There are different types of teaching methods which can be categorised into three broad types. These are teacher-centred methods, learner-centred methods, content-focused methods and interactive/participative methods.

1. METHODS OF TEACHING
Submitted to: submitted by:
Dr. Ms. Pallavi Pathania Ms. Nisha
Assistant Professor M.Sc. Nursing 1st year
Shimla Nursing College Shimla Nursing College
Annandale Annandale

2. PRESENTATIONS COVER
 Lecture Method
 Discussion Method
 Demonstration

3. INTRODUCTION OF METHODS OF TEACHING
 Students have different ways of absorbing information & demonstrating
their knowledge.
 so teachers often use techniques which cater to multiple learning styles
to help students from retain information & strengthen understanding.
 So the methods accepted by the teachers must link the teacher & her
pupils into an organic relationship with constant mutual interaction.

4. MEANING OF TEACHING
METHODS
 The procedural dimension like sustentative , environmental , & human
relations are interrelated.
 In the educative process it refers to the methods & techniques , which
may be used by the teacher or learner to achieve the desired
educational objectives.

5. DEFINITION OF TEACHING METHODS
• The method of teaching is which approaches most likely to the
method of investigation.
---BURKE
 A device implies the external mode or form in which teaching
may take from time to time . Teaching methods is the stimulation
,guidance ,direction, & encouragement for learning .
-----BURTON

6. OBJECTIVES OF TEACHING METHODS
 Aim at developing love for work.
 Inculcates the desire to do work with maximum efficiency which one is
capable of.
 Provides adequate opportunities for participation.
 Develops the capacity for clear thinking.
 Provides opportunities to pupil to apply practically the knowledge & skill
acquired by them.

7. CONTD…
 Teamwork & sense of security.
 Cooperation of the parents
 Role of the teachers training institutes.

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF TEACHING METHODS
 Imparting knowledge in an efficient manner.
 Create a genuine attachment to work and desire to do it as efficiently, honestly,
and thoroughly as possible.
 Student must actively participate and apply knowledge.
 Expands students interest .
 Increase ability to work in groups.

9. CONTD…
 Clear thinking and clear expression
 Method of teaching must be understandable to all categories of students and
benefit them all.

10. PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTION OF TEACHING
METHODS
 Methods should be suited to objectives & the content of the course.
 Methods can be used creatively.
 Should be adopted to the capacity of the student.
 Should be in accord with sound psychological principles.
 Should suit the teacher personally and capitalize on her special assets.

11. CLASSIFICATION OF TEACHING METHOD
 Inspirational: based on high activity of teachers.
 Example: Stimulation, micro teaching
 Expository: cognitive emphasis is high, student activity and emphasis on
experience is low
 Example: Lecture method

12. CONTD…
 Natural- learning: learning takes place in natural way.
 Example: Field trip
 Individualized: emphasis on each learner to learn at his own place.
 Example: Programmed instruction, self study, case method, computer oriented
instruction.

13. CONTD…
 Encounter: providing experience through confrontation
 Example: Role play, simulation
 Discovery: high on all dimensions.
 Example: Problem solving techniques.

14. CONTD…
 Group
 Example: Project, socialized, classroom method

16. INTRODUCTION OF LECTURE
METHOD
 Lecture is a teaching method consist of explaining of facts, principles which the
teacher wishes the class to understand.
 Teacher talks more or less continuously to class.
 The class listen takes notes.
 It is a great art.

17. MEANING OF LECTURE METHOD
 Lecture is derived from Latin word Lectare which means to read aloud.
 Middle English, act of reading , from Late Latin lectura, First known use: 15th
century.

18. DEFINITION OF LECTURE METHOD
 Lecture method is talk giving specified information to class or long serious
speech.
--- Oxford dictionary
 A lecture is an oral presentation intended to present information or teach
people about a particular subject.

19. PLANNING THE LECTURE
 Before starting to prepare a lecture, the teacher must be able to answer four
basic questions:
◦ Who is your audience?
◦ What is the purpose of your lecture?
◦ How much time is available?
◦ What is the subject matter?

20. PURPOSE OF LECTURING
 Lectures can be an efficient means of introducing learners a new topic.
 It helps to clarify the concept .
 It can be used to stimulate students’ interest in a subject.
 Change basic attitude.

21. PRINCIPLES OF LECTURE
METHOD
1. Principle of aim.
2. Principle of activity.
3. Principle of co- relation.
4. Principle of looking ahead.
5. Good lecture effective preparation.
6. Respect diverse talents and ways of learning
7. Emphasize time on task

22. TYPES OF LECTURE METHOD
 Traditional oral essay
 The teacher is an orator and the only speaker.
 Participatory lecture
 Begins with learners brainstorming ideas on the lecture topic on what they
have read in preparation.
 Formal lecture
 A formal lecture is the most common teaching method. A professor teach in
front of a large group of students.

23. CONTD….
 Feedback lecture
 Consist with mini lecture with 10 minute small group discussion.
 Opportunity to manipulate the lecture content.
 Mediated lecture
 Use of media such as films, slides, web- based images etc.

24. CONTD…
 It can also be used to inspire people
 To integrate and synthesize a large body of knowledge.
 “The lecture is valuable where knowledge is advancing and up-to-date
textbooks are not available.”
 It is an appropriate method making available for large group

25. TECHNIQUES OF LECTURE METHOD
 Organize the class room
 Prepare lesson plan on topic
 Maintain rapport with students
 Start the lecture with introduction self earlier

26. CONTD…
 Control your anxiety
 An effective control mechanism is imaging.
 Spontaneity
 Avoid reading to the class.
 Do not write your lecture out in full sentences.
 Rehearse the delivery at home.

27. CONTD…
 Voice quality
 Beware of lecturing in monotone.
 Body language
 Do not stand glued to the podium.
 Use your hand for emphasis but not too much.
 Be aware of your body language.
 Maintain eye contact.

28. CONTD…
 Speed of delivery
 Affects both the learner’s comprehension and enjoyment of the material.
 Elicit feedback from student
 To know how much student has received knowledge.
 Time Management
 Lecture should finish on time.
 If it exceed gives tension to teacher and damages content.

29. ADVANTAGES OF THE LECTURE METHOD
 It is economical in terms of student time.
 A great deal of information can be communicated in a one hour lecture.
 More relevant information can be taught to a student.
 The lecturer can supplement a textbook by enhancing a topic and making it
come to life.
 The teacher serves as a role model for students.
 Lectures bring enjoyment to the learners.
 It helps students develop their listening skills.

30. DISADVANTAGES OF THE LECTURE METHOD
 Lecturing is not conducive to meeting students’ individual needs.
 Lecturing brings with it the problem of limited attention span on the part of the
learners.
 Time consuming.

31. ACTIVITY
 Teacher give lecture on Embryology

32.  DISCUSSION METHOD

33. INTRODUCTION OF DISCUSSION
METHOD
 Discussion is an activity in which persons indulge in verbal interaction over a
topic.
 As a purposeful activity, it involves consideration of the relationships in a
topic/problem under study and these relationships are analyzed, compared and
evaluated to arrive at conclusions.
 Discussion involves two- way communication between participants.

34. MEANING OF DISCUSSION METHOD
 An act or instant of discussing; consideration or examination by argument,
comment, etc, especially to explore solutions; informal debate.
 Late Latin discussion discuss-ion (stem of discussion) inquiry,
examination.

35. DEFINITION OF DISCUSSION METHOD
 Discussion method of teaching is a group activity involving the teacher and the
student to define the problem and seek its solution.
 Discussion method is also described as constructive process involving listening,
thinking, as well as the speaking ability of the student.

36. PURPOSE OF DISCUSSION
The purposes of discussion are:
 Help students understand what they are reading and discussing.
 Engage students in myths from around the world.
 Engage students in course material and resources in order to develop their
understanding of the significance, importance , relevance and value of myth
both historically and for our current culture.
 Provide students opportunities To learn from each other.

37. CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCUSSION METHOD
 Ensure maximum participation.
 Students have the opportunity to criticize and evaluate
 Logical and meaningful criticism should be accepted.
 Students should anchor the discussion themselves.
 Keeping teachers as guide.
 Teacher selects the topic only with the help of students.

38. CONTD..
 Teacher selects the topic only with the help of students.
 Teacher divides the class in to different groups and gives the topic of the
discussion to each group.
 Every group has a leader to anchor and conduct the discussion.
 Students who have leadership quality should be selected for anchoring.
 Relevant topic should only be considered.

39. STEPS OF DISCUSSION METHOD
Orientation
Engagement
Debrief

40. CONTD…
 Orientation
 Provide the discussion topic
 Clearly describe the question
 Explain how students have to prepare for discussion
 Explain how the discussion will be conducted
 Encouraged the students to think

41. CONTD…
 Engagement
 Develop an environment
 Present clear question to focus the discussion
 Start by asking to define the terms
 If necessary, help students.
 Wait for each student to answer the question
 Refocus discussion
 Keep a progressive record
 Close discussion by summarizing or evaluating

42. CONTD…
 Debrief
 Allow time for students to make their own notes.
 Facilitate students reflection on what they learnt.

43. PRINCIPLES OF DISCUSSION METHOD
 The objective should be clearly defined and understood by all participants.
 The teacher should prepare carefully as a facilitator to guide
 Question outline should be prepares carefully.
 The members of the group should come prepared; have a basic knowledge about
the topic to be discussed.
 Leader need to guide and coordinate the proceedings so that the discussion
should be kept to the point.

44. CONTD…
 Each one in the group should feel free to participate and a shy person should
be encouraged to contribute.
 Discussion should be properly ended with a report.

45. TYPES OF DISCUSSION METHOD
 Discussion method includes
1. Small group discussion technique
2. Socialized classroom discussion technique
3. Panel discussion technique

46. USES OF DISCUSSION METHOD
Uses of discussion include the following:
 Discussion technique can be used to achieve learning objectives.
 Discussion can help nursing student gain skills in applying the nursing
process.
 Learn to solve problems efficiently with minimal wasting of time and
resources.
 In the acquisition of communication skills.
 Discussion is also an avenue for attitude change.

47. ADVANTAGES OF DISCUSSION
METHOD
 Emphasis on learning instead of teaching
 Participation by every body
 It helps in clarifying issues.
 Training in reflective thinking
 Training in self expression
 Made interest
 Motivation and confidence

48. DISADVANTAGES OF DISCUSSION
METHOD
 More time and effort
 May not be end with solution
 Not effective in describing procedure
 Success of discussion is based on good preparation
 Few students may dominate in discussion.
 It may involve unnecessary arguments
 Not adaptable to all teaching- learning situations.

49. ACTIVITY
 Student and teacher discuss about the topic current trends in nursing.

50. DEMONSTRATION

51. INTRODUCTION OF DEMONSTRATION
 It is the most important method of teaching in nursing. It teaches by
explanation and exhibition or experiments.

52. MEANING OF DEMONSTRATION METHOD
 A method demonstration is a teaching method used to communicate an idea
with the aid of visuals such as flip charts, paper power piont , etc.
 A demonstration is the process of teaching someone how to make or do
something in a step-by step process.

53. DEFINITION OF DEMONSTRATION
 Exhibition Demonstration can be defined as visualized explanation of facts,
concepts and procedure.
 Demonstration is a method of teaching by exhibition and explanation combined
to illustrate a procedure or experiments.

54. AIM OF DEMONSTRATION METHOD
 To teach a skill, concept or principle
 To demonstrate delicate work involving careful manipulations
 To achieve psychomotor and cognitive objectives
 Learning by doing
 Skill can be developed by imitation
 The perception helps in imitation.

55. PURPOSES OF DEMONSTRATION
 To demonstrate experiments or procedure.
 To introduce a new procedure.
 To teach the patient a procedure or treatment.
 To demonstrate a procedure at the besides or in the ward conference room.
 To acquire knowledge and skill
 To develop attitude.
 To retain and able to use the achieved skill

56. PLANNING OF DEMONSTRATION METHOD
 Set up objectives for teaching- abilities learner should develop
 Proper tools, equipment, and materials
 Prepare the learner
 Teach them job
 Try them out.
 Follow them up

57. PHASES OF DEMONSTRATION
 Explanation phase
 Demonstration phase
 Student performance and instructor supervision phase
 Evaluation

58. CHARACTERISTICS OF DEMONSTRATION
 Understandable and exemplary.
 Pre-preparation
 Equipments should be assembled and pretested
 Advance knowledge.
 Positive approach.
 Explain the uses of materials used.
 Setting should be true to life.
 A discussion period.
 Opportunity to practice.

59. PRICIPLES OF DEMONSTRATION METHOD
 Learning by doing maxim is followed.
 Skill can be developed by limitation.
 The perception helps in imitation.

60. TYPES OF DEMONSTRATION METHOD
1. Pure demonstration
purely visual method of instruction

61. CONTD…
2. Demonstration with commentary
Harmonious blend of visual and verbal mode of instruction.

62. CONTD…
3. Participative demonstration
Allows students to attempt either to replicate all or parts of
demonstrations.

63. TECHNIQUES OF DEMONSTRATION
Demonstration method involve three steps as-
◦ Planning
◦ Performing
◦ evaluation

64. PLANNING DEMONSTRATION
The instructor prepare herself for:-
 Article and steps of demonstration
 Conductive learning environment
 Objectives based on the need of the students
 Steps of demonstration on rational basis.
 Rehearsals to attain proficiency in doing procedure.

65. CONTD..
 Learning environment such as facility to observe demonstration and to do
demonstrations.
 Students participation bin demonstration of procedure.
 Checklist related to steps of demonstration, so that it can be checked that
procedure is performed in a proper way.
 Free opportunity for student to practice skills.

66. PERFORMING
 Performance technique means performance of the demonstration by
teacher. During performing or implementing the demonstration teacher
should positive approach and should exhibit a co- ordination of head, heart
and hand.

67. STEPS OF PERFORMING DEMONSTRATION
 The teacher should proceed from whole to parts, by briefly explaining the
whole procedure, then to individual steps.
 Explain about each article in relation to its name, purpose and how to use in
the procedure.
 Make sure that each step in performed in a way, which is understandable by
the students and also explain the scientific principles associated with each
step.

68. CONTD…
 In between the demonstration procedure, ask questions and encourage the
students to seek clarification.
 On completion of procedure, talk about summary, then replace articles, and
wash hands.

69. EVALUATION
 The teacher should adapt evaluation technique to ensure that student have
learned the skill appropriately. This is done by taking return demonstration
and comparing the steps of procedure with the planned set criteria of
procedure.

70. ADDITIONAL TIPS
 An effective demonstration should be given in a minimum of time- no
longer than about 15 min.
 The presenter should be aware of the activities of each member of the class.
 As the learner work individually, the presenter should move quickly from
one learner to another.
 If a number of learners are having difficulty in learning a skill, the
demonstration should be repeated.
 The learners who have mastered the skill may assist the presenter with
those who have not.

71. USES OF DEMONSTRATION METHOD
 It is useful in scientific experiments, procedures and application of
equipment.
 To teach the patient a procedure or treatment which one has to perform in
the home
 To demonstrate a procedure at the bedside or in the ward. Showing
procedure in its natural setting has more meaning then when carried in an
artificial environment such as classroom.
 Makes nurses patient’s relationship more effective.

72. ADVANTAGES OF DEMONSTRATION
 Enhance observation skill of the student.
 Helps to bring the clinical situation in the classroom.
 Helps to integrate theory and practice.
 Enhance confidence level of students.
 Teacher invites cooperation of pupils.
 Develop interest and motivation for active participation.

73. DISADVANTAGES OF DEMONSRATION
 Number of students is limited.
 Keeps the numbers in a passive situation.
 May limit audience /client input.
 Require pre- preparation.
 Does not allow for individual pacing of learning.
 High cost in personnel and time.
 Difficulty in repeating demonstration in order to acquire competence.

74. COMMON ERRORS IN DEMONSTRATION
METHOD
 Equipments may not be ready for use.
 Teacher may talk too much which will mask the enthusiasm of the students.
 Teacher may not have allowed sufficient time for recording data.

75. ACTIVITY
 Teacher give demonstration on antenatal examination to the student

76. SUMMARIZATION

77. CONCLUSION
 Helps teacher summarize and re-emphasize the key points of the lecture and
also get feed back from students.
 Motivate students to ask questions by focusing their mind to specific points.
 Clarify doubts and raise questions.

78. REFFERENCES
 Raj Bhaskara Elakkuvana D . “Nursing Education”. First Edition: 2018 .
Page no. 75 to 84.
 www.slideshare.net.com
 BT Basavanthapa, “Nursing Education”, jaypee brothers ,page no.413
to416