This document discusses adjective clauses and their reduction to adjective phrases. It provides examples of adjective clauses with different pronoun types (who, which, that, whose, where, when) and shows how to join sentences using an adjective clause. It explains when relative pronouns can be omitted and how to reduce adjective clauses to phrases by removing the relative pronoun and verb. Key conclusions are that only subject pronoun clauses can reduce to phrases and how to handle be verbs and punctuation in reductions.

1. TDC 1
Pedagogical Grammar
Adjective Clauses and Reductions

2. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns - Subject
Match the pronouns and their corresponding uses.
Pronouns Uses
1. who _____ used for both people and things
_____ used for people
2. which
_____ used for things
3. that

3. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns - Subject
Match the pronouns and their corresponding uses.
Pronouns Uses
3
1. who _____ used for both people and things
1
_____ used for people
2. which
2
_____ used for things
3. that

4. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns - Subject
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) We helped the man.
2) He was lost in the woods.
1) The new computer is fast.
2) It is in my office

5. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns - Subject
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) We helped the man.
2) He was lost in the woods.
We helped the man who / that was lost in the woods.
1) The new computer is fast.
2) It is in my office
The new computer which / that is in my office is fast.

6. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns - Object
Match the pronouns and their corresponding uses.
Pronouns Uses
1. who(m) _____ used for things
_____ used for both people and things
2. which
_____ used for people
3. that

7. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns - Object
Match the pronouns and their corresponding uses.
Pronouns Uses
2
1. who(m) _____ used for things
3
_____ used for both people and things
2. which
1
_____ used for people
3. that

8. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns - Object
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) The man was Mr. Jones.
2) I saw the man yesterday.
1) The movie wasn’t very good.
2) We saw the movies yesterday.

9. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns - Object
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) The man was Mr. Jones.
2) I saw the man yesterday.
The man who(m) / that I saw yesterday was Mr. Jones.
1) The movie wasn’t very good.
2) We saw the movies yesterday.
The movie which / that we saw yesterday wasn’t very
good.

10. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns – Object of the
Preposition
Match the pronouns and their corresponding uses.
Pronouns Uses
1. who(m) _____ used for people
_____ used for both things
2. which
_____ used for both people and things
3. that

11. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns – Object of the
Preposition
Match the pronouns and their corresponding uses.
Pronouns Uses
1
_____ used for people
1. who(m)
2
_____ used for both things
2. which
3
_____ used for both people and things
3. that

12. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns – Object of the
Preposition
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) She is the woman.
2) I told you about her.
Is there any other possibility? What is it?

13. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns – Object of the
Preposition
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) She is the woman.
2) I told you about her.
She is the woman who(m) / that I told you about.
Is there any other possibility? What is it?
She is the woman about whom I told you.

14. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns – Object of the
Preposition
1) The music was good.
2) We listened to the music last night.
Is there any other possibility? What is it?

15. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns – Object of the
Preposition
1) The music was good.
2) We listened to the music last night.
The music which / that we listened to last night was good.
Is there any other possibility? What is it?
The music to which we listened last night was good.

16. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns - Omission
In which of the sentences below is it possible to omit the
relative pronoun?
We helped the man who was lost in the woods.
The man whom I saw yesterday was Mr. Jones.
The music that we listened to last night was good.
The music to which we listened last night was good.

17. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns - Omission
In which of the sentences below is it possible to omit the
relative pronoun?
We helped the man who was lost in the woods. (Not Possible)
The man whom I Isaw yesterday was Mr. Jones.
______ saw yesterday was Mr. Jones.
The music that we we listened lastlast night was good.
______ listened to to night was good.
The music to which we listened last night was good.
(Not Possible)

18. Adjective Clauses
Restrictive X Non-restrictive
Observe the sentences below and discuss why one of
them has a punctuated adjective clause.
That is the man who sent us the invitation to the party.
That is John, who sent us the invitation to the party.

19. Adjective Clauses
Restrictive X Non-restrictive
Observe the sentences below and discuss why one of
them has a punctuated adjective clause.
That is the man who sent us the invitation to the party.
The noun ‘man’ is not definite. We need the information
in the adjective clause ‘who sent us...’ to identify which
man is meant.
That is John, who sent us the invitation to the party.
Here, we already know which man is being referred to. He
has a name. The adjective clause simply gives additional
information.

20. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns – whose / where / when
Match the pronouns and their corresponding uses.
Pronouns Uses
1. whose _____ used to modify a noun of time
_____ used to show possession
2. where
_____ used to modify a noun of place
3. when

21. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns – whose / where / when
Match the pronouns and their corresponding uses.
Pronouns Uses
3
_____ used to modify a noun of time
1. whose
1
_____ used to show possession
2. where
2
_____ used to modify a noun of place
3. when

22. Adjective Clauses
whose
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) The student writes well.
2) I read her composition.
Can whose ever be ommited?

23. Adjective Clauses
whose
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) The student writes well.
2) I read her composition.
The student whose composition I read writes well.
Can whose ever be ommited?
NEVER

24. Adjective Clauses
where
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) The building is very old.
2) He lives in the building.
Is there any other possibility? What is it?

25. Adjective Clauses
where
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) The building is very old.
2) He lives in the building.
The building where he lives is very old.
Is there any other possibility? What is it?
The building ___ / that / which he lives in is very old.
The building in which he lives is very old.

26. Adjective Clauses
when
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) I’ll never forget the day.
2) I met you on this day.
Is there any other possibility? What is it?

27. Adjective Clauses
when
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) I’ll never forget the day.
2) I met you on this day.
I’ll never forget the day when I met you.
Is there any other possibility? What is it?
I’ll never forget the day ___ / that / which I met you on.
I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.

28. Adjective Clauses
why
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) Do you know the reason?
2) I did it for this reason.
Is there any other possibility? What is it?

29. Adjective Clauses
why
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) Do you know the reason?
2) I did it for this reason.
Do you know the reason why I did it?
Is there any other possibility? What is it?
Do you know the reason ___ / that / which I did it for?
Do you know the reason for which I did it?

30. Adjective Clauses
Modifiers before Relative Pronouns (I)
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) Rembrand’s “Windmill” is my favorite painting.
2) The original of Rembrand’s “Windmill” is at the
Metropolitan Museum.
1) The students were called back by the professor.
2) Some of the students had already started to leave the
classroom.

31. Adjective Clauses
Modifiers before Relative Pronouns (I)
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) Rembrand’s “Windmill” is my favorite painting.
2) The original of Rembrand’s “Windmill” is at the
Metropolitan Museum.
Rembrand’s “Windmill,” the original of which is at the
Metropolitan Museum, is my favorite painting.
1) The students were called back by the professor.
2) Some of the students had already started to leave the
classroom.
The students, some of whom had already started to leave
the classroom, were called back by the professor.

32. Adjective Clauses
Modifiers before Relative Pronouns (II)
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) She owns several diamond rings.
2) The least expensive of them is worth a fortune.
1) The agency sent us several applicants.
2) The most qualified of them was the first one.

33. Adjective Clauses
Modifiers before Relative Pronouns (II)
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) She owns several diamond rings.
2) The least expensive of them is worth a fortune.
She owns several diamond rings, the least expensive of
which is worth a fortune.
1) The agency sent us several applicants.
2) The most qualified of them was the first one.
The agency sent us several applicants, the most qualified
of whom was the first one.

34. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. (Clause) – The girl who is sitting next to me is Mai.
2. (Phrase) – The girl sitting next to me is Mai.
3. (Clause) – Thegirl who(m) I saw is Mai.
4. (Phrase) – NOT POSSIBLE
What can we conclude?

35. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. (Clause) – The girl who is sitting next to me is Mai.
2. (Phrase) – The girl sitting next to me is Mai.
3. (Clause) – Thegirl who(m) I saw is Mai.
4. (Phrase) – NOT POSSIBLE
What can we conclude?
Only adjective clauses that have a relative
pronoun working as a subject – who, which or
that – are possible to be reduced into adjective
phrases.

36. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. (Clause - Phrase) –
The girl who is sitting next to me is Mai.
The girl sitting next to me is Mai.
2. (Clause - Phrase) –
The man that was responsible for the error is here.
The man responsible for the error is here.
What can we conclude?

37. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. (Clause - Phrase) –
The girl who is sitting next to me is Mai.
The girl sitting next to me is Mai.
2. (Clause - Phrase) –
The man that was responsible for the error is here.
The man responsible for the error is here.
What can we conclude?
If the adjective clause contains the be form of a
verb, omit the relative pronoun – who, which or
that – and the be form.

38. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. (Clause - Phrase) –
Anyone who wanted to come with us was
wanting
welcome.
Anyone wanting to come with us was
welcome.
2. (Clause - Phrase) –
English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
consisting
English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters
What can we conclude?

39. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. (Clause - Phrase) –
Anyone who wanted to come with us was
wanting
welcome.
Anyone wanting to come with us was
welcome.
2. (Clause - Phrase) –
English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
consisting
English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters
What can we conclude?
If there is no be form of a verb in the adjective
clause, omit the relative pronoun and change the
verb to its present participle form.

40. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. (Clause - Phrase) –
The English alphabet, which consists of 26 letters,
consiting
is really easy for ELLs to learn.
The English alphabet, consisting of 26 letters,
is really easy for ELLs to learn.
What can we conclude?

41. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. (Clause - Phrase) –
The English alphabet, which consists of 26 letters,
consiting
is really easy for ELLs to learn.
The English alphabet, consiting of 26 letters,
is really easy for ELLs to learn.
What can we conclude?
If the adjective clause requires commas, the
adjective phrase also requires commas.

42. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. (Clause - Phrase) –
Paris, which is the capital of France, is an
exciting city.
Paris, the capital of France, is an
exciting city.
What can we conclude?
If the adjective clause does not require commas,
the adjective phrase also doesn’t require commas.
Pay attention to the phrase “the capital of France.”
Is it an adjective phrase or is it a noun phrase?

43. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. (Clause - Phrase) –
Paris, which is the capital of France, is an
exciting city.
Paris, the capital of France, is an
exciting city.
“The capital of France” is a noun phrase. Because
this noun phrase is describing/modifying a noun,
we call it an appositive phrase.

44. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. Do you know the man who is coming toward us?
2. We visited Barcelona, which is a city in northern
Spain.
3. The photographs which were published in the
newspaper were extraordinary.
4. A myth is a story that expresses traditional beliefs.
5. Johnson’s ideas, which refuted the principle we are
studying, were presented in his first book.

45. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. Do you know the man ____ coming toward us?
2. We visited Barcelona, ____ a city in northern Spain.
3. The photographs ____ published in the newspaper
were extraordinary.
4. A myth is a story expressing traditional beliefs.
5. Johnson’s ideas, refuting the principle we are
studying, were presented in his first book.
Which of the reduced phrases above is an
appositive phrase? Why?

46. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
2. We visited Barcelona, ____ a city in northern Spain.
Sentence 2 has an appositive phrase. “A city in
northern Spain” is a noun phrase describing
another noun.