This presentation is on Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS). This is presented by Olyul Haque in Uttarakhand Technical University.

1. Presented by-
OLYUL HAQUE
Enrolment no.- 160000801007
M.Pharm (Pharmaceutics)
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2.  A transdermal patch is a medicated adhesive
patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a
specific dose of medication through the skin
and into the bloodstream.
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4. Transdermal drug delivery
has made an important
contribution to medical
practice, but has yet to fully
achieve its potential as an
alternative to oral delivery
and hypodermic injections.
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5. 1. Polymer membrane permeation-controlled.
2. Polymer matrix diffusion- controlled.
3. Drug reservoir gradient-controlled.
4. Micro reservoir dissolution-controlled.
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6.  Polymer matrix / Drug reservoir
 Drug
 Permeation enhancers
 Pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA)
 Backing laminate
 Liner
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7.  1. First generation transdermal delivery systems.
 2. Second generation transdermal delivery systems.
 3. Third generation transdermal delivery systems.
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8.  The first generation of transdermal delivery
systems is responsible for most of the
transdermal patches that have thus far been in
clinical use.
 The first generation approach to transdermal
delivery is limited primarily by the barrier posed
by skin’s outermost layer called stratum
corneum, which is 10 to 20 μm thick.
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9.  The second generation of transdermal delivery
systems recognizes that skin permeability
enhancement is needed to expand the scope of
transdermal drugs. The second generation of
delivery systems has advanced clinical practice
primarily by improving small molecule delivery for
localized, dermatological, cosmetic and some
systemic applications, but has made little impact
on delivery of macromolecules.
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10.  The ideal enhancer should:
a) Increase skin permeability by
reversibly disrupting stratum corneum
structure.
b) Provide an added driving force
for transport into the skin.
c) Avoid injury to deeper, living
tissues.
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11.  The third generation of transdermal
delivery systems is poised to make
significant impact on drug delivery
because it targets its effects to the stratum
corneum. This targeting enables stronger
disruption of the stratum corneum barrier,
and thereby more effective transdermal
delivery, while still protecting deeper
tissues.
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12.  Reduces first-pass metabolism effect and GI
incompatibility.
 Sustains therapeutic drug levels.
 Permits self-administration.
 Non-invasive (no needles or injections).
 Improves patient compliance.
 Reduces side effects.
 Allows removal of drug source.
 Long acting drug delivery.
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13.  Daily dose of more than 10mg is not possible.
 Local irritation is a major problem.
 Drug requiring high blood levels are unsuitable.
 Drug with long half life can not be formulated in
TDDS.
 Uncomfortable to wear.
 May not be economical.
 Barrier function changes from person to person
and within the same person.
 Heat, cold, sweating (perspiring) and showering
prevent the patch from sticking to the surface of
the skin for more than one day. A new patch has to
be applied daily.
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14.  Limited skin permeability.
 Significant lag time.
 Cannot be used for large molecule (>500
Dalton).
 Restricted to potent drug.
 Skin irritation and allergic response.
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15. (1) Solution in matrix
(2) Suspension in continuous matrix
(3) Suspension in porous matrix
(4) Solution upstream of membrane
(5) Suspension upstream of membrane
(6) Laminated membrane downstream
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16. Iontophoresis:
It is an electrochemical method that enhances
the transport of some solute molecules by
creating a potential gradient through the skin
with an applied electrical current or voltage.
Electroporation:
It is a method where high voltage electrical
pulses supplied to the skin.
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Non-invasive, needle-free .
Rapid onset and cessation kinetics .
Controlled, programmable and titratable drug delivery
capabilities .
Ability to provide smooth, variable or bolus plasma levels,
singly or in combination, all in a single delivery system .
Enhanced transdermal delivery for a broad range of
compounds, including large drug molecules such as
peptides and oligonucleotides .
Minimal variability in the delivery profiles among patients
and body sites .
Potential for enhanced patient compliance and control .

18. SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF IONTOPHORESIS:
The Nernst-Planck equation, seen below, is the traditional relationship accepted for
describing transport of an ionic species across a membrane:
J = DzVFC/kT+ Cu - D(dC/dx)
Where,J = Molar flux
D = Diffusivity coefficient
C = The concentration (molar)
u = The convective flow of water
T = Temperature
k = Boltzman's constant
z = Charge on the species
V = Electric field
F = Faraday's constant
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19. Physical parameters
Evaluation of adhesive
In-vitro testing
In-vivo assessment
Cutaneous metabolism
Stability studies
Evaluation of skin reactions.
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20. (A) Physicochemical properties of the penetrants:
1. Partition coefficient.
2. PH conditions.
3. Penetrant concentration.
(B) Physicochemical properties of drug delivery
systems:
1. Release characteristics.
2. Composition of drug delivery systems.
3. Enhancement of transdermal penetration.
(C) Physiological and pathological conditions of
the skin:
1. Reservoir effect of horny layer.
2. Lipid film.
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21.  For treatment of Angina Pectoris
 Smoking cessation(Nicotine Patch)
 Contraceptive
 Antiemetic
 Anti-inflammatory
 Cosmetics
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22. DRUG BRAND NAME MANUFACTURER
Nicotine Nicoderm gsk
Nicotine Habitraol Novartis
Nitroglycerine Transderm nitro Novartis
Insulin SonoDerm Imarx
Testosterone Testoderm Alza Corporation
Diclofenac diethyl amine NuPatch 100 Zudus Cadilla
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23.  Due to the recent advances in technology and the
incorporation of the drug to the site of action without
rupturing the skin membrane transdermal route is
becoming the most widely accepted route of drug
administration.
 It promises to eliminate needles for administration of a
wide variety of drugs in the future.
 To optimize this drug delivery system, greater
understanding of different mechanism of biological
interactions, and polymers are required.
 TDDS a realistic practical application as the next
generation of drug delivery system.
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