low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs).
While the Mitsubishi permeation method is not a suitable embodiment for commercial power generation systems based on LENRs, it has proven to be an excellent laboratory tool for demonstrating that nuclear transmutations can be triggered at will without the use of huge macroscopic temperatures and pressures. In other words, aging stars, supernovae, fission reactors, and thermonuclear explosions are not necessarily required; nucleosynthesis can occur in tabletop experiments that surprisingly do not have or need any radiation shielding.
Toyota's experimental confirmation of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries’ (MHI) neutron-catalyzed LENR-based transmutation method also effectively provided a proof-of-concept for disposal of rather nasty radioactive Cesium (Cs-137) commonly found in nuclear fission reactor wastes into other heavier, non-radioactive stable elements/isotopes using MHI’s permeation process. In principle, a variant of MHI's LENR method with larger neutron fluxes would be extremely flexible and should work on any other type of radioactive isotope that can capture low energy neutrons, e.g., very dangerous Strontium-90, many long-lived transuranics such as Neptunium (please see http://wwwndc.jaea.go.jp/nds/proceedings/2004/harada_h.pdf ), etc..
Lastly, at an American Nuclear Society meeting held in November 2012, Yasuhiro Iwamura of Mitsubishi revealed the Toyota Motor Company itself had recently become involved in LENR R&D, along with other large Japanese companies that he declined to name publicly. Given Japanese companies well known excellence at long-term strategic thinking, it would not be surprising if their ongoing LENR R&D programs aim to ultimately replace the internal combustion engine.
Wind power development in Pakistan has significant potential. The country has an estimated 346,000 MW of untapped wind power potential. To develop this resource, Pakistan has taken several steps to create an enabling environment for wind power projects. This includes providing an attractive feed-in tariff, standardizing project documents, and obtaining an ADB counter guarantee to boost investor confidence. Several initial wind power projects totaling over 500 MW are now under construction. Pakistan aims to attract more investment into the wind sector to help meet its renewable energy target of 9,700 MW by 2020 and reduce dependence on expensive imported fuel.
Current status of Wells Turbine for Wave Energy Conversionijsrd.com
The method of wave energy conversion utilizes an oscillating water column (OWC). The OWC converts wave energy into low-pressure pneumatic energy in the form of bi-directional airflow. Wells has been used to convert this pneumatic power into uni-directional mechanical shaft power. But a Wells turbine has inherent disadvantages like lower efficiency and poorer starting characteristics. This paper provides current status of wells turbine and reviews various researches done to improve starting and running characteristics of wells turbine.
Pakistan nuclear energy vs electricity by noman javed noman
The document discusses Pakistan's energy sector and goals for increasing nuclear power generation. It notes that Pakistan currently has 750 MW of nuclear energy capacity but aims to increase this to 8,800 MW by 2030 under its Vision 2030 plan. To achieve this target, Pakistan would need to build 29 new nuclear reactors of 300 MW each or 10 reactors of 900 MW each, representing an investment of around $30 billion. The document also outlines Pakistan's current and alternative energy sources as well as organizations involved in its nuclear sector like PAEC and PNRA.
Presentation by Bushveld Energy at the African Solar Energy Forum in Accra, Ghana on 16 October 2019. The presentation covers four topics:
1) Overview of energy storage uses and technologies, including their current states of maturity;
2) Benefits to combining solar PV with storage, especially battery energy storage systems (BESS)
3) Examples from Bushveld’s experience in combining BESS with PV for commercial and industrial customers;
4) Introduction to Bushveld and its approach to BESS projects.
The document proposes an Atmospheric Breathing Electric Thruster (ABET) for planetary exploration. An ABET would ingest a planet's atmosphere, ionize a fraction of the gas to use as propellant for electric Hall thrusters, without needing to transport propellant from Earth. Initial testing of a 1500W Hall thruster with CO2 showed 31mN/kW of thrust at 25% efficiency. Further analysis and DSMC modeling suggest the design could collect 20-40% of Mars' atmosphere needed for a 1kW thruster at 160km altitude. Potential missions include atmospheric sampling, surface mapping of entire planets like Mars, and enabling creative new mission profiles with long-duration, in-situ propellant use
Lattice Energy LLC - Battery energy density - product safety - thermal runawa...Lewis Larsen
Global quest to improve performance drives battery R&D toward ever-higher energy densities. High gravimetric energy density rewards battery users with lighter portable or mobile power sources and longer operating times between recharges. Product safety & reliability could be the hidden costs --- higher energy density is a two-edged sword that cuts both ways. Internal electrical shorts, hot sparks, and catastrophic electric arcs are reducing durability and causing thermal runaways, fires, and even explosions in Lithium-ion batteries. Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) may be causing some of these extreme events; engineering for LENR effects could potentially help improve future battery safety and durability.
This document discusses harnessing wind power from high altitude winds using tethered wind turbines. It describes two designs - a four-rotor tethered craft and the HK design, which is an array of small units each with four rotors. Both designs use generators and conductive tethers to transmit the generated electrical power to the ground. Projections indicate the cost of energy from these systems would be competitive at $0.01-$0.02/kWh. Harnessing high-altitude winds is a promising renewable energy source due to the strong, persistent winds and limited environmental impacts.
Offshore Wind Energy – Potential for India
This presentation analyze energy demand scenario, especially that of almost unlimited wind energy and highlight vast potential of offshore wind energy for India in territorial water along its long coastline. Challenges to exploit this potential, financial viability of such offshore energy projects, social, environmental, and other related issues are discussed in Indian context to serve as a useful tool for policymakers to allocate resources for detailed studies for estimation and its ultimate utilization to add to growing pool of renewable energy
This document presents information on X-Wind technology, an airborne wind energy system that uses tethered kites to harness wind power. Key points:
- X-Wind plants combine well-known technologies like kites, generators, and track systems to generate electricity from wind in a more efficient manner than conventional wind turbines.
- Kites are able to fly at higher altitudes where wind speeds are greater, allowing the systems to generate power over 90% of the time compared to 10-40% for traditional wind turbines.
- Initial test flights in 2012 were successful in producing energy. The technology aims to make wind power comparable in cost to fossil fuels and provide grid stability benefits through dispatchable generation.
HZGD#23 Lara Esser - Small Hydro Power & Sustainability Goals v1cHangzhouGreenDrinks
HZGD#23 - Wed, 5 Mar 2014 @Vineyard Cafe/Bar (味雅咖啡), Hangzhou, China
Topic details: Lara would like to present some of the results of the first World Small Hydropower Development Report (2013) in the context of international sustainable energy goals.
Speaker background: Lara Esser is Senior Programme Officer at the International Center on Small Hydro Power (IC-SHP) under auspices of UNIDO here in Hangzhou. She has been coordinating the first World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013, which is now available from ‘Small Hydropower World” knowledge platform (www.smallhydroworld.org).
Lara comes from Germany, but has studied and lived in the UK, the Netherlands, France, Austria, Hong Kong, the United States, Thailand and China. Her background is in the field of marine and freshwater biology, species conservation and assessment, ecological management, climate resilience and rural sustainable development. She has a recent Master’s in Environmental Technology from the Centre of Environmental Policy at Imperial College London.
If you wish to contact Lara, then please send an email to: HangzhouGreenDrinks [AT] gmail [DOT] com
If you want to read about the report related to Lara's presentation you can find it here: http://www.smallhydroworld.org/
This document discusses national and regional power system planning in India. It begins with an introduction to power system planning, including transmission versus distribution planning and long-term versus short-term planning. It then covers various aspects of planning such as generation planning, capacity resource planning, and transmission planning. The document outlines the five electricity regions in India and discusses the economic benefits of regional coordination in planning. It concludes with mentions of integrated resource planning and least cost utility planning strategies.
Lessons Learned of AC Arc Flash Studies for Station Auxiliary Service SystemsPower System Operation
Substation auxiliary service systems are important to supply continuous and momentary power to electrical equipment inside a substation, such as lighting, HVAC, transformer fans, circuit breaker motors, etc. [1]. As a result, station service equipment must be frequently operated or maintained. Either operation or maintenance could trigger an arc flash incident if a fault occurs simultaneously. In order to minimize potential arc flash hazards, AEP Transmission uses ASPEN to model station service systems and calculate incident energy at identified risk locations using an embedded arc flash hazard calculator based on IEEE-1584 [2]. This paper discusses various lessons learned from AEP studies with a focus on project processes and a sensitivity analysis of input data. Knowledge from these lessons learned allows arc flash studies to be more accurate, efficient, and less burdensome to station projects.
Optimal Capacitor Placement for IEEE 14 bus system using Genetic AlgorithmAM Publications
Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a non-parametric optimization technique that is frequently used in problems of combinatory nature with discrete or continuous variables. Depending on the evaluation function used this optimization technique may be applied to solve problems containing more than one objective. In treating with multi-objective evaluation functions it is important to have an adequate methodology to solve the multiple objectives problem so that each partial objective composing the evaluation function is adequately treated in the overall optimal solution. In this paper the multi-objective optimization problem is treated in details and a typical example concerning the allocation of capacitor banks in a real distribution grid is presented. The allocation of capacitor banks corresponds to one of the most important problems related to the planning of electrical distribution networks. This problem consists of determining, with the smallest possible cost, the placement and the dimension of each capacitor bank to be installed in the electrical distribution grid with the additional objectives of minimizing the voltage deviations and power losses. As many other problems of planning electrical distribution networks, the allocation of capacitor banks are characterized by the high complexity in the search of the optimum solution. In this context, the GA comes as a viable tool to obtaining practical solutions to this problem. Simulation results obtained with a electrical distribution grid are presented and demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology used.
Lecture 1_Introduction to power system planning.pdfssuser5feb82
The document provides an introduction to power system planning. It discusses the key elements of power systems including generation, transmission, and loads. It describes different types of power system studies conducted over various time horizons from long-term planning studies conducted years in advance to short-term operational studies conducted within hours or minutes. The document also discusses different types of power system planning issues including load forecasting, generation expansion planning, substation expansion planning, network expansion planning, and reactive power planning. It notes the challenges of planning in the presence of uncertainties in an deregulated electric power market.
The 5 core tools are recognized as standard quality tools for the automotive ...arvindsinghrathore6
The 5 core tools are recognized as standard quality tools for the automotive industry by AIAG, although they are also used in other manufacturing sectors such as aerospace, defense, medical, and pharmaceutical.
This document summarizes a presentation on radial feeder protection concepts. It discusses the components of a radial feeder distribution system and protective schemes to avoid malfunctions. It then describes the setup of a radial feeder protection panel that students can use to learn fundamentals of protection. Electromechanical relays, wiring diagrams, and photos of the physical panel are shown. The conclusion discusses how faults can be protected against and how the hands-on project helps students understand basic protection terminology.
Power system planning involves studies ranging from 1-10 years to determine generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure needs. Key aspects of transmission planning include load forecasting, generation expansion planning to meet load, substation expansion planning, network expansion planning to transmit power from generators to loads, and reactive power planning. Both static planning looking at single time periods and dynamic planning considering multiple time periods simultaneously are used. Transmission planning is interconnected with generation planning, as transmission systems deliver power from generators to loads.
IRJET- Voltage Stability, Loadability and Contingency Analysis with Optimal I...IRJET Journal
This document discusses contingency analysis and optimal placement of renewable distributed generators (RDGs) using continuation power flow analysis to improve voltage stability and loadability. It presents a methodology to determine the optimal location and mix of different RDG technologies (solar, wind, fuel cells) on the IEEE 9-bus test system using the Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT). Reactive power performance indices are calculated for different line contingencies to identify critical buses. The results show that optimally placing RDGs can enhance voltage stability and increase the maximum loadability point compared to the base case without RDGs.
This document provides an overview of non-conventional energy sources and renewable energy development in India. It discusses how renewable energy sources like solar, wind and biomass can help meet growing energy demands in a sustainable way. It outlines India's efforts to promote renewable energy through programs and policies that encourage grid-connected power generation from sources like solar, wind and small hydropower. The document emphasizes the need to commercialize renewable technologies and develop entrepreneurship in the renewable energy sector to fully utilize India's renewable energy potential.
Optimal design of storm sewer networksBhanu Pratap
This document provides a review of past, present and future approaches to optimal design of storm sewer networks. It discusses how optimization techniques have been used since the 1960s to minimize construction costs while ensuring system performance, moving from linear programming and non-linear programming to more advanced techniques like dynamic programming and discrete differential dynamic programming. The document also outlines key advantages of optimal design over traditional design methods.
IRJET- A Survey on Optimization Technique for Congestion Managenment in Restr...IRJET Journal
This document discusses congestion management in restructured power markets using generator rescheduling optimization techniques. It presents particle swarm optimization (PSO) as an effective method to select generators and reschedule their power outputs to minimize congestion costs. PSO works by having particles represent potential solutions that move through the search space, guided by their own experience and the experiences of neighboring particles. The algorithm iteratively improves the candidate solutions until an optimal rescheduling plan is found. The technique aims to reduce participating generator numbers and reschedule their outputs at minimum cost while respecting power balance and operating constraints. PSO is well-suited for this problem due to its simplicity, efficiency, and ability to handle non-convex problems.
Final year project ideas for electrical engineering eepowerschool.comMuhammad Sarwar
Final year project is the ultimate achievement of an electrical engineering graduate. The idea
of a final year project is to practically implement the technical and professional skills learned.
Graduates work on different final year project ideas. The title of an FYP should be novel and
the project must have a positive impact on the society. Many students choose their FYP topic
in a haste, and at the end of completion, it’s no good for them. So, choose your final year
project wisely and give a lot of thinking while choosing final year project ideas for your
electrical engineering degree.
This post gives a complete list of final year project ideas for electrical engineering students. A
short summary (or synopsis) of the project has also been given to get the complete
understanding of the project. The summary contains a short introduction, methodology and
project outcomes.
Undergraduate students of BSEE are encouraged to pick a topic that would implement a novel
research idea. Though, only simulations can also be used instead of a design project. Various
simulation softwares are available to implement the FYP e.g, Matlab/Simulink, Power World
Simulator, ETAP, Digsilent PowerFactory, PSCAD etc.
Monitoring of Transmission and Distribution Grids using PMUsLuigi Vanfretti
My presentation on "Monitoring of Transmission and Distribution Grids using PMUs" for the Workshop on Energy Business Opportunities in NY State.
The Center for Integrated Electrical Energy Systems (CIEES) at Stony Brook University and the Center for Future Energy Systems (CFES) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute will be holding a one day Workshop on Energy Business Opportunities in NY State.
Modification Of Solar Hybrid Tricycle for Divyang People By Using Electronics...IRJET Journal
This document discusses modifying a solar hybrid tricycle to aid disabled people by adding electronic systems. The tricycle would use solar panels to generate power from sunlight and charge a battery. The stored battery energy would power a motor to drive the tricycle. The battery could also be charged through a generator powered by pedaling. A microcontroller would be programmed to add safety features like obstacle detection, anti-theft protection, and emergency alerts for the user. The goals are to develop an affordable, environmentally friendly electric vehicle that can charge through renewable solar energy and transport disabled individuals longer distances.
The document describes using a non-linear programming model to optimize the design of a water distribution network in Mumbai, India. A traditional branch software method was first used to design the network. Then, a non-linear programming model was formulated in MS Excel to minimize total pipe costs while ensuring minimum pressure requirements are met at each node. The optimized design reduced total pipe costs by 5.08% compared to the original design. The non-linear programming model provides a simpler optimization approach than other complex algorithms that require more technical knowledge.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed by Sandia Corporation for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration. The document outlines Sandia's project to dramatically speed up quasi-static time-series simulations of distributed photovoltaic impacts on the distribution grid. The goals are to develop algorithms to reduce simulation times from 10-120 hours currently to under 5 minutes, allowing utilities to better assess high penetrations of solar. Preliminary results show circuit reduction methods achieving over 90% reduction in complexity with minimal error.
This document discusses life cycle assessment (LCA) of underground cables. LCA is a tool used to systematically evaluate the environmental impacts of a product or service throughout its life cycle. The document outlines the principles and standards of LCA methodology. It explains how LCA can help cable manufacturers and grid operators identify ways to reduce the environmental impacts of underground transmission lines and integrate environmental considerations into decision making. The document then reviews existing LCA studies of underground cable systems and provides guidance on performing an LCA of underground cables.
Impact of Electric Vehicle Integration on Gridvivatechijri
Load flow analysis is most essential and important approach to investigate problems in power system. It can provide balance steady state operation of power system without considering transients in it. This project presents a new and efficient method for solving the Load flow problem of a distribution network. By using Backward/Forward sweep method parameters like voltage profile, total power losses, load on each bus of the Distribution Network will be known. By using Load Flow load balancing of the Distribution system can be achieved. For load balancing we will use the power stored in the Electric vehicle. As Electric vehicle has large battery pack for storage. The impact of Electric Vehicle and load flow of distribution network is computer programed to implement the power flow solution scheme in MATLAB software.
Reducing Manufacturing Cost through Value Stream MappingEditor IJCATR
To survive in today's competitive world, companies require low costs and high customer service levels. As such,
companies pay more effort to reduce their manufacturing cost. Value stream mapping CVSM) technique has been used on a broad
scale in big companies such as toyato and boeing. This paper considers the implementation of value stream mapping technique in
manufacturing technical spring by railway spring manufacturing company. It focuses on product family, current state map and the
future state map. The aim is to identify waste in the form of non value added activities and processes and than removing them to
improve the performance of the company. Current state map is prepared to describe the existing position and various problem
areas. Future state map is prepared to show the proposed improvement action plans. The achievements of value stream mapping
implementation are reduction in manufacturing cost. It was found that even a small company make significant improvements by
adopting VSM technology. It was concluded that if we adopt the VSM technique the company could reduce the manufacturing
cost from 62.5Cr to 61.88Cr
Reducing Manufacturing Cost through Value Stream Mapping
Team Nile EE416 Final Report
1. T e a m N i l e F a l l 2 0 1 4 Page 1
Big Bend Transmission Report
Final Report
Sponsor: Avista Corp.
1411 East Mission Avenue
P.O. Box 3727
Spokane, WA 99220-32727
Mentor: Richard Maguire
Team Nile:
Simon Miller
Brian Rossi
Chris Rusnak
Roland Schafer
Duration: January 13, 2014 – December 20, 2014
Course: EE416 Electrical Engineering Design
Instructor: Dr. Jose G. Delgado-Frias
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Pullman, WA 99164
2. T e a m N i l e F a l l 2 0 1 4 Page 2
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary 3
2 Introduction 3
a. General
b. Scope of Feasibility Study
3 Project Management 5
4 Results 7
a. Concept Generation
b. Concept Selection
c. Subsystem Prototype
d. Power Flow Study Plan – Procedure
e. Modeling and Simulation
f. Demonstration Prototype
g. Description of Final Design
5 Impact Analysis 21
a. Generation vs. Environment
b. Reliability vs. Longevity
c. Public vs. Private
6 Limitations and Recommendations for Future Work 23
7 Conclusion 23
8 Acknowledgments 24
9 Appendix 25
3. T e a m N i l e F a l l 2 0 1 4 Page 3
1. Executive Summary
The requirements that have been set forth are to analyze both the high transfer case and
the heavy summer case each having their own different solutions for the transmission
system in the Big Bend area when we operate three 115 kV transmission lines that are
currently in a non-operational setting. We will be closing in these three transmission line
sections: 1) Davenport 2) Sprague 3) Damon-Marengo. Currently, when we close all
three of these lines and operate them, too much power wants to travel down these lines
during a high transfer case. These lines as they stand now cannot accommodate power
transfer required and have many instances of maximum power transfer violations which
will cause damage to these lines if operated. For the design the group is to decide what
electrical projects need to be done to prevent overload conditions from occurring with
these lines closed in. The system needs to be able to handle a list of contingencies, which
is a pre made list of outages generated by Avista to ensure compliance to NERC and
WECC (governing bodies for large electrical utilities) and ensure that the lines are not
overloaded. Considerations for this project include the cost of new generation facilities,
substations, transformers, adding in new transmission lines and reconductoring existing
transmission lines [1].
The Avista Corporation is potentially going to be investing millions of dollars if they
decide to build the proposed design. A feasibility report is going to be needed to show the
investors the benefits of doing the project. We need to show that in the long run it will be
beneficial to stop the current interconnection agreement with Grant PUD. When Avista
presents their system plans for the years to come they use the software PowerWorld to
analyze their own power systems and look at the feedback given by the software to
determine plans of action [2].
The analysis will be done by using PowerWorld simulator [3]. The group will be making
electrical changes to the Big Bend power grid and use a contingency analysis tool to test
each change that we make in order to see how our changes affects the system. In the end,
the separate solutions will be combined into one case showing that the system will be
stable and able to support the growth in the region for years to come.
2. Introduction
2.1 General
Team Nile of Washington State University teamed up with Avista Corporation on the
design of closing in three transmission lines in the Big Bend area. The team was required
to research the Big Bend area, select the appropriate transmission line to use, then
conduct an interconnection study with the transmission lines closed in Avista’s system.
4. T e a m N i l e F a l l 2 0 1 4 Page 4
Figure:1 shows the three transmission lines we will be working on for this project
The client of this project is Richard Maguire, a system-planning engineer, who works at
Avista Corporation. Grant County PUD currently owns a section of line that is the only
way to deliver power to certain section of Avista’s customers. This has been causing
problems on their system during a few N-1-1 contingency scenarios.
The stakeholders of this project include possible landowners where Avista will be
constructing new transmission lines. These landowners will be paid in order to place the
transmission lines on their property. The next stakeholder would be utility company since
they rely on receiving power from the lines in order to provide the required amount of
energy a town or city needs. Owners of the lines and corporate investors will also be
stakeholders because their money will be used to construct the projects, and they will
receive the proceeds from the wind farm.
Team Nile of Washington State University has performed power flow analysis for the
Avista grid only and will not deal with lines that belong to Avista. The team has two
simulation cases to monitor the effects the new Big Bend design in certain conditions,
with different scenarios for the power flow. The two cases were heavy summer and high
transfer. Each case was then conducted under no Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
and the other with only Avista systems responding for any disturbances. In each of the
simulations cases, the team has analyzed the system for any violations, and then
confirmed if the violations issued were caused by the new design. The team has also
produced feasible solutions in order to correct the violations created by the new design.
2.2 Scope of the Feasibility Study
This report will cover various topics of all the design work and solutions created by Team
Nile of Washington State University. The first topic that will be discussed is the design to
5. T e a m N i l e F a l l 2 0 1 4 Page 5
fix the Big Bend area and the logistics of the type of transmission lines that will be
implemented. The report will also go over what substation design we will be using for
certain Avista stations.
Then the report will discuss how the team will go on about testing the new design
implemented in the Big Bend area. It will discuss the heavy summer case and the high
transfer case and the procedures of the simulations.
We will also include the results of the simulations and will talk about all of the violations
in our project. The discussion will be about the type of violations, what caused the
violations, the relevance of each violation compared to others, and the solutions to the
violations.
3. Project Management
Team Nile Gantt Chart end of semester
6. T e a m N i l e F a l l 2 0 1 4 Page 6
Team Nile full semester Gantt Chart
The charts above are the schedule Team Nile followed throughout the semester for their
project. You can see that each member of the group had their own unique tasks to
accomplish while all of them would be working on the same case. For the cases, each
member was working to solve the same goal but each case they had been different. Team
Nile wanted to finish the final design for the project weeks before the presentation so
they would have plenty of time to work on their final presentation.
7. T e a m N i l e F a l l 2 0 1 4 Page 7
4. Results
4.1 Concept Generation
Our mentor from Avista talked about the basic designs that are needed for our project in
order to complete it. We found that there is a certain amount of solutions that we can use
in order to achieve our end goal. The following is what we came up with, adding new
transmission lines, reconductoring existing transmission lines, adding reactor and
capacitor banks, and substation redesign.
When we were researching we found that Avista has two transmission lines which they
currently use. The lines that Avista use are the 795 Aluminum Conductor Steel
Reinforced (ACSR) and 1590 ACSR [3, 4]. Both of these transmission lines are suitable
for the project at hand and are able to handle the power flow that is expected.
Looking at what we can use for the next solution for our goals is that we can use
capacitors and reactor banks. These banks provide an increased voltage stability, can help
improve the power quality of the transmission line, these types of banks also help
increase the loading possibilities on the existing transmission system [1,3]. It is up to us
to find the advantages and disadvantages of picking either one of these and viewing the
effects that it has on the system.
The final thing that we need to consider is redesigning substations and changing the bus
configuration or completely building a new substation. We will have to consider different
types of bus configurations and while changing the setup see the effects that it has on the
system.
Table 1: Below in the table it shows the project solutions:
Transmission Line Banks Substation Redesign
795 ACSR Reactor banks New substations
1590 ACSR Capacitor banks Redesigned substations
4. 2 Concept Selection
When it comes time to present to Avista there needs to be multiple options. Therefore, for
the high transfer case we will have three separate solutions. The reason for using the high
transfer case is due to if nothing fails during the contingency analysis for this case then it
will pass for any other conditions. The three options that are going to be considered are
8. T e a m N i l e F a l l 2 0 1 4 Page 8
the most expensive, least expensive, and most cost effective/efficient. For each case a
contingency analysis will be ran for N-1 violations. A N-1 violation is where there is one
part of the system that is taken out due to a condition and system analysis is performed
for each violation. Each case is going to have a cost analysis performed so Avista knows
how much each option will cost.
We are going to first look at the most expensive case. The goals for this case are to make
the most robust system and plan for the longevity of the system without a budget concern.
This will be where the group is divided into three teams with one person working on the
Devils Gap to Davenport, one on Ewan to Lind, and two on Devils Gap to Lind line since
this line causes the most problems when closed in. From here each line will be closed in
individually where a contingency analysis is ran. This will essentially be solving for a n-2
contingency situation because we will have two out of the three lines in the Big Bend
area out of service. Once each line is solved individually they will be combined into one
system with all the changes made. The system will then be rerun against the contingency
analysis and any remaining issues will be addressed which will be very few, if any. This
should insure a really robust system that will be able to support load growth in the future,
but will more than likely be way overpriced, and more than what Avista would be willing
to pay. As seen in Figure 2 below this is an example of how each line will be solved. In
this example the Devils gap to Davenport line is closed-in and changes to the system
were made to fix the contingency violations. Changes can vary for each line but as seen
here a line was added in and other lines were reconductored, shown in the highlighted
region. When new lines are added a right of way study has to be performed to make sure
that the new line is not going through Native American land, towns, or anything that
could be in the way of the transmission line.
9. T e a m N i l e F a l l 2 0 1 4 Page 9
Figure 2: Devils gap to Davenport
The next case that will be examined will be the least expensive. This case will focus on
fixing the short term problems and not looking at longevity. Therefore, future load
growth will not be taken into consideration. The way this case will be solved is having 2
members focusing on low voltage violations, and the other two on high voltage
violations. This method will involve using mostly capacitor or reactor banks to fix the
violations along with updating the substations bus schemes, but not adding new ones.
Reconductoring the lines will try to be avoided, while adding in new lines will be a last
resort. The reason for this is that the transmission lines can be very expensive per mile of
conductor.
The last case that will be looked at will be the most cost effective model. This one will be
similar to the most expensive one but will focus more on cost effectiveness. For this
solution we will be assigning people to focus on their own task. The tasks are fixing
contingencies for breaker failures, low voltage violations, high voltage violations, and
overloaded lines. For the breaker failure violations, the substations will be examined and
updated or changed. Along with this it will examine if it is possible to change the bus
configuration to fix these violations. The low voltage violations will be handled in a
similar manner where the substation will be examined and updated and to see if a
capacitor bank can be added. The high voltage is the same as the low voltage case for
fixing the violations but instead of capacitor banks reactor banks will be used. Last are
10. T e a m N i l e F a l l 2 0 1 4 Page 10
the overloaded line violations. These will be handled by seeing if it will be possible to
add new lines and whether it is possible to reconductor the existing lines. We will then
combine all the projects and check the system. When all of these changes are combined
into one case the system should be very stable, accommodate future load growth, and be
cost effective. This case will more than likely be the one that Avista would implement
when closing in the three lines in the big bend.
4.3 Subsystem Prototype
The subsystem prototype was designed and simulated on PowerWorld simulator. The
power network that was being studied was given to the team to work on. The plan was to
close in existing 115kv lines that had a low MVA rating, and fix the system to be how it
sits today. The transmission line that was used for this was the795 ACSS.
The design process was long and required a lot of testing. It was not a matter of just
reconductoring the overloaded line and calling it good. The data taken from the
contingency analysis had to be analyzed to see what violations had to be fixed. From here
we ended up adding in new lines, and further reconductoring lines that were not in the
area of study but lines that were affected by the changes that were being made. For this
system two new transmission lines were needed in order to make the system reliable. The
first line would run from Gaffney to Fairchild, and the second line will run next to an
existing line that is owned by Grant PUD. Since the line from Gaffney to Fairchild is new
and there is not an existing substation at either location we had to come up with a design
for them which we chose a ring bus. A ring bus is ideal because it is reliable, handle up to
6 feeders, and be upgraded to a breaker and a half if the area grows too much for the ring
bus. Another design change that is pertinent is upgrading the substation at Devils Gap to
a breaker in a half. As that station sits it is a main aux bus so when the bus tie breaker
fails the station fails to deliver power. The new design would be a breaker in a half which
would make the system more reliable because the station wouldn’t be relying on one
breaker to operate.
4.4 Power Flow Study Plan Procedure
For our team’s project, there will be multiple tests simulated on different cases. There are
four cases, heavy summer with Saddle Mountain, heavy summer without Saddle
Mountain, high transfer with Saddle Mountain, and high transfer without Saddle
Mountain. The goal is to determine the violations we have caused, analyze them, and to
come up with a viable solution to solve them. Each member of the team is assigned one
of the four cases and each one of us will be studying our individual cases and will come
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up with our own unique solution. We will be looking at the comparison between the base
case scenario, which is when the three lines are open, and to our modified cases.
We will be testing our cases in PowerWorld using the contingency analysis tool. When
running the contingency analysis, it will take your case and will display voltages and
powers at each bus, the amount of current through the transmission lines, and will check
for any type of violation that would violate FERC standards. Table 2 shows how the
violations are displayed in PowerWorld after the contingency analysis is completed.
Table 2: Contingency Analysis
After running the contingency analysis, all of the violations will be displayed. This is
very useful for our team to determine if our solution satisfies our client’s requirements or
see why we haven’t met them. We need to make sure our changes our solving more
violations than creating new violations. Using this also helps organize all of the violations
and makes it easier to detect a bus or line that have multiple violations and will need to be
fixed to make the system stable and reliable.
The validation of our results is very important to us and there are a couple ways to prove
it. The software PowerWorld is tested by FERC with an actual case that occurred. They
will simulate that case in PowerWorld and will compare the results to what actually
happened. Also, each one of us will run our cases multiple times to make sure you keep
getting the same results. Then we will look over the system and confirm that the results
are what we thought they would be. Each member will then look at each other’s results
and will see if they can detect any problems. Also our client will check our case and will
help us fix any problems he finds.
Figure 3 below shows one of our team member’s solutions to the high transfer with
saddle mountain case. He has reconductored all three lines we are working with in the
Big Bend and then added a new transmission line connection Fairchild to Gaffney. After
running the contingency analysis on the system, we had only three new violations left
compared to the base case. Currently we are looking for possible causes and solutions to
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the remaining violations and will start to combine the high transfer cases with the heavy
summer cases.
Figure 3: Online of the high transfer case with saddle mountain
4.5 Modeling and Simulations
TransLine Calc
When we are reconductoring old rated transmission lines in the Big Bend, we have to
determine the new parameters for the lines. To calculate these new parameters, we use a
program called TransLine Calc. In the program, we will enter how long the transmission
line is, the conductor type, tower configuration, power base, and voltage base. With the
data, it will calculate the resistance, reactance, susceptance, and conductance of the new
line. In figure 4, we are trying to calculate the new parameters for the line that runs from
Devils Gap to Reardan. After entering the input data for the line, the TransLine Calc
outputs our new parameters as shown below.
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Figure 4: TransLine Calc
PowerWorld Simulator
For our project, the main software we use is PowerWorld. After we determine the new
parameters from the TransLine Calc, we can enter them in PowerWorld for the
transmission lines we are reconductoring. Using PowerWorld, we will run a simulation
test that will check through all the lines and buses and will display the violations in our
system. Figure 5 shows only a couple of the buses and transmission lines that we will be
working with for our project. In figure 7, this is how we are able to see and edit the
transmission line parameters in PowerWorld.
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Figure 5: Oneline for a selected area in the Big Bend.
Figure 6: Big Bend Region
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Figure 7: Transmission Line Parameters
In PowerWorld we our able to view a single bus individually and can look how the
stations are set up. This is a nice feature to use to see if the possibility of re-designing a
bus station where a lot of violations occur would be a viable solution. Currently, Devils
Gap bus station is poorly designed and creates many problems in the system so our team
has already started to look into redesigning this station. Figure 8 below displays how bus
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stations are displayed in PowerWorld.
Figure 8: Bus layout of Devil’s Gap west.
Once we have applied our new changes to the system, we can run the contingency
analysis. This simulation will run through our case and will display voltages and powers
at each bus, the amount of current through the transmission lines, and will check for any
type of violation that would violate FERC standards. Using this tool in PowerWorld we
are able to display all the violations. The goal of our project is to eliminate all the
violations the three lines in the Big Bend create when we close them in to make a stable
solution. The next step will be to start working through each violation and coming up
with a solution for them. We will be analyzing possible fixes and seeing if they will make
the system more reliable while being cost efficient.
Pivot Table
Once the contingency analysis is finished the data can be imported into an excel sheet
where pivot tables can be used to help interpret all of the violations that have occurred.
The reason these tables are important is because you can compare multiple cases such as
with certain breakers open or closed, with new transmission lines added or any
combination of such. Different seasons can also be compared next to each other, along
with a high power transfer case for when lots of power is going through the system to
other states instead of a local heavy power load. The info can then be clearly interpreted
due to the pivot tables, which helps us further gain an understanding of where and how
problems in the power grid are caused for each case we are looking at. This allows us to
quickly find problems, which in return allows for more time to be spent working on a
solution for the given case.
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Shown in table 3 is an example of what a pivot table looks like. For this system the base
case is shown in the light blue column, the red column shows when a transmission line is
closed in, and the green column shows a potential solution to fix the violations that
occurred. At a quick glance it is shown that there is a total of 35, 343, and 53 violations.
The rows can also be expanded to show more information about the system. The “BUS:
Larson 115 kV” row is expanded and it shows that the potential solution fixed the 3
violations but in return it created a new violation in row 16. This is just one of the various
uses of pivot tables and why we use them in analyzing the results.
Table 3: Example pivot table showing different cases
4.6 Demonstration Prototype
Team Nile did not have a physical device to present because most of the work was with
simulations; Nile had two monitors running on the table with the poster. On one of the
monitors displayed the PowerWorld Simulator running Avista’s current system with none
of team Niles changes applied. The three transmission lines in the Big Bend were open
first and then the team showed what happens to the system when the lines are closed. The
other monitor showed the same systems as monitor one but with team Nile’s alterations
added.
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Figure 9: Team Nile Design Poster
4.7 Description of Final Design
The subsystem prototype just addressed the MVA violations. In order for this
design to be implemented by Avista further design and testing would be needed to
address voltage violations by adding capacitor banks or inductor banks to keep the lines
loaded properly. However when just looking at the MVA violations the final design is
more reliable than the system is now and some old violations were fixed by the projects
that were done to the system.
The key points for this project are: reconductoring lines from Devils Gap to
Odessa, Devils Gap to Lind, Lind to Shawnee, and Lind to Othello. The new lines are
from Gaffney to Fairchild, and Larson to Stratford with a new substation at these two
locations.
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Figure 10: One line from Devils Gap to lind
The one line shown above in figure 10 shows the length of the transmission line that will
be reconductored as well as the describing what the new line will be reconductored with.
These were done for each section of line for both reconductored and new lines. Along
with each of the one lines a paragraph with explaining what is happening and why was
written. This would look like as follow:
The length of line from Devils Gap down to Lind will all be reconductored
to 795 ACSS since the existing line fails to meet the performance
requirements of 2014 for all segments when closed in. When looking at
the contingency analysis for an N-1 where the Bell-Coulee #6 fails every
line in this section fails to support the load across it because it does not
have a high enough MVA rating. The same problem arises when N-1
Larson-Stratford contingency happens. The segment lengths to be replaced
are: Devils Gap- Reardan 13.9 miles, Reardan- Gaffney 18 miles,
Gaffney- Sprague 6.3 miles, Sprague- Ritzville 18.8 miles, and Ritzville-
Lind 16.8 miles. The 795 ACSS will have a high enough rating to mitigate
thermal violations for well over the ten year planning horizon.
Along with the one lines we drew up the design of the new substations. For the new
substations the team decided on a ring bus. The ring bus is practical for this more remote
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region because of its size and there are not more than 6 feeders for each station. Also if
the area does grow a lot then these substations can be upgraded to a breaker and a half
scheme.
Figure 11: Ring bus for Fairchild
Table 4: Table of projects, price, and completion time
The table above gives a timeline for completion under ideal conditions if Avista were to
implement this project. The final end of this project if it started in 2015 wouldn’t be
completed till after 2020 like the table shows. This is because weather affects the
construction of the line, and construction usually only happens in the fall and spring since
that is when the ideal load and power transfer happens. Also it depends on the availability
of the line crew.
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For the new line added from Gaffney to Fairchild, we needed to do a feasibility study. To
do this we had to look at the land using Google maps to make sure that there are no
obstacles in the way of where the new line will go which is what Avista uses. Also we
needed to make sure that the new lines will not go where native lands are which in this
case it does not. The line is south of the Spokane and Colville tribal lands When looking
at the map the area the new line will travel through is farm lands and empty lands that are
lightly wooded. When the line is put in it will have to go around a few lakes in the
medical lake area. Based on the findings there should be no issue with putting in this new
line.
Figure 12: Shows the general path the new line would take
5. Impact Analysis
5.1. Generation VS. Environment
a) Define: If our project calls for adding a generation plant then many other dynamics
will have to be taken into account, such as the environmental impacts of adding a
generation unit to the grid. We do not want our project to turn into an ecological concern,
which could reduce the reputation of Avista. If a generation plant is taken into
consideration than the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) and The North
American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) regulations will have to be strictly
followed [4,5].
b) Explore: Electricity can be generated in numerous ways. This allows us choose a
method that has the right balance between the power that is generated and the impact that
is caused by it.
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c) Summary:
This is was not a feasible solution for our project due to cost and other variables. We ran
studies in the Big Bend area to see if adding generation would be beneficial while helping
maintain the system. After the studies were conducted, we came to a conclusion that the
cost of adding generation would have be too expensive and would only solve a couple
contingencies while they are cheaper solutions that fixes more contingencies. The
modifications we did make to the system do allow Avista to add future generation to the
grid if there is a future power growth in the Big Bend area.
5.2. Reliability VS. Longevity
a) Define: An issue that is always prevalent with creating new transmission lines and
new generators is the reliability and how useful they will be in 30 years. Due to the ever
growing and expanding electrical network, there is always a constant demand to be able
to deliver more power.
b) Explore: When exploring the reliability of transmission lines there are lots of
questions that need to be answered, such as will the poles and wire hold up in extreme
weather? Will it still be standing and working properly after 30 or 40 years? How do we
know that it will last?
c) Summary:
The group decided to use the 795 ACSS 115 kV transmission line to do all of our
reconudctoring of the old rated lines. With this line, we will increase the MVA ratings
almost 4 times the old transmission lines ratings so using this line increases the reliability
of the system as well as thinking long term. Thinking about the cost of constructing the
795 ACSS, it isn’t the cheapest line that Avista uses but for the design, we are making a
design that will last and not just a cheap fix so using a little more expensive line is worth
spending to make a better system. We also had to think about the costs of redesigning
substations while our reliable each design is. For the new substation, we decided with a
ring bus due to the high reliability and cheap cost compared to a breaker and a half.
5.3. Public VS. Private
a) Define: Avista Utilities is a private company. The objective for Avista is to deliver
reliable power to its customers at a fair price and to sell excess transmission capabilities
to other entities. Avista is currently leaning on Grant PUD system and there is a potential
of being charged for usage of their transmission lines. To avoid this Avista wants to close
in the big bend and update the system to accommodate for the the growing load in the
area.
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b) Explore: How can Avista continue to operate without being charged 3 million a year,
or how to move on without causing too much collateral damage to Grant County utilities.
c) Summary:
The proposed design for the Big Bend will allow Avista to provide power to all of the
customers without leaning on Grand PUD system. When a contingency happens to the
system, Avista can provide power to all of the customers, as that’s not the case for them
today. With the new transmission lines added, this will benefit both Avista and
stakeholders since Avista can sell part of the transmission lines to make up for any extra
expenses.
6. Limitations and Recommendations for Future Work
If Avista was to continue with the new design for the Big Bend area, there are a couple
options they have to consider. One option would be for Avista to work with more
students at Washington State University and take the feasibility report to the Construction
Management, Civil Engineering, Economics, and Business schools and have them work
on a collaborative work in the final stages of legal work, cost estimates, and planning to
actually develop the design. This would allow WSU and Avista to keep working together
and continue our partnership with them.
Another option would be that Avista would be to entrust the final portions of the study to
their planning department and allow investors to take claims to building the new Big
Bend design.
7. Conclusion
The new design for closing in the transmission lines in the Big Bend area is feasible
based on the preliminary analysis performed. Power flow studies were done in the Big
Bend area to compare the effects the new design will have on the existing Avista system
in two cases, the heavy summer case and the high transfer case. Each test will be
compared to our base case to make sure that every violation we created by closing in the
lines are accounted for and have a solution for them.
The studies we have done show that all of the thermal violations that we have created
when the lines are closed were fixed when our new design is implemented. We have also
came up with solutions to fix all of the other violations unless the team determined that
they could disregard that violation due to other reasons. Implementing the new Big Bend
design is feasible and analysis shows it has made the area more stable and reliable for the
future.
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8. Acknowledgement
Team Nile would like to give a special thanks to our team mentor, Richard
Maguire of AVISTA Corporation, who went above and beyond to ensure completion of
this project and to make sure that we understood the engineering concepts of power flow
implementation.
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9. Appendix
Figure 13: Team Picture
Figure 14: 1st
place trophy
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[1] Richard Maguire. (System Planning Engineer for Avista)
[2] Avista. (Avista System Planning Assessment for 2013)
www.columbiagrid.org/download.cfm?DVID=3405
[3] Contingency Analysis (PowerWorld)
http://www.powerworld.com/training/online-training/contingency-analysis
[4] Western Electricity Coordinating Council (Western Electricity Coordinating Council)
http://www.wecc.biz/
[5] NERC (NERC)
http://www.nerc.com/Pages/default.aspx
[6] The University of Sydney. (ISA Nuclear Report),
http://www.isa.org.usyd.edu.au/publications/documents/ISA_Nuclear_Report.pdf
[7] Open Rack Shunt Bank (ABB Open-rack shunt bank (QBank))
http://www.abb.us/product/db0003db002618/c12573e7003302adc12568100046a069.asx
[8] Product Design and Development, by Karl T. Ulrich and Steven D. Eppinger, fifth
edition, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2012.
[9] Avista. (PowerWorld Simulations)
[10] Avista. (Pathway Maps)