There are different types of teaching methods which can be categorised into three broad types. These are teacher-centred methods, learner-centred methods, content-focused methods and interactive/participative methods.

1. SHIMLA NURSING COLLEGE
PRESENTATION
ON
TEACHING METHOD: SIMULATION,
LABORATORY METHOD, SEMINAR
SUBJECT: NURSING EDUCATION
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
DR. PALLAVI PATHANIA MS. PRIYA GILL
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR M.Sc. (N) 1ST YEAR
SHIMLA NURSING COLLEGE SHIMLA NURSING COLLEGE

2. TEACHING
METHOD

3. INDEX:
S.NO. CONTENT
1. TEACHING METHOD:
• Introduction of teaching method
• Teaching method :Simulation, Laboratory method and
Seminar
2. SIMULATION TEACHING METHOD:
• Introduction of simulation
• Meaning & Definition of simulation
• Purpose of simulation
• Values of simulation
• Characteristics of simulation
• Types of simulation
• Application of simulation in teacher training
• Stimulators of simulation
• Procedures of simulation
• Activities of simulation
• Advantages and disadvantages of simulation

4. INDEX:
S.NO. CONTENT
3. LABORATORY METHOD:
• Introduction of laboratory method
• Meaning & Definition of laboratory method
• Aims of laboratory method
• Types of laboratory method
• Steps of laboratory method
• Correct method of teaching laboratory
• Advantages and disadvantages of laboratory method
4. SEMINAR TEACHING METHOD:
• Introduction of seminar
• Meaning & Definition of seminar
• Objective of seminar and uses of seminar
• Types of seminar
• Steps of seminar
• Role of different personnel in seminar presentation
• Procedures of seminar
• Seminar committee
• Advantages and disadvantages of seminar

5. INTRODUCTION OF TEACHING
METHOD :
• A teaching method includes the principles and methods of
instruction. All instruction material will be carefully
selected and arranged in a orderly fashion.
• Teaching method appeal through sensory perception to
enhance the understanding of the learners.

6. CONT….
• Progressive methods of teaching provide suitable
opportunities for ‘learning by doing’, ‘experimentation’,
‘cooperation’.
• Every teacher must devise their own method of teaching by
following broader principles, e.g. orderly arrangement of
subject matter.

7. DEFINITION:
• “An orderly systematic, organized well planned procedure where
skillful teacher broadly review the teaching material and analyze the
specific content, arranges the topic in a systematic, logical,
sequential way which directs and guide teacher in their classroom
instruction and enhances effective teaching by achieving specific
instructional objectives where by learning output will be
maximized.”
Or
• “Teaching method is the stimulation, guidance, direction and
encouragement for learning.” -Burton

8. OBJECTIVE:
• Develops the capacity for clear thinking
• Provide adequate opportunities for participation and activities
• Expands student’s interest
• Provide opportunities to learners to apply practically the knowledge
• Teaching methods should adapt to the 3A’s – Age, Ability, Aptitude of
the student
• Mobilizes teamwork and promotes sense of security

9. CLASSIFICATION:
1. Inspirational methods: Main activity on the part of the teacher.
Example: Simulation and microteaching.
2. Expository methods: Cognitive emphasis is high, while student
activity and experience is low.
Example: Lecture method.
3. Natural learning methods: Learning takes place in a natural way.
Example: Field trips.

10. CONT….
4. Individualized methods: Main emphasis is for each learner to
learn at his own place.
Example: Programmed instruction, self- study, case method and
computer oriented instruction.
5. Encounter methods: Providing experience through confrontation
or through encounter effective for change in basic behavioral
patterns and developing new ways of looking at things.
Example: Role play and simulation.

11. CONT….
6. Discovery methods: High on all dimensions like learner activity,
experience, experimentation by the learner and cognitive
understanding.
Example: Problem solving technique.
7. Group methods: Providing teaching in a group to improve
knowledge and clear all doubts.
Example: Group Project, classroom teaching, discussions and
demonstration.

12. SIMULATION

13. INTRODUCTION:
• Simulation is basis of sensitive
training, socio drama, role playing and
psychodrama. It is not actual training.
It helps the student to practice and gain
experience as in real life situation.

14. MEANING:
• “Reproduction of real life”
• Simulation is the reproduction of the essential features
of a real life situation.

15. DEFINITION:
• According to “Barton” 1970- Simulation has been defined “ as
an attempt to give appearance and/ or to give the effect of
something else”.
• According to B.T Basavanthappa 2003- Simulation has been
defined as an operating representation of central features of
reality.
• Timing is 30 minutes per day.

16. PURPOSE:
• To help students practice decision making and problem solving
skills.
• To develop human interaction abilities in a controlled and safes
setting.
• Through an active involvement in a simulation exercise a game
or a role playing situation, the student achieves cognitive,
affective and psychomotor outcomes.

17. CONTD….
• It provides a chance to apply principles and theories student
have learned and to see how and when the principles work.

18. VALUES OF SIMULATION:
1. Simulation ensures safe nursing practice
by nursing students through the gap
between theory and practice.
2. In the simulated environment of the
fundamental lab student learn safe practice
of nursing through the perfect application of
learned theory under the guidance of
teacher.

19. CONTD…
3. Thus simulation bridges the gap between theory and practice.
4. Simulation is an effective technique to learn psychomotor
skills- for e.g. student learns in fundamental lab by the use of
equipment and uses this skill for giving nursing care in clinical
situation.
5. It help the students to develop critical abilities and problem
solving.

20. CONTD…
6. It helps the students to apply the nursing process by gathering.
7. They also get the feedback from teacher and classmates.
8. By way of simulation teacher can easily include proper attitude
among nursing students.
9. It can also be used to evaluate students- question in the
simulated are very useful in assessing the knowledge related to
the practical aspect of a subject.

21. CHARACTERISTICS OF SIMULATION:
1. Provide a mix of experiences that can be replicated for
successive learners.
2. Provide a safe environment in which learning has priority over
patient care or system demands.
3.Focus on application rather than uncertain recall of knowledge.
4. Provide immediate feedback on
performance.

22. Types of
simulation
 Written simulation
Audio visual simulation
Live simulated simulation

23. CONT….
1.Written simulation: Individual uses either paper and pencil
latent image formate.
Purpose-
- problem solving
- to evaluate students ability to apply the skill.
- decision making

24. CONT….
2.Audiovisual simulations:
An entire simulation can be placed on video tape
management vignette can be dramatized and filmed.

25. CONTD…
• 3.Live simulated simulation: Lincon, Layton and
Holdmen (1978) described their experiences with simulated
patient. The patient were healthy people, usually students,
who were trained in the role play.

26. APPLICATION OF SIMULATION IN
TEACHER TRAINING:
• Crruikshank (1968) has developed a teacher training
system which includes:
The participant is introduced into the situation i.e. if he is
a new teacher in a school.

27. CONTD…
The participant is provided with information and
opportunities to solve the problems (for the beginning
teacher).
The participant is exposed to a variety of potential solutions
to a particular problem.

28. CONTD…
The participant is given the opportunity of observing the
results of his chosen of action.
The participant is introduced to the situation by film strips.
The participants is also given the material, e.g. the rules,
regulations, curriculum handbook and records, to familiarize
to the topic.
The participant is presented with role-playing situations
written and responds to incident as a response sheet.

29. CONTD…
The participant then identifies the factors influencing the
problem, locates the relevant information, suggests
appropriate alternative course of action communicates and
implements a decision.
Small group discussions.

30. TYPES OF SIMULATORS:
• Simulators are designed for procedures.
• Identification of targets.
• Emergence signals.
• Team function.

31. SIMULATIONS ACTIVITIES:
1. Role playing
2. Socio- drama
3. Gaming

32. CONTD…
1. Role- playing- He will gain some perceptions of the
actions, attitudes and persons of simulations.
2. Socio- drama- The problem may be false or based on
real life situation, and the actor is required to find out an
acceptable solution.
3. Gaming- It is designed in a manner which enables
chance to affect the outcomes.

33. PROCEDURE OF SIMULATION
1. Selecting the Role Playing
2. Selecting and Discussing skills
3. Planning
4.Deciding The Procedure Of Evaluation
5. Provided Practical Lesson

34. ADVANTAGES OF
SIMULATION:
1. It is useful in promoting transfer of learning from classroom to
the clinical setting.
2. Simulation techniques are fun and interesting, they can
motivate people to learn.
3. It is appears to both slow and fast learners and is effective for
all types of students.

35. CONTD…
4. Students also learn from the faculty member who is guiding
the simulation and leading discussion.
5. It encourage creative and divergent thinking.
6. Some can be made with local material.
7. Students can learn without harming the patient.

36. DISADVANTAGES OF
SIMULATION:
1. It is costly in terms of both time and money.
2. Techniques also consume a lot of classroom time.
3. This techniques can be overused.
4. It is possible that emotion may be aroused to an undesirable degree,
especially with role playing.
5. The process and out comes of simulation methods are not always
predictable.

37. CONTD…
6. Models often easily damaged.
7. Never same as performing techniques on a patient ,
beware of faulty learning.
8. Need for many stimulators.

38. EXAMPLE OF SIMULATION:
• When you join a clinical work in a multispecialty hospital,
there you have a induction classes in that classes of hospital
polices, rule and regulations and classes of simulation.
• In simulated classes, trainee are give a situation with a
manikins who give response to a particular situations i.e.
emergency situations of serve chest pain.
• It help the trainee to gain the confidence and improve his
skills in working of emergency situations.

39. Assignment of role Deciding skill to be practiced
Preparation of work
schedule
Determining techniques of
observation
Organization of first practice
session
Alteration of procedure
EXAMPLE: Induction Classes In Hospital

40. LABORATORY
METHOD

41. INTRODUCTION:
• Laboratory method is a procedure involving first hand
experiences with materials or facts derived from
investigations or experimentation.
• The laboratory method is used to designate a teaching
procedure in the physical sciences that uses
experimentation with apparatus.

42. MEANING:
• A building or room equipped for conducting scientific
research or for teaching practical science.
• A laboratory is a facility that provide controlled conditions
in which scientific research, experiments, and
measurement are performed.

43. DEFINITION:
• The laboratory method is a
planned learning activity dealing
with original or raw data in the
solution of problem.
• The term ‘original data’ include
material obtain experimentally.

44. AIMS OF LABORATORY
METHOD:
1. To give first hand experience to students.
2. To provide student participation in original research.
3. To develop skill in the use of laboratory equipment and
instruments.

45. CONT….
4. To make use of the power of observation and reasoning.
5. To make use of reality to make learning easier and
permanent.
6. To build scientific attitude in the students.

46. TWO MAJOR TYPES:
• 1)Situation where students work in the laboratory: In
this situation student’s work informally in pairs or groups
where equipment cannot go around all students
individually.

47. CONT…..
• 2)Demonstration: It is a process of presenting or
establishing facts or principles. It is a procedure doing or
performing something in the presence of others or either as
a means of showing them how to do it or illustrating
principle.

48. Steps in the laboratory
method
Preparation
Actual work
period
Culminating
activities

49. 1)PREPARATION:
• Review of past lesson relevant to the present for apperception
and motivation.
• Raising and defining the work to be done.
• Expected learning outcomes.
• Planning : (individually or groups)
- What is important is that everyone knows exactly what he is
going to do and to do it correctly and timely.

50. CONT….

51. 2)ACTUAL WORK
PERIOD:
• Students work under the supervision of the
teacher.(supervised study)
• Students may work:
-individually attacking the same problem or different problems.
-in groups attacking the same problem or different problems.
-in groups with each group working on a portion, phase or
stage of the problem.

52. CONT….
• The work may last for a single study period or for days.
• All works must be recorded for continuity of the task.
• Those who work fast may be given additional assignment for
additional credits.
• If work is experimental, no-experimental variables must be constant.

53. 3)CULMINATING
ACTIVITIES:
• Reporting what is worked on by individuals or groups in
plenary session of the class.
• After each report, there is an open forum.
• Questions, discussions, generalizations, conclusions are
made.

54. CONT….
•Different reports may be consolidated into then
photocopies will be given to each member of the
class to review and get ready for test for evaluation.

55. CORRECT METHODS OF
TEACHING IN LABORATORY:
1)
• Self preparation
2)
• Right explanation
3)
• Starting experiments

56. CONT…
4)
• Handling instruments
5)
• Explaining observations
6)
• Writing reports and lab safety

57. ADVANTAGES:
 Learning By doing
 Develop Practical skills
 Contact With reality
 Retention of learned material
 Build scientific attitude

58. CONT…
 Sense of achievement
 Close student teacher relationship
 Psychological Method of teaching

59. DISADVANTAGES:
 Shortage of resources
 All knowledge cannot be verified through
experiments
 Lack of funds
 Students may feel heavy burden

60. CONT….
Need experienced and well qualified teachers
only.
 Teacher find it difficult to attend to the individual
needs of the students.

61. EXAMPLE OF LABORATORY METHOD OF
TEACHING:
• ABG Analysis taking:
1)Preparation:
- review on ABG analysis
-steps in taking blood sample
-expected learning outcomes
-Planning

62. CONT…
2)Actual work period:
- During this period, students will work under the
supervision of the teacher
3)Culminating activity:
Students will report the results of the activity.

63. SEMINAR

64. INTRODUCTION:
• Seminar is a type of group discussion where it focuses on
problem-solving approach. The seminar consists of a
scientific approach to the study of a selected problem.
• It involves a discussion of the problem using a small group
of students and a teacher who is an expert in the field of
study.

65. CONT….
• A seminar is an instructional technique which involves
generating a situation for a group to have guided interaction
among themselves on a theme which is generally presented
to the group by one or more members.

66. MEANING:
• An occasion when a teacher or expert and a group of
people meet to study and discuss something.
• The word seminar is derived from the Latin word
seminarium, meaning ‘seed plot’.

67. SEMINAR FULL FORM:
S
• Stated topic or speak with enthusiasm
E
• Expert opinion or knowledge with current
updates about topic
M
• Market event (plan of budgets)
I
• Invite speaker to introduce topic and interact
with audience

68. CONT…
N
• Networking with new technologies
through professional connection of expert
A
• Always give synthesis and conclusion
R
• Renewed motivation

69. DEFINITION:
• Seminar is an instructional technique of higher learning,
which involves paper reading a theme and followed by the
group discussion to clarify the complex aspects of the
theme.

70. OBJECTIVE:
• Objective of seminar is to give students opportunity to
participate in methods scientific analysis and research
procedures.
• Objectives are mainly divided into two types:
-cognitive objective
-affective objectives

71. COGNITIVE OBJECTIVE:
• To develop the higher cognitive abilities such as analysis,
synthesis and evaluation.
• To develop the ability of responding, which involves higher
cognitive actions such as:
-valuing
-organizing and characterization of quick understanding
of situation
-reaction and problem solving approach

72. CONT…..
•To develop the ability of keen observation expenses
to present theme effectively.
•To develop the ability to give clarification and
defend the ideas of others effectively.

73. AFFECTIVE OBJECTIVES:
• To develop the feeling of tolerance on the opposite idea of
others.
• To develop the feelings of cooperation with other colleagues
and respect ideas, and feelings of others.
• To develop emotional stability among the participants of the
seminar.

74. CONT….
• To acquire the good manners of putting questions and
answering the questions of effectively.

75. CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Teacher will be the leader (some situation student is selected as
leader).
2. Group consists of 10-15 participants.
3. Ideal seminar lasts for 1-2 hours.
4. Leader should keep discussion within limits.

76. CONT…
5. In student seminar, teacher should monitor discussion.
6. All members take part in discussion.
7. Chairman should be skilled in encouraging timely
participants.
8. Students secretary may record discussion.

77. TYPES OF
SEMINAR:
Types
Mini
seminar
Main
seminar
National
seminar
International
seminar

78. 1)MINI SEMINAR:
• A seminar organised to discuss a topic in class is known as
mini seminar.
• Purpose:
-to train the students for organizing the seminar and lay
different roles
-it is stimulated situation for the students
-it can be organized before the main-seminar.

79. 2)MAIN SEMINAR:
• A seminar organized at departmental level or institutional level on
major theme.
• All the students and staff take part in the seminar.
• These seminars are organized weekly or monthly in departments.
• Generally specific theme is selected for seminar.

80. 3)NATIONAL SEMINAR:
• A seminar, which is organized by the association or
organization at national level.
• The experts are invited on the theme of the seminar.
• The examples of theme at national level are educational
technology, trends in education, non- formal education.

81. 4)INTERNATIONAL
SEMINAR
• Generally such seminars are organized by United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
and other international organization.
• The theme of seminar will be very broad.
• For example like innovations in teacher education, examination
reforms.

82. STEPS OF SEMINAR PRESENTATION:
1. Preparation
of content
2. Preparation
of the presenter
3. Preparation
of environment
4. Presentation
of seminar
5. Evaluation &
grading of
seminar

83. 1. PREPARATION OF CONTENT:
• Develop objectives
• Gather latest information
• Prepare adequate AV aids
• Collect information from various sources & analyzed
critically and evaluated and make conclusions under the
direction of teachers.

84. 2. PREPARATION OF THE PRESENTER:
• Should have background of knowledge & problem solving
skill.
• Through with content as per objective.
• Should have qualities like confidence, approachability,
good command over language, clarity in speech and simple.

85. 3. PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENT:
• Well lighted-ventilated room.
• Area for placing AV aids.
• Handouts should be kept ready.

86. 4. PREPARATION OF SEMINAR:
• Starts with introduction
• Discussion of content
• Actively participate in discussion
• Summarizing at the end of presentation
• Conclude the topic

87. 5. EVALUATION & GRADING OF
SEMINAR:
• Evaluation based on discussion.
• Take feedback from participants.
• Feedback from organiser.

88. PROCEDURE OF
SEMINAR:
• Organizer select the theme and organize the seminar.
• Chairman conduct the activities of seminar and direct the seminar on theme.
• Speaker speaks about the theme.
• Group discussion.
• Participants seeks clarification and put questions.
• Observers observe the activity of seminar.

89. SEMINAR COMMITTEE
• Seminar is conducted or organized by the committee. This
committee constitutes a:
 Chairperson
Organizing secretary
 Chairperson of the technical session of
seminar
 Speaker of seminar
 Participants

90. CHAIRPERSON OR PRESIDENT
• Also known as convenor of seminar.
• Naturally, she/he may be the apex person of the
institution/department/government/policy maker of the
concerned body or agency.

91. ORGANIZING SECRETARY
OF SEMINAR
• Usually he is nominated by the chairperson or president of
the seminar committee.
• She/he must be a good administrator and subject expert in
the field proposed theme of the seminar.
• They must be the person of tolerance and capable of doing
things in right time with right persons.

92. CHAIRPERSON OF THE TECHNICAL
SESSION OF SEMINAR
• She/he must be the person with expertise in the theme
proposed for the seminar.
• She/he would have a good experience to perform all the
activities of technical session which is vital to the seminar.

93. SPEAKER OF SEMINAR:
• She/ he is the active participant of seminar presenting
his/her paper among the other participants in the presence
of Chairperson of technical session of seminar.

94. PARTICIPANTS:
• Also known as paper presenters of seminar.
• The people who are presenting papers and observing the
paper presentation by participating in the seminar are
termed as presenters or participants of seminar.

95. ROLES OF DIFFERENT PERSONNEL
IN SEMINAR PRESENTATION:
• In organizing a seminar the following roles are performed:
 Organizer
President Or Chairmen
Chairperson

96. CONT…
Speaker
 Observers
 Participants

97. ROLE OF ORGANIZER
• Responsibility of an organizer is to
-plan and prepare the whole program of the seminar
-to decide the theme
-assign the parts of theme to different person
-he decides that who will be the speaker
• Decide the topic and formulate the objective
• Selection of an eminent person(chairman)

98. CONT…
• Fix date & time according to the
convenience of chairperson and speakers.
• Remain in the background.
• From various committees like finance,
invitation, academic etc.
• See all members share in discussion &
irrelevant discussion is avoid.

99. ROLE OF PRESIDENT:
• Direct the whole program and keeps the discussion on the
theme of seminar.

100. ROLE OF CHAIRPERSON:
• In-depth knowledge on topic.
• Introductory speech.
• Inviting the speakers according to order.
• Summary of speech given by each speaker.
• Finally, he opens discussion section.

101. ROLE OF SPEAKER:
• They prepare the topic thoroughly and Xerox copies of
papers are prepared and distributed among the participants
before the commencement of the topic so the participants
should also prepare themselves for the topic.
• The speaker should be ready to define the questions.

102. ROLE OF
PARTICIPANTS:
• Participants should be well acquainted with theme.
• They should appreciate the performance of the speaker.
• They should be able to put questions and seek clarification.
• There are 25-30 participants in seminar.

103. ROLE OF OBSERVER:
• Some guest and observers are also invited to observe the
activity.

104. ADVANTAGES:
1. Stimulation of thinking.
2. Tolerance of other views develops.
3. Cooperation with others develops.
4. Openness of ideas occurs.
5. Represents the norms of behaviors.
6. It has great instructional values.
7. Natural way of learning.
8. Used in upper division courses than with beginning student.

105. LIMITATION OF SEMINAR:
1. Seminar cannot be organized
on all the content of subject
matter.
2. Technique cannot be used in
all levels of education.

106. Decide a topic
and establish our
objectives and
budgets
Divide the work
according to
requirements
Decide a chairperson, speakers,
and participants
Prepare a PowerPoint
presentation
Decide the activities to be
performed in seminar
Decide a roster for speakers
Decide our
target audience
EXAMPLE OF SEMINAR: HIV/AIDS

107. CONT…
Execute a seminar
Finalize the event logistic: lights, sound
system, audio-video presentation and
venue set-up
Prepare the materials
needed foe seminar: name
tag, hand out, program
copies
Market our
event:
invitation, and
poster
Invite our speakers
Prepare a project of our costs
and budget
Plan out event details: date, time,
host, refreshment and venue

108. CONCLUSION:
• There is no single teaching method that is
suitable for all learners. All these teaching
and learning methods are to be used
interchangeably.
• To make learning effective and to motivate
the students, various teaching strategies
needs to be incorporated in the curricula
design stage before preparing the training
materials by the trainers.

109. SUMMARIZATION

111. REFERENCES
• B.T. Basavanthappa, Nursing education 2nd Edition(2009). Page No.
581-588.
• http://www,slideshare.com followed on 13/4/2020.
• http://www,seminar and laboratory teaching method.com followed on
7/4/2020.
• http://www,simulation teaching method.com followed on 8/4/2020.
• http://www,wikipedia.com followed on 13/4/2020.