The document summarizes the civil rights movement in the United States from the 1950s-1960s. It discusses how civil rights leaders used legal challenges and public protests, such as the Montgomery bus boycott and student sit-ins, to confront segregation. The movement made major advances under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson, including the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Encouraged by the success of the civil rights movement, other groups such as Hispanic Americans, women, disabled Americans, and Native Americans also organized to fight for equal rights in the 1960s.

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The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape
The Big Idea
Civil rights activists used legal challenges and public protests to confront segregation.
Main Ideas
•Civil rights leaders battled school segregation in court.
•The Montgomery bus boycott helped end segregation on buses.
•Students organized sit-ins to protest segregation.

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Main Idea 1: Civil rights leaders battled school segregation in court.
• In 1896 Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson established the “separate-but-equal”
doctrine.
– Federal, state, and local governments could allow segregation so long as
separate facilities were equal.
– States in North and South maintained separate schools for white and black
students.
• In reality, segregated schools were not equal.
– Schools for black children typically received less funding.
• Early civil rights leaders focused on ending segregation in public schools.
– Led by members of National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP)

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Brown v. Board of Education
• NAACP worked to show that separate schools did not provide equal educational
opportunities for black students.
• NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall led courtroom battles against segregation.
• Brown v. Board of Education
– “Brown” was a seven-year-old African American girl named Linda Brown
from Topeka, Kansas.
– Linda’s father and the NAACP sued to allow Linda to attend school closer to
her home.
• May 17, 1954– Supreme Court issued an unanimous ruling that segregation in public
schools was illegal.
• The next year, the Court ordered public schools to desegregate.

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Little Rock Nine
• Most schools in South implemented gradual integration plans.
• Little Rock, Arkansas school board decided to start by integrating one high school.
– Invited nine outstanding black students, who became known as the Little
Rock Nine, to attend Central High School
– Arkansas governor Orval Faubus worked to prevent desegregation by using
National Guard troops to block the nine students from school.
• For weeks, Faubus refused to allow them to attend school.
• Finally President Eisenhower sent federal troops to escort students into the school.
• Little Rock Nine began attending classes.
– Faced hostility and discrimination from other students
– Eight of the nine remained in school and graduated.

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Main Idea 2: The Montgomery bus boycott helped end segregation on buses.
• Black passengers required to sit at back of city buses and to give up seats to white
passengers
• On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger.
– Bus driver called police and she was taken to jail.
• Local leaders organized a Montgomery bus boycott.
– Thousands of African Americans stopped riding buses.
– Bus ridership fell by 70 percent.
– Martin Luther King Jr., a young Baptist minister, helped lead the boycott.
– Lasted 381 days
• Finally in November 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on public
transportation was illegal.

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Main Idea 3: Students organized sit-ins to protest segregation.
• Many private businesses in the South were segregated.
• On February 1, 1960, four students went into a Woolworth in Greensboro, North Carolina,
and staged a sit-in—a demonstration in which protesters sit down and refuse to leave.
–They sat in the “whites only” section of the lunch counter.
–The next day, they returned with dozens more students.
–Soon another sit in began at a nearby store.
–Despite harassment, they refused to respond with violence.
• Over time, some businesses began process of integration.
• Leaders of student protests formed Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in
1960.
– Trained protesters
– Organized civil rights demonstrations

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Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights
The Big Idea
The civil rights movement made major advances during the presidencies of John F. Kennedy and
Lyndon B. Johnson.
Main Ideas
•John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960.
•Civil rights leaders continued to fight for equality.
•Lyndon B. Johnson became president when Kennedy was assassinated.
•Changes occurred in the civil rights movement in the late 1960s.

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New Frontier
•Kennedy pursued set of proposals he called
the New Frontier.
— Higher minimum wage and tax cuts to
stimulate growth
— New spending on military and the space
program
— Programs to help poor and unemployed
— Financial help for public schools
•Kennedy also supported the goals of civil
rights movement.
Main Idea 1: John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960.
President Kennedy
•Won the election of 1960
— Became youngest person ever elected
president
— First Roman Catholic to become
president

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Main Idea 2: Civil rights leaders continued to fight for equality.
• In 1960 the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of bus stations was illegal.
• May 1961– Congress for Racial Equality organized Freedom Rides.
– Protests in which black and white bus riders traveled to segregated bus
stations in South
– Hoped to put pressure on President Kennedy to enforce ruling
• Violence against riders forced end of protest
• SNCC decided to continue the Freedom Rides.
– Attacked by furious mob
– Many were jailed
• Kennedy then ordered the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce strict bans on
segregation in interstate bus terminals.

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March on Washington
•June 1963– Kennedy announced support for a
civil rights bill.
•African American leaders held the March on
Washington to show support for the bill.
•August 28, 1963– Martin Luther King Jr. gave
his powerful “I Have a Dream” speech before
200,000 people.
Fight for Rights
Birmingham, Alabama
• In 1963 Martin Luther King Jr. organized
marches in Birmingham.
• King was jailed for marching without a
permit.
• Released and led new marches
• May 1963– 2,500 demonstrators marched.
• Police chief ordered attack dogs and blasted
marchers with high-pressure water hoses.
• Televised images shocked nation.

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Main Idea 3: Lyndon B. Johnson became president when Kennedy was
assassinated.
• On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas.
–Shocked the nation
• Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was quickly sworn in as president.
–Vowed to continue Kennedy’s work
–Urged Congress to pass a civil rights bill

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Voting Rights Act of 1965
•Signed into law in August 1965
•Gave federal government new powers to
protect African Americans’ voting rights
•Within three years, more than half of all
qualified African Americans in the South
registered to vote.
Civil Rights Legislation
Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Signed into law on July 2, 1964
• Banned segregation in public places
• Outlawed discrimination in the workplace
on the basis of color, gender, religion, or
national origin

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The Great Society
• President Johnson won 1964 elections by a huge margin.
• Planned program of reforms that he called the Great Society
– Included Medicare and Medicaid to help senior citizens and low-income
citizens afford health care
– Gave local schools more than $1 billion to help students with special needs
– Created the Department of Housing and Urban Development to help low-
income families get better housing
• Congress quickly passed most of Johnson’s legislation.

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Malcolm X
Stokely Carmichael
•African American activist
•Founder of the Black Power movement
— Called for African American independence
— Believed blacks should reject integration, focusing instead on controlling their own
communities
Malcolm X
•Leader of the Nation of Islam
— Combined ideas about African American independence with teachings of Islam
— Helped inspire Black Power movement
Main Idea 4: Changes occurred in the civil rights movement in the late 1960s.
— Believed African Americans had right to defend themselves, using violence if
necessary

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Rights for Other Americans
The Big Idea
Encouraged by the success of the civil rights movement, many groups worked for equal rights in the
1960s.
Main Ideas
•Hispanic Americans organized for civil rights and economic opportunities.
•The women’s movement worked for equal rights.
•Other Americans also fought for change.

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Main Idea 1: Hispanic Americans organized for civil rights and economic
opportunities.
• America’s Hispanic population growing
–1960: 4 million
–1970: 10 million
–Diverse origins– Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and other Latin American
countries
• Success of African American civil rights movement encouraged Hispanic Americans to fight
for their own rights.

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Cesar Chavez
• Hispanic American activist
• Formed union in 1962 that would later become the United Farm Workers (UFW)
– Committed to goal of better pay and working conditions for migrant farm
workers
• Led the UFW in a five-year strike and boycott against California grape growers
– Workers won better wages and benefits in 1970.
• Committed to non-violent protest
• Inspired young leaders in Chicano movement
• His work impacted new legislation.
– Amendment to 1968 Elementary and Secondary Education Act required
schools to teach students whose first language was not English in both
languages until they learned English.
– Voting Rights Act of 1975 required communities with large immigrant
populations to print ballots in the voters’ preferred language.

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Main Idea 2: The women’s movement worked for equal rights.
• Activists brought attention to women’s position in society
– A 1963 government commission reported fewer job opportunities and
lower pay for women.
• Legislation was passed to help equalize rights.
– 1963 Equal Pay Act– required many employers to pay men and women
equal salaries for same work.
– Civil Rights Act of 1964– banned discrimination based on gender and race
• Women began questioning traditional roles.
• The women’s movement worked for equal rights.
– Author Betty Friedan became a leader of modern women’s rights
movement.
– National Organization for Women (NOW) founded in 1966.
– Women like Shirley Chisholm, the first African American woman elected
to Congress, worked for change by running for office.

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• Despite failure of ERA, women’s movement achieved many goals.
— New opportunities in education and workplace
— Began winning political offices at all levels
New Opportunities
Equal Rights Amendment
•Women’s rights organizations supported an amendment to the Constitution
• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
— Outlaw all discrimination based on sex
— Conservative activists, such as Phyllis Schlafly worked to stop it.
— Though initially approved by Congress, it did not get ratified.
Women’s Rights in the 1970s

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Disabled
• Disabled in Action created in 1970 to raise
awareness of challenges facing people with
disabilities and to work for legislation.
•The Rehabilitation Act of 1973
•The Education of Handicapped Children Act of
1975
•Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)
outlawed all discrimination against people with
disabilities.
Native Americans
•National Congress of American Indians helped
win passage of the Indian Civil Rights Act of
1968 allowing tribes to gain more control over
reservation lands.
• American Indian Movement founded in 1968
to fight for rights
•Protests were organized, some of which
ended in violence.
Main Idea 3: Other Americans also fought for change.

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