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Teacher Notes MODULE 28.pptx

This document is from an American history textbook and outlines several lessons on key issues facing the United States in the 21st century, including national security, foreign policy, poverty, and the environment. It introduces topics like terrorism, surveillance, globalization, and climate change. Each lesson contains subsections that provide more details on related policies, events, debates, and challenges. The overall document serves as a guide for students to learn about significant domestic and international concerns confronting America today.

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American History The United States in the 21st Century Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 1 At the dawn of the 21st Century, the U.S. has been confronted with serious social, political, economic, educational, environmental, and cultural issues at home and abroad. New technologies have brought much of the world closer together, solving some problems and creating others.
American History ESSENTIAL QUESTION The United States in the 21st Century Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 2 National Security and Public Safety LESSON 1 LESSON 2 Foreign Policy LESSON 3 Poverty and Social Concerns LESSON 4 Conservation and the Environment LESSON 5 Education What role should the United States play in global affairs? LESSON 6 Globalization and Cultural Diffusion
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 3 National Security and Public Safety LESSON 1 The U.S. government strives to safeguard the public while preserving individual liberties.
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 4 National Security and Public Safety LESSON 1 Terrorism and Security • Terrorist acts target Americans in the U.S. and around the world. • Sept. 11, 2001, deadliest terror act in U.S. history; more than 3,000 people killed • Congress approves USA Patriot Act to protect U.S. from future attacks – critics: law erodes basic freedoms of Americans Foreign Sources of Terrorism • Internet, social media allow terrorist to inspire violence more broadly • 2015, Muhammad Abdulazeez kills 4 soldiers in Tennessee – inspired by radical writings, videos on Internet • 2013, Boston Marathon bombing also inspired by radical teachings on Internet – Victims speak out, push back; “Boston Strong” Continued…
American History Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 5 Terrorism and Security (continued) Domestic Terrorism • Americans with political and social agendas commit acts of terror • 2012, white supremacist shoots and kills 6 people at a Sikh temple in Wisconsin • 2014, Southern Poverty Law Center identifies 784 hates groups in U.S. – Many don’t directly advocate violence, but inspire others to commit violence • Some individuals are not affiliated, inspired by any particular group – commit acts of terror for personal reasons – 2010, Joseph Stack flies airplane into IRS building
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 6 National Security and Public Safety LESSON 1 Surveillance and Privacy • Intelligence agencies, law enforcement use technology to track threats • Sometimes ordinary citizens caught up in surveillance Technology and Security • CCTV, drones, smartphones record activity in public places – some assured by cameras, others feel invasion of privacy – can help solve, prevent crime Keeping Tabs on Americans • National Security Agency (NSA) monitors civilian communications – Monitoring increased with threat of terrorism – 2013, extent of monitoring exposed by media, shocks many Americans • 2015, court finds NSA in violation of USA Patriot Act • Americans conflicted over privacy rights, security needs Continued…
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 7 National Security and Public Safety LESSON 1 Crime and Public Safety • Since 1990s, violent crime decreased in U.S. Incarceration and Drug Laws • “three strikes laws” create stiffer sentences – Critics: racial bias; 75% of all drug sentences are African Americans • U.S. jails the largest percentage of its people, 2.3 million people • 2011, drug sentences 50% of inmates • Laws against recreational drug use loosening in many states Law Enforcement under Scrutiny • Smartphones, video record police actions • Police accused of inappropriate use of force in Ferguson, MO, and other places • Police accused of racial profiling—suspecting someone based on race or ethnicity Continued…
American History Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 8 Crime and Public Safety (continued) Guns and American Society • 2013, more than 11,000 killed by gunfire in U.S. • Some states pass “open carry” laws; expand gun-owner rights • Debate over the Second Amendment at the heart of disagreements over guns – NRA: gun-control laws violate Second Amendment – others: amendment does not give right to own personal weapons – Supreme Court: individuals have right to own guns Human Trafficking • 17,000 people are brought to U.S. each year against their will, human trafficking – many are women and children – forced to work with no hope of freedom • Traffickers prey on people’s desperation for work, better life in the U.S.
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 9 Foreign Policy LESSON 2 In order to keep the peace whenever possible and safeguard U.S. interests, policymakers engage in a range of relationships with other countries.
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 10 Foreign Policy LESSON 2 The United States as a World Leader • Some countries look to the U.S. as beacon of freedom; others resent U.S. power, influence Political, Military, and Economic Benefits • National interest, guiding force behind U.S. foreign policy • U.S. supports growth of democracy in developing countries – achieved through diplomacy, foreign aid, military • 2015, U.S. military budget $575 billion, 20% of federal budget • Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration work to protect U.S. global economic interests Continued…
American History Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 11 The United States as a World Leader (continued) Working with International Organizations • U.S. key member of UN since its inception – sometimes UN efforts run counter to U.S. national interest • Americans opinions of U.S. involvement in UN split: – some want withdraw from UN – Others want more alignment between U.S., UN foreign policy • 2000, UN Millennium Summit to address problems with poverty, hunger, disease – By 2015, world hunger drops • U.S. part of NATO; military intervention and peacekeeping in world hotspots Humanitarian Aid • U.S. provides humanitarian aid to help with crises around the world – Aid includes money, supplies, and experts • United States Agency for International Development (USAID)responsible for providing aid – 1% of the federal budget – Provide support for global healthcare, including AIDS relief Continued…
American History Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 12 The United States as a World Leader (continued) Human Rights • U.S. promotes and defends human rights around the world – tools: aid money, media exposure, economic penalties – uneven history of promoting and defending human rights
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 13 Foreign Policy LESSON 2 Regional Policies • Department of State handles foreign relations; policy differs by region and country Western Hemisphere • Canada: close ally; share language and heritage • Mexico, Central America: relationship complicated by drug trade, illegal immigration • Caribbean: relations with Cuba easing • South America: mostly good relations, except for Venezuela Europe and Russia • The U.S. and Europe are bound by cultural, economic, and traditional ties – EU increases Europe’s economic power • 1991, collapse of communism in Soviet Union eases tensions with Russia, Eastern Europe • 1999, Vladimir Putin comes to power in Russia – stifles democratic reforms – 2012, annexes Crimea, creates unrest in Ukraine – U.S., EU impose sanctions on Russia Continued…
American History Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 14 Regional Policies (continued) East Asia • 1972, Nixon helps thaw relations with China • 2009, China claims control of important shipping lanes, fishing grounds East China Sea • 2010, China becomes world’s largest exporter; huge U.S. trade deficit – China holds $1.26 trillion in U.S. debt • U.S. has large military presence in South Korea, protection from North Korea • U.S. has strong economic, diplomatic ties with countries of Southeast Asia – Islamic militants in Indonesia a concern Middle East • Situation in Middle East complicated by U.S. dependence on foreign oil • 2011, civil war begins in Syria; 310,000 people killed, millions of refugees • ISIS rises out of the chaos in Syria; want to create a strict Islamic state – uses brutal tactics to intimidate opponents • Iraq: unstable after withdrawal of U.S. troops; ISIS takes territory in north • 2015, Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action with Iran to reduce nuclear program; ease sanctions • U.S., Israel strong allies; 2014, $3.9 billion in military aid • Turkey is the only NATO member in the region Continued…
American History Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 15 Regional Policies (continued) Africa • North Africa: unrest has led to new governments in many countries – in some countries U.S. aid is welcome; others U.S. is deeply distrusted • Boko Haram—Islamic militants based in Nigeria; allied with ISIS – 2014, kidnap 276 Christian schoolgirls, sell them into slavery • U.S. has close ties to other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including Kenya and South Africa
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 16 Poverty and Social Concerns LESSON 3 Although the United States is often called the richest country in the world, poverty grips millions of Americans, and the middle class is shrinking.
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 17 Poverty and Social Concerns LESSON 3 Poverty in America • No social hierarchy in U.S.; social class determined by wealth • 2015, poverty threshold is annual income of $24,250 Some Causes of Poverty • Illness, natural disasters, economic downturns, lack of skills, discrimination create poverty – limited access, cost of childcare adds to the problem for parents • Education system failing many Americans; lower literacy, lower wages Employment, Unemployment, and Homelessness • Many Americans below poverty line have jobs – working poor; low wages, few benefits, no health insurance • states and cities have raised minimum wage to help working poor – no raise to national minimum wage since 2009 – critics: raising minimum wage would hurt businesses, kill jobs • 1980s, welfare cuts, closing mental health facilities worsens homelessness – 750,000 homeless Americans; 250,000 children Continued…
American History Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 18 Poverty in America (continued) The Widening Income Gap • Income gap widening between rich and poor; middle class shrinking • Causes of widening income gap: – tax policy; increase in costs for child care, healthcare, higher education – declining labor unions and globalization; move away from manufacturing – CEO pay • Experts believe both rich and poor will suffer from income inequality – high income workers spend smaller percentage of money; less money flows through economy
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 19 Poverty and Social Concerns LESSON 3 Money and Influence • 2012 presidential election, each candidate raises and spends $1 billion • Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, Supreme Court rules corporations, labor unions have First Amendment rights – can spend money to advocate for, against political candidates • Political action committee (PAC) merges campaign donations into general fund – donations to candidate limited; can spend unlimited funds on their own • 2010, FEC allows Super PACs; can collect unlimited funds, spend unlimited funds on ads – not allowed to coordinate directly with candidates
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 20 Poverty and Social Concerns LESSON 3 The Role of Government • One of the responsibilities of the U.S. government is the welfare of Americans Arguments For and Against • Critics: welfare programs lead to large government, debt, erodes freedoms • Proponents: government needs to expand role to solve problems; poverty, healthcare, retirement Government Programs • Social Security Administration, meet people’s basic needs – Workers fund through taxes – supports Social Security, Medicare for elderly • Social Security, Medicare in danger of running out of funds • 2010, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act – increase accessibility, affordability of health insurance – by 2015, number of uninsured drops by 11.4 million • cities, states tackling problem of homelessness; Utah decreased by 91%
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 21 Conservation and the Environment LESSON 4 Although rich in natural resources, the American environment is being stressed by various factors.
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 22 Conservation and the Environment LESSON 4 The American Environment • Balancing U.S. economic and environmental needs is essential to the future The State of Our Environment • Resources in U.S. not distributed evenly; people don’t always live near needed resources – conflicts over unequal distribution of resources • Fragile environment under threat; growing population, drought, pollution • Misuse of the environment by humans causes damage Law and the Environment • Federal agencies put in charge of conservation, resource management • Business, individuals protest agencies they feel have overstepped their authority – eminent domain; government taking land for public good • Clean Air Act of 1963, control air pollution • 1970, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), strengthen, enforce environmental laws • 1972, Clean Water Act, addressing water pollution • 1966, Endangered Species Act, protect threatened wildlife species • States and nonprofit groups work to protect environment
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 23 Conservation and the Environment LESSON 4 Challenges for Today and Tomorrow • Challenges grow as economy grows; balance between conservation and growth A Global Concern • Society depends on fossil fuels • Gas from burning fossil fuel are building up in atmosphere – greenhouse effect contributes to global warming – global climate change, characterized by higher temperatures, extreme weather – differing opinions about climate change A Drilling Issue • New methods developed to find needed fossil fuels; fracking • Fracking remains controversial; pollution of groundwater, earthquakes Continued…
American History Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 24 Challenges for Today and Tomorrow (continued) Biodiversity and Bees • Lack of biodiversity could hurt the environment – biodiversity helps ecosystems recover from stress, disruption – biodiversity helps stabilize food supply • Decline of honeybee population; lost 40% of bee colonies in U.S. – critical top pollination of some food crops – causes: loss of wildflowers, pesticides, disease, parasites, harsh weather – Pollinator Task Force looking for solution
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 25 Conservation and the Environment LESSON 4 Some Changes for the Better • Advances in communication have allowed people to be better informed about the environment • Many Americans recycle to save energy and resources • Federal laws, private organizations work to restore wetlands • Some dams being removed to restore natural ecosystems • Americans buying more energy-efficient vehicles; hybrid vehicles, electric cars popular • Community gardens, parklands, green spaces in cities
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 26 Education LESSON 5 Because resources are limited and American society is extremely diverse, educational institutions struggle to teach all of America’s children and young people.
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 27 Education LESSON 5 The Changing Classroom • Digital revolution transforms education; Internet, tablets – interactivity provides immediate feedback – easier tracking of student, class progress • Flipped classroom; content delivered outside classroom, usually online – class time devoted to active learning—research, group work, discussion, individualized instruction – critics: not all students have equal access to technology; lack self-direction
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 28 Education LESSON 5 Challenges for Education • Some of the challenges encountered by teachers in early America still exist today Funding Primary and Secondary Education • Most states fund public schools through property taxes – schools in poorer areas receive less funding – Poor districts: cuts to art education, higher student-teacher ratios – school vouchers—public funds given to parents for private school education – Proponents: increases competition, improves under-performing schools – Critics: deprives public schools of needed funds Teaching All of America’s Kids • Federal government, states focusing more on supporting low income students • Needs of ethnically diverse schools requires additional training and funding; ELL • Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) requires schools to educate students with special needs – Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE), instruction meets student’s needs Continued…
American History Lesson 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 29 Challenges for Education (continued) Learning and Testing • Many ideas for school reform to improve performance • 2002, No Child Left Behind (NCLB) enacted by President George W. Bush – schools held accountable for student performance on standardized reading, math tests – critics: schools only focusing on reading, math; Congress never funded NCLB • 2009, Race to the Top (RTT); rewards schools for progress The Cost of Higher Education • 2001–2012, cost for public higher education rises by 40%; private by 28% • Causes: lack of state funding, cost of high-tech fields, university expansion • About 65% of students lack loans to pay for college; 2012, students owe $1 trillion
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 30 Globalization and Cultural Diffusion LESSON 6 Modern communication and transportation technologies have created an international economic and cultural community.
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 31 Globalization and Cultural Diffusion LESSON 6 The Global Economic Community • Globalization—international integration of ideas, economies, and cultures. – opening of new markets, resources Technology and Global Trade • Computer technology, Internet, people have access to vast amounts of information – communication, new ways to share information over long distances – Business: improved productivity; outsourcing A Key to the Success of Free Trade • Free trade—no restrictions of imports, exports • Comparative Advantage—nations will specialize in goods, service that they produce efficiently – trade for goods, services other countries produce better Partners and Competitors • Countries form trade alliances to promote economic growth; NAFTA
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 32 Globalization and Cultural Diffusion LESSON 6 Challenges of Globalization • Globalization has led to some negative impacts on workers and the environment Labor Issues • Workers in many countries suffer from the effects of globalization – low wages, dangerous conditions, child labor, exploitation • Some U.S. jobs lost to globalization; decline in union membership Environmental Concerns • Kyoto Protocol, international treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions – not ratified by the U.S. • Copenhagen Accord, calls for continuation of Kyoto Protocol – significantly reduce emission by 2020 Continued…
American History Lesson 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 33 Challenges of Globalization (continued) Ethical Issues in International Business • International companies must confront ethical issues – buyers may boycott based on actions of subcontractors – company investments help support oppressive governments – costs of making deals; corruption, bribes – profits vs. environmental and community impact
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 34 Globalization and Cultural Diffusion LESSON 6 Diffusion on a Global Scale • Cultural diffusion—the way cultural practices, traits spread – technology aids cultural diffusion Sharing Culture • Popular culture—mainstream culture spread through the media; pop culture – 1920s, spread by radio, movies – Today, internet, movies, television spread pop culture globally • Technology helps spread American culture in particular An Example of Cultural Diffusion • Spread of hip-hop culture illustrates cultural diffusion – Youth identify with themes, styles – Movies, internet, music, fashion, dance help spread hip-hop culture • Youth in some countries combine hip-hop culture with their own cultural traditions
American History This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 35
American History 1. On the File menu, select Print 2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4 3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline 4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 36 Print Slide Show

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Teacher Notes MODULE 28.pptx

  • 1.
    American History The UnitedStates in the 21st Century Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 1 At the dawn of the 21st Century, the U.S. has been confronted with serious social, political, economic, educational, environmental, and cultural issues at home and abroad. New technologies have brought much of the world closer together, solving some problems and creating others.
  • 2.
    American History ESSENTIAL QUESTION TheUnited States in the 21st Century Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 2 National Security and Public Safety LESSON 1 LESSON 2 Foreign Policy LESSON 3 Poverty and Social Concerns LESSON 4 Conservation and the Environment LESSON 5 Education What role should the United States play in global affairs? LESSON 6 Globalization and Cultural Diffusion
  • 3.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 3 National Security and Public Safety LESSON 1 The U.S. government strives to safeguard the public while preserving individual liberties.
  • 4.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 4 National Security and Public Safety LESSON 1 Terrorism and Security • Terrorist acts target Americans in the U.S. and around the world. • Sept. 11, 2001, deadliest terror act in U.S. history; more than 3,000 people killed • Congress approves USA Patriot Act to protect U.S. from future attacks – critics: law erodes basic freedoms of Americans Foreign Sources of Terrorism • Internet, social media allow terrorist to inspire violence more broadly • 2015, Muhammad Abdulazeez kills 4 soldiers in Tennessee – inspired by radical writings, videos on Internet • 2013, Boston Marathon bombing also inspired by radical teachings on Internet – Victims speak out, push back; “Boston Strong” Continued…
  • 5.
    American History Lesson 1 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 5 Terrorism and Security (continued) Domestic Terrorism • Americans with political and social agendas commit acts of terror • 2012, white supremacist shoots and kills 6 people at a Sikh temple in Wisconsin • 2014, Southern Poverty Law Center identifies 784 hates groups in U.S. – Many don’t directly advocate violence, but inspire others to commit violence • Some individuals are not affiliated, inspired by any particular group – commit acts of terror for personal reasons – 2010, Joseph Stack flies airplane into IRS building
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    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 6 National Security and Public Safety LESSON 1 Surveillance and Privacy • Intelligence agencies, law enforcement use technology to track threats • Sometimes ordinary citizens caught up in surveillance Technology and Security • CCTV, drones, smartphones record activity in public places – some assured by cameras, others feel invasion of privacy – can help solve, prevent crime Keeping Tabs on Americans • National Security Agency (NSA) monitors civilian communications – Monitoring increased with threat of terrorism – 2013, extent of monitoring exposed by media, shocks many Americans • 2015, court finds NSA in violation of USA Patriot Act • Americans conflicted over privacy rights, security needs Continued…
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    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 7 National Security and Public Safety LESSON 1 Crime and Public Safety • Since 1990s, violent crime decreased in U.S. Incarceration and Drug Laws • “three strikes laws” create stiffer sentences – Critics: racial bias; 75% of all drug sentences are African Americans • U.S. jails the largest percentage of its people, 2.3 million people • 2011, drug sentences 50% of inmates • Laws against recreational drug use loosening in many states Law Enforcement under Scrutiny • Smartphones, video record police actions • Police accused of inappropriate use of force in Ferguson, MO, and other places • Police accused of racial profiling—suspecting someone based on race or ethnicity Continued…
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    American History Lesson 1 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 8 Crime and Public Safety (continued) Guns and American Society • 2013, more than 11,000 killed by gunfire in U.S. • Some states pass “open carry” laws; expand gun-owner rights • Debate over the Second Amendment at the heart of disagreements over guns – NRA: gun-control laws violate Second Amendment – others: amendment does not give right to own personal weapons – Supreme Court: individuals have right to own guns Human Trafficking • 17,000 people are brought to U.S. each year against their will, human trafficking – many are women and children – forced to work with no hope of freedom • Traffickers prey on people’s desperation for work, better life in the U.S.
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    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 9 Foreign Policy LESSON 2 In order to keep the peace whenever possible and safeguard U.S. interests, policymakers engage in a range of relationships with other countries.
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    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 10 Foreign Policy LESSON 2 The United States as a World Leader • Some countries look to the U.S. as beacon of freedom; others resent U.S. power, influence Political, Military, and Economic Benefits • National interest, guiding force behind U.S. foreign policy • U.S. supports growth of democracy in developing countries – achieved through diplomacy, foreign aid, military • 2015, U.S. military budget $575 billion, 20% of federal budget • Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration work to protect U.S. global economic interests Continued…
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    American History Lesson 2 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 11 The United States as a World Leader (continued) Working with International Organizations • U.S. key member of UN since its inception – sometimes UN efforts run counter to U.S. national interest • Americans opinions of U.S. involvement in UN split: – some want withdraw from UN – Others want more alignment between U.S., UN foreign policy • 2000, UN Millennium Summit to address problems with poverty, hunger, disease – By 2015, world hunger drops • U.S. part of NATO; military intervention and peacekeeping in world hotspots Humanitarian Aid • U.S. provides humanitarian aid to help with crises around the world – Aid includes money, supplies, and experts • United States Agency for International Development (USAID)responsible for providing aid – 1% of the federal budget – Provide support for global healthcare, including AIDS relief Continued…
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    American History Lesson 2 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 12 The United States as a World Leader (continued) Human Rights • U.S. promotes and defends human rights around the world – tools: aid money, media exposure, economic penalties – uneven history of promoting and defending human rights
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    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 13 Foreign Policy LESSON 2 Regional Policies • Department of State handles foreign relations; policy differs by region and country Western Hemisphere • Canada: close ally; share language and heritage • Mexico, Central America: relationship complicated by drug trade, illegal immigration • Caribbean: relations with Cuba easing • South America: mostly good relations, except for Venezuela Europe and Russia • The U.S. and Europe are bound by cultural, economic, and traditional ties – EU increases Europe’s economic power • 1991, collapse of communism in Soviet Union eases tensions with Russia, Eastern Europe • 1999, Vladimir Putin comes to power in Russia – stifles democratic reforms – 2012, annexes Crimea, creates unrest in Ukraine – U.S., EU impose sanctions on Russia Continued…
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    American History Lesson 2 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 14 Regional Policies (continued) East Asia • 1972, Nixon helps thaw relations with China • 2009, China claims control of important shipping lanes, fishing grounds East China Sea • 2010, China becomes world’s largest exporter; huge U.S. trade deficit – China holds $1.26 trillion in U.S. debt • U.S. has large military presence in South Korea, protection from North Korea • U.S. has strong economic, diplomatic ties with countries of Southeast Asia – Islamic militants in Indonesia a concern Middle East • Situation in Middle East complicated by U.S. dependence on foreign oil • 2011, civil war begins in Syria; 310,000 people killed, millions of refugees • ISIS rises out of the chaos in Syria; want to create a strict Islamic state – uses brutal tactics to intimidate opponents • Iraq: unstable after withdrawal of U.S. troops; ISIS takes territory in north • 2015, Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action with Iran to reduce nuclear program; ease sanctions • U.S., Israel strong allies; 2014, $3.9 billion in military aid • Turkey is the only NATO member in the region Continued…
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    American History Lesson 2 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 15 Regional Policies (continued) Africa • North Africa: unrest has led to new governments in many countries – in some countries U.S. aid is welcome; others U.S. is deeply distrusted • Boko Haram—Islamic militants based in Nigeria; allied with ISIS – 2014, kidnap 276 Christian schoolgirls, sell them into slavery • U.S. has close ties to other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including Kenya and South Africa
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    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 16 Poverty and Social Concerns LESSON 3 Although the United States is often called the richest country in the world, poverty grips millions of Americans, and the middle class is shrinking.
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    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 17 Poverty and Social Concerns LESSON 3 Poverty in America • No social hierarchy in U.S.; social class determined by wealth • 2015, poverty threshold is annual income of $24,250 Some Causes of Poverty • Illness, natural disasters, economic downturns, lack of skills, discrimination create poverty – limited access, cost of childcare adds to the problem for parents • Education system failing many Americans; lower literacy, lower wages Employment, Unemployment, and Homelessness • Many Americans below poverty line have jobs – working poor; low wages, few benefits, no health insurance • states and cities have raised minimum wage to help working poor – no raise to national minimum wage since 2009 – critics: raising minimum wage would hurt businesses, kill jobs • 1980s, welfare cuts, closing mental health facilities worsens homelessness – 750,000 homeless Americans; 250,000 children Continued…
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    American History Lesson 3 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 18 Poverty in America (continued) The Widening Income Gap • Income gap widening between rich and poor; middle class shrinking • Causes of widening income gap: – tax policy; increase in costs for child care, healthcare, higher education – declining labor unions and globalization; move away from manufacturing – CEO pay • Experts believe both rich and poor will suffer from income inequality – high income workers spend smaller percentage of money; less money flows through economy
  • 19.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 19 Poverty and Social Concerns LESSON 3 Money and Influence • 2012 presidential election, each candidate raises and spends $1 billion • Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, Supreme Court rules corporations, labor unions have First Amendment rights – can spend money to advocate for, against political candidates • Political action committee (PAC) merges campaign donations into general fund – donations to candidate limited; can spend unlimited funds on their own • 2010, FEC allows Super PACs; can collect unlimited funds, spend unlimited funds on ads – not allowed to coordinate directly with candidates
  • 20.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 20 Poverty and Social Concerns LESSON 3 The Role of Government • One of the responsibilities of the U.S. government is the welfare of Americans Arguments For and Against • Critics: welfare programs lead to large government, debt, erodes freedoms • Proponents: government needs to expand role to solve problems; poverty, healthcare, retirement Government Programs • Social Security Administration, meet people’s basic needs – Workers fund through taxes – supports Social Security, Medicare for elderly • Social Security, Medicare in danger of running out of funds • 2010, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act – increase accessibility, affordability of health insurance – by 2015, number of uninsured drops by 11.4 million • cities, states tackling problem of homelessness; Utah decreased by 91%
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    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 21 Conservation and the Environment LESSON 4 Although rich in natural resources, the American environment is being stressed by various factors.
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    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 22 Conservation and the Environment LESSON 4 The American Environment • Balancing U.S. economic and environmental needs is essential to the future The State of Our Environment • Resources in U.S. not distributed evenly; people don’t always live near needed resources – conflicts over unequal distribution of resources • Fragile environment under threat; growing population, drought, pollution • Misuse of the environment by humans causes damage Law and the Environment • Federal agencies put in charge of conservation, resource management • Business, individuals protest agencies they feel have overstepped their authority – eminent domain; government taking land for public good • Clean Air Act of 1963, control air pollution • 1970, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), strengthen, enforce environmental laws • 1972, Clean Water Act, addressing water pollution • 1966, Endangered Species Act, protect threatened wildlife species • States and nonprofit groups work to protect environment
  • 23.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 23 Conservation and the Environment LESSON 4 Challenges for Today and Tomorrow • Challenges grow as economy grows; balance between conservation and growth A Global Concern • Society depends on fossil fuels • Gas from burning fossil fuel are building up in atmosphere – greenhouse effect contributes to global warming – global climate change, characterized by higher temperatures, extreme weather – differing opinions about climate change A Drilling Issue • New methods developed to find needed fossil fuels; fracking • Fracking remains controversial; pollution of groundwater, earthquakes Continued…
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    American History Lesson 4 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 24 Challenges for Today and Tomorrow (continued) Biodiversity and Bees • Lack of biodiversity could hurt the environment – biodiversity helps ecosystems recover from stress, disruption – biodiversity helps stabilize food supply • Decline of honeybee population; lost 40% of bee colonies in U.S. – critical top pollination of some food crops – causes: loss of wildflowers, pesticides, disease, parasites, harsh weather – Pollinator Task Force looking for solution
  • 25.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 25 Conservation and the Environment LESSON 4 Some Changes for the Better • Advances in communication have allowed people to be better informed about the environment • Many Americans recycle to save energy and resources • Federal laws, private organizations work to restore wetlands • Some dams being removed to restore natural ecosystems • Americans buying more energy-efficient vehicles; hybrid vehicles, electric cars popular • Community gardens, parklands, green spaces in cities
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    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 26 Education LESSON 5 Because resources are limited and American society is extremely diverse, educational institutions struggle to teach all of America’s children and young people.
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    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 27 Education LESSON 5 The Changing Classroom • Digital revolution transforms education; Internet, tablets – interactivity provides immediate feedback – easier tracking of student, class progress • Flipped classroom; content delivered outside classroom, usually online – class time devoted to active learning—research, group work, discussion, individualized instruction – critics: not all students have equal access to technology; lack self-direction
  • 28.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 28 Education LESSON 5 Challenges for Education • Some of the challenges encountered by teachers in early America still exist today Funding Primary and Secondary Education • Most states fund public schools through property taxes – schools in poorer areas receive less funding – Poor districts: cuts to art education, higher student-teacher ratios – school vouchers—public funds given to parents for private school education – Proponents: increases competition, improves under-performing schools – Critics: deprives public schools of needed funds Teaching All of America’s Kids • Federal government, states focusing more on supporting low income students • Needs of ethnically diverse schools requires additional training and funding; ELL • Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) requires schools to educate students with special needs – Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE), instruction meets student’s needs Continued…
  • 29.
    American History Lesson 5 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 29 Challenges for Education (continued) Learning and Testing • Many ideas for school reform to improve performance • 2002, No Child Left Behind (NCLB) enacted by President George W. Bush – schools held accountable for student performance on standardized reading, math tests – critics: schools only focusing on reading, math; Congress never funded NCLB • 2009, Race to the Top (RTT); rewards schools for progress The Cost of Higher Education • 2001–2012, cost for public higher education rises by 40%; private by 28% • Causes: lack of state funding, cost of high-tech fields, university expansion • About 65% of students lack loans to pay for college; 2012, students owe $1 trillion
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    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 30 Globalization and Cultural Diffusion LESSON 6 Modern communication and transportation technologies have created an international economic and cultural community.
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    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 31 Globalization and Cultural Diffusion LESSON 6 The Global Economic Community • Globalization—international integration of ideas, economies, and cultures. – opening of new markets, resources Technology and Global Trade • Computer technology, Internet, people have access to vast amounts of information – communication, new ways to share information over long distances – Business: improved productivity; outsourcing A Key to the Success of Free Trade • Free trade—no restrictions of imports, exports • Comparative Advantage—nations will specialize in goods, service that they produce efficiently – trade for goods, services other countries produce better Partners and Competitors • Countries form trade alliances to promote economic growth; NAFTA
  • 32.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 32 Globalization and Cultural Diffusion LESSON 6 Challenges of Globalization • Globalization has led to some negative impacts on workers and the environment Labor Issues • Workers in many countries suffer from the effects of globalization – low wages, dangerous conditions, child labor, exploitation • Some U.S. jobs lost to globalization; decline in union membership Environmental Concerns • Kyoto Protocol, international treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions – not ratified by the U.S. • Copenhagen Accord, calls for continuation of Kyoto Protocol – significantly reduce emission by 2020 Continued…
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    American History Lesson 6 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 33 Challenges of Globalization (continued) Ethical Issues in International Business • International companies must confront ethical issues – buyers may boycott based on actions of subcontractors – company investments help support oppressive governments – costs of making deals; corruption, bribes – profits vs. environmental and community impact
  • 34.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 34 Globalization and Cultural Diffusion LESSON 6 Diffusion on a Global Scale • Cultural diffusion—the way cultural practices, traits spread – technology aids cultural diffusion Sharing Culture • Popular culture—mainstream culture spread through the media; pop culture – 1920s, spread by radio, movies – Today, internet, movies, television spread pop culture globally • Technology helps spread American culture in particular An Example of Cultural Diffusion • Spread of hip-hop culture illustrates cultural diffusion – Youth identify with themes, styles – Movies, internet, music, fashion, dance help spread hip-hop culture • Youth in some countries combine hip-hop culture with their own cultural traditions
  • 35.
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